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Primate city

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Colombo,the primate city ofSri Lanka;it is 45 times larger thanKandy,the country's second-largest city.
Countries without a national primate city highlighted in red

Aprimate city[1]is a city that is the largest in itscountry,province,state,orregion,and disproportionately larger than any others in theurban hierarchy.[2]Aprimate city distributionis arank-size distributionthat has one very large city with many much smaller cities and towns and no intermediate-sized urban centers, creating a statisticalking effect.[3]

Thelaw of the primate citywas first proposed by thegeographerMark Jeffersonin 1939.[4]He defines a primate city as being "at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant."[5]Aside from size and population, a primate city will usually have precedence in all other aspects of its country's society such as economics, politics, culture, and education. Primate cities also serve as targets for the majority of a country or region'sinternal migration.

Ingeography,the phenomenon of excessive concentration of population and development of the main city of a country or a region (often to the detriment of other areas) is calledurban primacyorurban macrocephaly.[6]

Measurement

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Urban primacy can be measured as the share of a country's population that lives in the primate city.[7]Relativeprimacy indicates the ratio of the primate city's population to that of the second largest in a country or region.[8]

Significance

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There is debate as to whether a primate city serves a parasitic or generative function.[9]The presence of a primate city in a country may indicate an imbalance in development—usually a progressive core and a lagging periphery—on which the city depends for labor and other resources.[10]However, the urban structure is not directly dependent on a country's level ofeconomic development.[2]

Many primate cities gain an increasing share of their country's population. This can be due to a reduction inblue-collarpopulation in the hinterlands because of mechanization and automation. Simultaneously, the number of educated employees inwhite-collarendeavors such as politics, finance, media, and higher education rises. These sectors are clustered predominantly in primate cities where power and wealth are concentrated.[citation needed]

Examples

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Someglobal citiesare considered national or regional primate cities.[5][11]An example of a global city that is also a primate city isIstanbulinTurkey.Istanbul serves as the primate city of Turkey due to the unmatched economic, political, cultural, and educational influence that the city possesses in comparison to other Turkish cities such as the capitalAnkara,İzmir,orBursa.Mexico City,Paris,Cairo,Jakarta,andSeoulhave also been described as primate cities of their respective countries.[12]However, not all regions and countries possess a primate city. TheUnited Stateshas never had a primate city on a national level due to thedecentralizednature of the country and because the country's second-largest city,Los Angeles,is not far behind the country's largest city,New York City,in either population orGDP.Themetropolitan areaof New York City has over 19 million residents, while that of Los Angeles has roughly 13 million residents, as of 2022.[13]

Sub-national divisionscan also have primate cities. For instance, New York City isNew York State's primate city, because its population is 32 times bigger than the state's second-largest city ofBuffalo.New York City has 44% of the population and 65% of the GDP of New York State.[14]The city ofAnchorageis another U.S. example, with around 40% of the total population ofAlaskaliving within the city's limits.Chinadoes not have a primate city at a national level, but several provincial capitals are disproportionately larger than other urban areas in the respective provinces. For example,Henan,Hubei,andSichuanhave provincial capitals (Zhengzhou,Wuhan,andChengdu,respectively) that are significantly larger than the second-largest cities in those provinces, and each of those provinces has a population similar to that of a large European country.Indiadoes not have a primate city, asDelhiis not much larger thanMumbaiorKolkatain terms of population. However, many Indian states, such asKarnataka,West BengalandTamil Nadu,do have primate cities:Bangalore,Kolkata,Chennai,respectively. Other Indian states, such asUttar PradeshandKerala,do not have any primate cities.[15]

Bangkok,the capital ofThailand,has been called "the most primate city on Earth": in 2000 it was 40 times larger than the second-largest city of that time,Nakhon Ratchasima.[16]As of 2022, Bangkok is nearly nine times larger than Thailand's current second-largest city ofChiang Mai,which has been growing in population and has also had its boundaries expanded to reflect that growth.[17][18]Taking the concept from his examination of the primate city during the2010 Thai political protestsand applying it to the role that primate cities play if they are national capitals, researcher Jack Fong noted that when primate cities like Bangkok function as national capitals, they are inherently vulnerable to insurrection by the military and the dispossessed. He cites the fact that most primate cities serving as national capitals contain major headquarters for the country. Thus, logistically, it is rather "efficient" to target a national capital that is also a primate city; most of the governing power is contained in that one small area, and so are most of the people.[19]

The metropolitan area of the city ofMoscow,the capital ofRussia,is almost four times the size of the metropolitan area of the next largest city,Saint Petersburg,[20][21]and plays a unique and uncontested role of the cultural and political center of the country.[22]It can therefore be considered a primate city.

Primate cities need not be capital cities: governments may establish a new capital city in an attempt to challenge the primacy of the largest city or provide more balanced growth. For example, inTanzania,Dar es Salaamis still the primate city even though the capital was moved toDodoma,a new city built to a plan, in 1996. A similar process (though without building a planned city) occurred when the existing city ofWellingtonwas chosen asNew Zealand's capital in 1865;Auckland,the capital before the relocation, commanded (and still commands) a greater share of the population and economy.

List

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Africa

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Country Primate Population Second largest Population Relative primacy
Ethiopia Addis Ababa 3,352,000 Adama 342,940 9.8
Algeria Algiers 7,896,923 Oran 1,560,329 5.1
Madagascar Antananarivo 1,275,207 Toamasina 300,813 4.2
Eritrea Asmara 650,000 Keren 82,198 7.9
Somaliland Hargeisa[23] 1,200,000 Burao[24] 425,000 2.8
Mali Bamako 1,810,366 Sikasso 226,618 8.0
Central African Republic Bangui 622,771 Bimbo 124,176 5.0
Gambia Banjul-Serekundaarea 519,835[25] Brikama 101,119[25] 5.1
Guinea-Bissau Bissau 492,004 Gabu 48,670 10.1
Guinea Conakry[26] 1,660,973 Nzérékoré 195,027 8.5
Senegal Dakar[26] 2,646,503 Touba 753,315 3.5
Tanzania Dar es Salaam 5,383,728 Mwanza 1,104,521 4.9
Djibouti Djibouti City 475,322 Ali Sabieh 37,939 12.5
Sierra Leone Freetown[26] 1,500,234 Bo 233,684 6.4
Uganda Kampala 1,507,080 Nansana 365,124 4.1
Rwanda Kigali 1,132,686 Butare 89,600 12.6
Democratic Republic of the Congo Kinshasa 17,239,463 Mbuji-Mayi 2,643,000 7.3
Gabon Libreville 703,904 Port Gentil 136,462 5.2
Togo Lomé 1,477,660 Sokodé 118,000 12.5
Angola Luanda[26] 8,069,612 Lubango 903,564 8.9
Zambia Lusaka 2,238,569 Kitwe 522,092 4.3
Lesotho Maseru 330,760 Teyateyaneng 75,115 4.4
Liberia Monrovia 1,101,970 Ganta 41,106 26.8
Kenya Nairobi 4,734,881 Mombasa 1,208,333 3.9
Chad N'Djamena 1,605,696 Moundou 137,929 11.6
Niger Niamey 1,243,500 Zinder 235,605 5.3
Mauritania Nouakchott 958,399 Nouadhibou 118,167 8.1
Sudan Omdurman-Khartoumarea 5,490,000 Port Sudan 489,725 11.2
Burkina Faso Ouagadougou 2,500,000 Bobo Dioulaso 537,728 4.6
São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé 71,868 Santo Amaro 8,239 8.7
Tunisia Tunis 2,643,695 Sfax 330,440 8.0
Seychelles Victoria 26,450 Anse Boileau 4,093 6.5
Namibia Windhoek 325,858 Walvis Bay 62,096 5.2

Asia

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Country Primate Population Second largest Population Relative primacy
Jordan Amman 4,425,000 Irbid 750,000 5.9
Turkmenistan Ashgabat 1,168,000 Türkmenabat 253,000 4.6
Iraq Baghdad 8,126,755 Mosul 1,792,000 4.5
Azerbaijan Baku 2,934,000 Ganja 335,000 8.8
Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan 280,000 Kuala Belait 70,000 4.0
Thailand Bangkok[27] 11,070,000 Chiang Mai 1,198,000 9.2
Lebanon Beirut[26] 2,781,000 Tripoli 365,000 7.6
Kyrgyzstan Bishkek[26] 1,297,000 Osh 282,000 4.6
Sri Lanka Colombo 5,648,000 Kandy 125,400 45.0
Bangladesh Dhaka 22,478,116 Chittagong 5,252,842 4.3
Timor-Leste Dili 235,000 Baucau 15,000 15.7
Tajikistan Dushanbe 1,390,000 Khujand 182,000 7.6
Palestine Gaza City 766,331 Hebron 308,750 2.5
Turkey Istanbul[28] 15,569,856 Ankara[29] 5,187,949 3.0
Indonesia Jakarta 32,594,000 Surabaya 6,251,766 5.2
Afghanistan Kabul[26] 4,834,000 Kandahar 570,000 8.5
Nepal Kathmandu 3,941,000 Pokhara 523,000 9.8
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 9,085,737 George Town 2,815,278 3.2
Kuwait Kuwait City[26] 4,022,000 Al Jahra 400,000 10.1
Maldives Malé 135,000 Addu City 34,000 4.0
Philippines Metro Manila 13,484,000 Metro Cebu 3,166,000 4.3
Oman Muscat 1,205,000 Salalah 340,000 3.5
Cambodia Phnom Penh[26] 2,177,000 Siem Reap 140,000 15.6
North Korea Pyongyang 2,228,000 Hamhung 535,000 4.2
South Korea Seoul 25,926,000 Busan 3,468,000 7.5
Uzbekistan Tashkent 3,492,000 Samarkand 1,201,000 2.9
Georgia Tbilisi 1,207,000 Batumi 200,000 6.0
Iran Tehran 13,633,000 Mashhad 3,167,000 4.3
Bhutan Thimphu 115,000 Phuntsholing 28,000 4.1
Japan Tokyo 37,274,000 Keihanshin (Osaka) 19,060,000 2
Laos Vientiane 1,058,000 Savannakhet 120,000 8.8
Mongolia Ulaanbaatar[26] 1,508,000 Erdenet 100,000 15.1
Myanmar Yangon[30] 7,360,703 Mandalay 1,726,889 4.3
Armenia Yerevan[26] 1,403,000 Gyumri 130,000 10.8

For the Philippines, figures are forMetro ManilaandMetro Cebu.Manilais the national capital, which is within Metro Manila, aregion.Meanwhile,Cebu Cityis the capital city of the province ofCebu,with Metro Cebu being its main urban center. Metro Manila is withinMega Manila,the megapolis that has a population of around 25 million.

For Malaysia, data for Kuala Lumpur includes the surrounding state ofSelangorand the Federal Territory ofPutrajaya;while data for George Town includes the entire State ofPenangand adjoining regions ofKulimandKuala Muda (Sungai Petani)in the neighbouring State ofKedah.

Europe

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Country Primate Population Second largest Population Relative primacy
Greece Athens[26][31] 3,753,783 Thessaloniki 1,084,001 3.5
Serbia Belgrade 1,659,440 Novi Sad 341,625 4.9
Romania Bucharest 2,272,163 Cluj-Napoca 411,379 5.5
Hungary Budapest[32] 3,303,786 Debrecen 237,888 13.9
Moldova Chișinău 736,100 Tiraspol(de jure)[Note 1] 135,700 5.4
Denmark Copenhagen[31][32] 2,016,285 Aarhus 330,639 6.1
Ireland Dublin[26][32] 1,904,806 Cork 399,216 4.8
Finland Helsinki 1,522,694 Tampere 385,610 3.9
United Kingdom London[33][32] 14,257,962 Birmingham 3,683,000 3.9
Luxembourg Luxembourg 107,247 Esch-sur-Alzette 32,600 3.3
Belarus Minsk 2,101,018 Gomel 526,872 4.0
Norway Oslo[31] 1,546,706 Bergen 414,863 2.5
France Paris[31][34][33][32] 12,405,426 Lyon 2,237,676 5.5
Iceland Reykjavík 209,680[Note 2] Akureyri 18,191 11.5
Latvia Riga[26][31] 605,273 Daugavpils 77,779 7.6
North Macedonia Skopje 506,926[Note 3] Bitola 105,644 4.8
Bulgaria Sofia 1,681,666 Plovdiv 544,628 3.1
Estonia Tallinn 437,619 Tartu 95,009 4.6
Albania Tirana 800,986 Durrës 201,110 4.0
Austria Vienna[26][34][32] 2,600,000 Graz 302,660 8.6
Croatia Zagreb 1,113,111 Split 349,314 3.2
Czech Republic Prague 2,709,418 Brno 696,413 3.9

In Germany,Munich(city proper population ca 1.5 million, with surroundingLandkreise~3 million) is the primate city of the state ofBavaria,having nearly three times the population than the state's second largest,Nuremberg(ca 500,000 people, metro area ~1.35 million). Likewise, inHesse,Frankfurt(~750,000 people) is nearly three times larger than the state's second largest,Wiesbaden(~275,000) and they are both part of the Rhine-Main metropolitan area, the largest city outside of the area,Kassel,has a population of ca. 200,000 people.[35]

In Italy, primate cities exist at regional level: capitalRome(~2.7 million) alone has nearly half of the population of theLazioregion and is about 21 times larger than the second largest cityLatina,and nearly three quarters of the region's population live in theMetropolitan City of Rome Capital.InLombardy,Milanat ~1.35 million is seven times larger than second largestBrescia(ca 200,000); inPiedmont,Turinhas eight-nine times the population ofNovaraandAlessandria;inCampania,Napleshas 7 times the population of second-largestSalernoand inLiguria,Genoaat ~550,000 has six times the population of second largestLa Speziaand theMetropolitan City of Genoahas three times the population ofProvince of Savona.[36]

There are many more regional primate cities in Europe. If excluding national capitals, examples includeGothenburginVästra Götaland,Sweden,BergeninVestlandandTrondheim,Trøndelagin Norway,TampereinPirkanmaa,Finland andAarhusinMidtjylland,Denmark.

InPortugal,theLisbon Metropolitan Areahas around 2.8 million people while thePorto Metropolitan Area,the second biggest and other only official metropolitan area, has only around 1.7 million people, these 2 big metropolitan areas have around 40% the country's population and are multiple times larger than the third-biggest city,Braga.

North and Central America

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Country Primate Population Second largest Population Relative primacy
Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre 13,000 Sandy Point Town 3,140 4.1
Barbados Bridgetown 110,000 Oistins 3,000 36.7
Saint Lucia Castries 70,000 Gros Islet 22,647 3.1
Dominican Republic Santo Domingo 2,908,607 Santiago de los Caballeros 553,091 5.3
Guatemala Guatemala City[31][32] 2,749,161 Quetzaltenango 792,530 3.5
Cuba Havana 2,106,146 Santiago de Cuba 433,099 4.9
Jamaica Kingston 584,627 Portmore 182,153 3.2
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Kingstown 16,500 Georgetown 1,700 9.7
Nicaragua Managua[31] 1,401,687 León 206,264 12.4
Mexico Mexico City[31][33][32] 20,400,000 Monterrey 5,370,466 4.1
Bahamas Nassau 274,400 Freeport 26,914 10.2
Panama Panama City[26] 880,691 La Chorrera 118,521 7.4
Haiti Port-au-Prince[26] 2,618,894 Cap-Haïtien 274,404 9.5
Dominica Roseau 16,582 Portsmouth 2,977 5.6
Costa Rica San José[26][31][32] 2,158,898 Puerto Limón 58,522 36.9
El Salvador San Salvador[31][32] 2,406,709 Santa Ana 374,830 10.0
Grenada St. George's 33,734 Grenville 2,400 14.1
Antigua and Barbuda St. John's 81,799 Liberta 3,301 24.8

AlthoughBelizedoes not have a primate city,Belize Cityis more than twice the size ofSan Ignacio,the country's second-largest city and urban area. Belize City is also the cultural and economic centre of Belize. The country's capital isBelmopan,the third-largest city in Belize.

In theUnited States,many primate cities exist at the state level. InCalifornia,the population ofLos Angeles(~4 million) is nearly three times that of the second-largest city in the state,San Diego.Likewise, inIllinois,Chicagohas 15 times the population of the state's second-largest city,Aurora,which itself is a suburb of Chicago, and 18 times the population ofRockford,the state's fifth-largest city and the largest outside of theChicago metropolitan area,which comprises nearly two-thirds of the state's population. InNew York,New York City,with a 2022 population of about 8.3 million, is more than 30 times larger than the state's second-largest city ofBuffalo.Erie County,where Buffalo is located, is the eighth-largest county in the state and the largest outside of theNew York metropolitan area,with around 950,000 residents; on the other hand, New York City alone contains four of the six largest counties in the state, each with at least 1.35 million residents.[37]

Canada also has several primate cities at the provincial level: Vancouver, BC; Winnipeg, MB; Toronto, ON; Montreal QC; Halifax, NS; and St. John's, NL.

Oceania

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Country Primate Population Second largest Population Relative primacy
Samoa Apia 36,735 Afega 1,781 20.6
Tuvalu Funafuti 6,025 Asau 650 9.3
Solomon Islands Honiara 64,609 Auki 7,785 8.3
Tonga Nukuʻalofa 24,571 Neiafu (Vavaʻu) 6,000 4.1
Papua New Guinea Port Moresby 410,954 Lae 76,255 5.4
Fiji Suva 175,399 Lautoka 52,220 3.4
Kiribati South Tarawa 50,182 Abaiang 5,502 9.1
New ZealandNew Zealand Auckland 1,715,600 Christchurch 381,500 4.5

Australia does not have a primate city, but at the state level, each of thecapital citiesof the states and territories act as the primate city of that state or territory.

South America

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Country Primate Population Second largest Population Relative primacy
Colombia Bogotá 10,700,000 Medellín 3,591,963 3.0
Paraguay Gran Asunción[26] 2,698,401 Ciudad del Este 293,817 9.2
Argentina Buenos Aires[33][32] 12,741,364 Córdoba 1,528,000 8.3
Guyana Georgetown 118,363 Linden 29,298 4.0
Peru Lima[32] 9,752,000 Arequipa 1,034,736 9.4
Uruguay Montevideo[26][32] 1,947,604 Salto 104,028 18.7
Suriname Paramaribo 240,924 Lelydorp 19,910 12.1
Chile Santiago[26] 6,685,685 Valparaíso 1,036,127 6.5

Partially recognized states

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This list only includes cities that the breakaway state controls.

Country Primate Population Second largest Population Relative primacy
South Ossetia Tskhinvali 32,180 Kvaisa 2,264 14.2
Transnistria Tiraspol 133,807 Rîbnița 47,949 2.8
Abkhazia Sukhumi 65,439 Gudauta 8,514 7.8

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Tiraspolis controlled and claimed by the unrecognisedPridnestrovian Moldavian Republic,the largest city and capital within the PMR (Transnistria). Otherwise, the second largest city controlled by Moldova, and the third largest within its recognised borders is Bălți, with a population of 102,457. Thede factorelative primacy would therefore be 7.18.
  2. ^refers toCapital Region (Iceland)
  3. ^based onNorth Macedonia#Cities

References

[edit]
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    FromOld FrenchorFrenchprimat,from a noun use of Latinprimat-,fromprimus
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  8. ^Jefferson, Mark (1939)."The Law of the Primate City".Geographical Review.29(2): 226–232.doi:10.2307/209944.ISSN0016-7428.JSTOR209944.In Denmark the less-than-a-million capital, Copenhagen, has won greater relative primacy. It is nine times as large as Denmark's second town.
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