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Princess Hwahyeop

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Princess Hwahyeop
Born1733
Hanseong,Joseon
Died1752 (aged 19–20)
Daesa-dong,Joseon
Burial
Geumgok, Yangju (now Sampae-dong,Namyangju)
Spouse
Sin Gwang-su
​
(m.1743⁠–⁠1752)​
IssueSin Jae-seon (adopted son)
HouseJeonju Yi(by birth) Pyeongsan Shin(by marriage)
FatherYeongjo of Joseon
MotherLady Seonhui of the Jeonui Lee clan
Korean name
Hangul
화협옹주
Hanja
Hòa hiệp ông chủ
Revised RomanizationHwahyeop ongju
McCune–ReischauerHwahyǒp ongju

Princess Hwahyeop(Korean:화협옹주;Hanja:Hòa hiệp ông chủ;1733–1752)[a],orPrincess Hwahyop,was the seventh daughter of KingYeongjoof the Joseon dynasty in Korea.

Biography

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The princess' personal name is unknown. She was born as the fifth daughter toLady Seonhuiof the Jeonui Lee clan on the 7th day of the3rd lunar month,1733.[1]

She received the official title Princess Hwahyeop, meaningharmonyin 1739 by an official decree.[2]Hercapping ceremonytook place in 1743, the 19th year of King Yeongjo's reign. In the same year, she married Sin Gwang-su (신광수;Thân quang tuy),[3]the second and youngest son of Minister Sin Man (신만;Thân vãn)[4]from the Pyeongsan Sin clan (평산신씨, bình sơn thân thị ).[5]

Princess Hwahyeop was renowned for her beauty and exceptional devotion to her parents, but it is reported that King Yeongjo disliked her due to his disappointment that she was not a male child.[6]

In the memoirs ofLady Hyegyong,it is said that King Yeongjo forbade Princess Hwahyeop to stay under the same roof as him and would get rid of his inauspiciousness by pouring water, which he used to wash his ears in front of Princess Hwahyeop's residence. When she got married, it was even reported that he was cold to her husband.[7]

Similarly disfavored by their father,Prince Sadohad a special affinity for his older sister.[8]

Sometime in the 10th month of 1750, there was a large epidemics ofmeaslesin the capital. Princess Hwahyeop was the first to come down with it.[9]The Crown Prince was attentive to her, and, during her illness, sent one servant after another to inquire about her.[7]

She subsequently died ofmeasleson the 27th day of the11th lunar month,[10]1752, at the age of 19.[11]When news of Princess Hwahyeop’s death reached the palace, Crown Prince Sado mourned for her with real sorrow.[12]His grief was expressed in his eulogy dedicated to her.[13]

She did not conceive any child but has an adopted son, Sin Jae-seon (신재선;Thân tại thiện), an off-spring from Sin Gwang-su's distant cousin. After her death, her husband conceived a son, Sin Jae-sun (신재순; thân tại thuận ), in 1755 with a woman from theWonju Byeon clan,but it is unknown if the son was illegitimate or not.[14]

Tomb

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Princess Hwahyeop's tomb was discovered in August 2015, in Sampae-dong,Namyangju,Gyeonggi Province( kinh kỳ đạo nam dương châu thị tam bài động ). This was the original burial site of the Princess with her husband Sin Gwang-su. In the 1970s, the coffins of the couple was shifted to another burial site in Jingeon-myeon ( chân càn ấp ),Namyangju,by their descendants for an unknown reason. Therefore, only traces of their coffins were found in this original burial site.[15]

Characterscarved on stone blocks placed on the right-hand side of the tomb were used to identify its occupant. The characters read: Hữu minh triều tiên hòa hiệp ông chủ chi mộ dần tọa (The burial of Princess Hwahyeop of the Joseon dynasty under the Ming Dynasty). The second excavation in December 2016 unearthed a memorial stone featuring a eulogy dictated by King Yeongjo, a stone chest containingporcelainjars for cosmetics, a bronze mirror, and a wooden comb.[15]The eulogy by King Yeongjo contained a total of 394 characters written on the back, front, and sides of the memorial stone. The eulogy details the king's final visit to his ill daughter on the 25th day of the 11th lunar month, 1752, two days before her death. It has been remarked that it is rare for a Joseon king to inscribe a stone for a daughter, and the act has been taken as a sign of King Yeongjo's affection for this particular daughter.[16]

Family

[edit]
  • Father
  • Mother
  • Siblings
    • Older sister:Princess Hwapyeong(화평옹주;Hòa bình ông chủ;27 August 1727 – 24 June 1748)
    • Older sister: Princess Hwadeok (화덕옹주;Hòa đức ông chủ;3 August 1728 – 18 February 1731); died young
    • Older sister: Unnamed princess (옹주;Ông chủ;12 December 1729 – 21 March 1731); died young
    • Older sister: Unnamed princess (옹주;Ông chủ;1 January 1732 – 12 April 1736); died young
    • Younger brother:Crown Prince Sado(사도세자;Trang tổ đại vương;13 February 1735 – 12 July 1762)
    • Younger sister:Princess Hwawan(화완옹주;Hòa hoãn ông chủ;9 March 1738 – May 1808)
  • Husband
    • Sin Gwang-su, Prince Consort Yeongseong of the Pyeongsan Sin clan (영성위 신광수;Vĩnh thành úy thân quang tuy;1733–1775) (본관: 평산 신씨, bình sơn thân thị )
      • Father-in-law: UijeongbuYeonguijeongDuke Hyojeong, Sin Man (의정부 영의정 효정공 신만;Nghị chính phủ lĩnh nghị chính hiếu chính công thân vãn;1703–1765)
      • Mother-in-law: Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (전주 이씨; toàn châu lý thị; 1704–1736); eldest daughter of Yi Hyeon-eung (이현응; lý hiển ứng; 1682–1732)[b]
  • Issue
    • Adoptive son: Sin Jae-seon (신재선;Thân tại thiện;1753–1810); son of Sin Gwang-myeon (신광면; thân quang miễn; 1725–1786)

Eulogies

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Tomb Epitaph written by King Yeongjo
Memorial stone Front
Memorial stone Side and Back

The Royal Epitaph of Princess Hwahyeop, buried in PyongChang Village, Geumgok (Yangju)[17]

My seventh daughter was born ofRoyal Noble Consort Yeong (Lady Seonhui)on the 7th day of the 3rd lunar month of 1733 in the royal palace. She received a capping ceremony in 1739 and married Prince Consort Yongsong Sin Gwang-su, son of Minister Sin Man, at the age of 11. She left her maiden home in the 7th lunar month of 1747[18]and passed away on the 27th day of the 11th lunar month in 1752 at her residence located in Daesa-dong (modern day Insa-dong). She was composed in disposition and beautiful in appearance, genuine to her kins and devoted to her father-in-law. Despite growing up in a troubling palace,[19]Hwahyeop remained tranquil and distant herself from affairs. What remarkable character! Else, how was she able to command respect of the servants and had all mourned wholeheartedly at her passing? Even I was impressed by her sincerity. I could still vividly recall the events on my visit to her on the 25th day (of the 11th month) last winter. Having heard the news of my visit, Hwahyeop had her chamberlains prepared food for me and sent them to me to inquire. She thought for me despite being critically ill. What a considerate daughter she was! I deeply lament the events that day. While awaiting my arrival, Hwahyeop suddenly felt breathless. She was weeping, "I am going to fail my father" before losing consciousness. Repeating three times, I said to her, "I'm about to return to my palace".[20]Having no response from her, I came back to my palace in tears. I heard from a doctor the following day that Hwahyeop regained her consciousness and asked her chamberlains why they didn't wake her up, expressing her regret of not having been able to say her regard to me. Hearing that, tears ran down my face without my knowledge. I was told that she was planning to come and see me but it was already too late. I am overwhelmed by sorrow. On the 22nd day of the 1st month in the following year, Hwayeop was buried in the plains of Geumgok, Yangju. It saddens me even more to think that she had not had a descendant yet. I will select a child from the Sin family to continue her line. In grief, I penned this draft to console her passing soul. Writing down the story line by line, I cannot hold back my tears. I feel unbearably sad.

Sacrificial Eulogy written by Crown Prince Sado

Eulogy written for the sacrificial ritual of Princess Hwahyeop[21][22]

The 15th day of the 12th lunar month of 1752 in the second hour (sometimes between 1 and 3AM). Your younger brother, the Crown Prince, had ladies-in-waiting sent offerings to Princess Hwahyeop. My elder sister was virtuous and chaste. She was born into the royal family and had grown up (with me) in the palace. She lived to see twenty springs till one frosty snow took her to join the immortals. Who would have expected this? Now I have rarely seen the wild geese flying across the sky.[23]I could not believe that what had started as a minor illness would end up incurable. Mother and I had been anxious (over your deteriorating health) day and night. You were sincere and filial till the end of your journey. Upon hearing that His Majesty was about to visit you, you rose from your sick bed. But your words drifted like flowing water and faded away with time. My grief is merely expressed through these humble offerings. Your virtue will be remembered as lingering fragrance.

Sacrificial Eulogy written by King Jeongjo

Eulogy written on the visit to Princess Hwahyeop's Tomb[24][25]

Lamenting my aunt, how was she not virtuous and gentle? I have often heard about her kindness towards her brother.[26]Flowing along the path to the tomb is a beautiful river. Precious stones concealing beneath shimmering waters.[27]I passed by in a carriage and wrote this short text in place of the libation of wine.[28]

Ancestry

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Notes

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  1. ^In Georgian Calendar, the princess was born on 20 April 1733 and died in December 1752
  2. ^He comes from the family branch of Yi Yeo, Grand Prince Gwangpyeong making Yi Hyeon-eung his 11th great-grandson. Yi Yeo was also the 5th son of Queen Soheon and King Sejong.

References

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  1. ^The 3rd lunar month is 21 March – 20 April in Gregorian date
  2. ^《 thừa chính viện nhật ký 》 anh tổ 15 niên 1 nguyệt 4 nhật: Truyện vu trịnh tất ninh viết, ông chủ vi hòa hiệp ông chủ.
  3. ^Sin Gwang-su's birth and death years were unknown. For his birth year, it is likely to be somewhere between 1731 and 1733 as a royal decree was issued in 1743 to select the husband for Princess Hwahyeop. The decree asked for yangban families to submit the names of primary born sons of the same age or up to two years older than the Princess (《 thừa chính viện nhật ký 》 anh tổ 19 niên 2 nguyệt 22 nhật: Hựu dĩ lễ tào ngôn khải viết, hòa hiệp ông chủ phụ mã, tự thập nhất tuế chí thập tam tuế giản trạch sự, mệnh hạ hĩ. ). As for his death year, in 1775, King Yeongjo dismissed his uncle, Sin Ui ( thân hối, 1706–??), from the position of Chief State Counselor. The historian commented that Sin Ui was Sin Gwang-su's uncle without using the word “Cố”, which would be referring to a deceased person ( anh tổ 125 quyển, 51 niên 7 nguyệt 1 nhật: Mệnh bãi lĩnh nghị chính thân hối. 【 sử thần viết: Hối dĩ cố tương vãn đệ, đô úy quang tuy chi thúc, di duyên thích uyển, sậu thăng đại quan, chuyên sự a du, hại công lợi kỷ, hối lộ công hành, nhân mạc bất thóa bỉ. Cập thị bãi tương, dư luận khoái chi. 】). In 1776, when King Jeongjo ascended the throne, Sin Gwang-su was mentioned with the word “Cố” as a prefix to his title ( chính tổ 1 quyển, nguyên niên 5 nguyệt 20 nhật:…… Duy bỉ hậu khiêm cố đô úy thân quang tuy……), implying that he must have passed away by then. Thus, his death year would have been somewhere between the 7th month of 1775 and the 5th month of 1776.
  4. ^Sin Man served as a minor civil officer at the time of his son's marriage. He subsequently served as the Chief Prime Minister on several terms. He had three primary sons, Gwang-so ( quang thiệu, 1722–??), Gwang-su and Gwang-jip ( quang tập, 1734–??). His third son Gwang-jip was made the adopted son of his younger brother Sin Ui. Among the three brothers, only Gwang-su did not have a record of passing the licentiate examination and had not held any official post except the nominal title of royal son-in-law. He was later impeached of plotting against King Jeongju with Chong Hugyom ( trịnh hậu khiêm ) and was posthumously stripped off his title of royal consort in 1777 ( chính tổ 3 quyển, 1 niên 1 nguyệt 29 nhật: Gián lý hiển vĩnh thượng sơ, thỉnh truy tước thân quang tuy tước trật, hậu khiêm huynh đệ tuyệt đảo tán phối…… Phê viết: "Thân quang tuy sự y thi……) but had it rehabilitated in 1830.
  5. ^Pyongsan Sin Clan were originally migrants from China during the warring states period at the end of Zhou dynasty. The clan first settled in Balhae Kingdom(border land between China and Korea) and moved east to Korea Peninsula after the fall of Balhae to the Khitan. Clan members joined the forces of Wang Geon (Taejo of Koryo) and conquered Silla to establish the Koryo dynasty, thus gaining the status of aristocrats. The ancestral seat of the clan is in Pyongsan county, Hwanghae province.
  6. ^It has been 5 years since the death of Crown Prince Hyojang. Yeongjo had been expecting a son before the birth of the Princess. When a girl was born instead, his great disappointment was explicitly recorded in the Sillok – "It is not because of this (Princess Hwahyeop's birth) that I can neither eat nor sleep well. But whenever I think of the continuation of the royal bloodline, I feel distressed." ( anh tổ 33 quyển, 9 niên 3 nguyệt 8 nhật: Thượng viết: "Dư khởi dĩ thử, chí ô tẩm thực thất tiết, nhi đãn niệm tam tông huyết mạch, tâm bất như thường hĩ." )
  7. ^abJaHyun Kim Haboush, ed., The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyŏng: The Autobiographical Writings of a Crown Princess of Eighteenth-Century Korea. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1996.ISBN0-520-20055-1
  8. ^When Prince Sado heard about the death of Princess Hwahyeop, he was grief-stricken and sighed "I particularly commiserate with this sister. She left in such a hurry. What can be more heartbreaking than this? I am frustrated and aggrieved for not been able to mourn for her in person." (《 hiển long viên chí 》: Án cung trung ký văn viết. Thời hữu hòa hiệp ông chủ chi tang. Đỗng tích bất tự thắng. Giáo viết: “Ngô ô thử tỷ. Biệt hữu cố niệm chi tình. Nhi kim hốt yểm thệ. Thử đỗng hà bỉ. Vô dĩ cung lâm tiết ai. Tức dư chí hận.” )
  9. ^According to Lady Hyegyong, the epidemics of measles broke out at around 21 days after the birth of her first child, Prince Uiso. JaHyun Kim Haboush, ed., The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyŏng: The Autobiographical Writings of a Crown Princess of Eighteenth-Century Korea. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1996.ISBN0-520-20055-1
  10. ^The 11th lunar month is 22 November – 22 December in Gregorian date
  11. ^According to the tradition Chinese counting of "sui", Princess Hwahyeop would be 20 years old at time of her death. Thus, in Prince Sado's eulogy, he said that she has "lived to see twenty springs".
  12. ^JaHyun Kim Haboush,ed.,The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyŏng: The Autobiographical Writings of a Crown Princess of Eighteenth-Century Korea.University of California Press, Berkeley, 1996.ISBN0-520-20055-1
  13. ^See next section: Eulogies
  14. ^From the records of Pyongyang Sin Ssi genealogy, Sin Gwang-su had not remarry a second legal wife after the death of Princess Hwahyeop. Thus, Sin Chaesan was the only legitimate descendant to his line. However, he would probably have concubines that bore him secondary children whose names would never be recorded in the family genealogy.
  15. ^abNews Focus. HistoryThis piece of information was obtained by the editor (User Milugu) from the reporter who wrote the article on the excavation of Princess Hwahyeop's tomb.[dead link]
  16. ^"King Yeongjo's regret letter found in Princess Hwahyeop's tomb".
  17. ^Original Text: Ngự chế hòa hiệp ông chủ mộ chí, mộ tại kim cốc bình khâu thôn – đệ thất nữ hòa hiệp tức ánh tần sở sinh dã. Quý sửu tam nguyệt sơ thất nhật sinh vu đại nội, tị vị phong tước, thập nhất tuế hạ giá vĩnh thành úy thân quang tuy, tức phán thư vãn chi tử dã. Đinh mão thu thất nguyệt xuất các, nhâm thân thập nhất nguyệt nhị thập thất nhật thệ vu đại tự động đệ. Khí phẩm tòng dung thanh tú, sự thân dĩ thành, sự cữu nhược nhất. Tuy xử ô khuyết trung ba đãng chi trung, tự ấu chí trường đạm nhiên tĩnh nhiên, vô thiếu gian yên, nhược phất văn yên, nhược phất đổ yên, tức hòa hiệp chi tính phẩm dã. Phất nhiên hà dĩ ngự hạ, hà dĩ tề chúng y, thường thời vi dư chi thành. Tuy phất năng ký, khứ đông nhị thập ngũ nhật, đặc vi lâm thị dã. Văn dư chi lai, mệnh tả hữu nhi bị soạn đãi dư, lệnh thị giả nhi tham vấn lai dư. Ô hô! Kỳ thời, hề năng vi thử, nhi nhân hằng nhật vi dư chi tâm dã, hu ta kỳ nhật sự dĩ mạt. Nhược duy đãi thị, chung khí hốt hôn huyễn nan dĩ kham yên, ta thán tự vị viết, kỳ tương khi ngã, kỳ tương khi ngã. Nhập thị nhi vị viết, dư kim nhập khuyết, dư kim nhập khuyết, nhược thị giả tam, hôn hôn sầm sầm mạc nhiên vô ứng, cố ẩm thế nhi hồi. Dực nhật triều gian, y sở truyện, kỳ hậu tỉnh giác, vị kỳ thị giả viết, hà phất giác dư tấu dĩ an hồi vân. Văn thử phất giác lệ hạ phi diện. Văn kỳ kế lai lâm, sự dĩ mạc truy. Ô hô! Thử hoài hà dĩ ký yên? Dực niên chính nguyệt nhị thập nhị nhật táng vu dương châu kim cốc diện canh hướng nguyên. Nhi vị kỳ dư chi, hà nhẫn ký yên, vưu vi thâm sảng giả. Thân môn chỉ hữu nhũ đồng phất tức lập hậu dã. Tâm tư tác mạc ký, tuy thảo thảo bỉ chư văn cụ, thứ khả úy linh. Kỳ lục nhất hành lệ hạ thập hành. Ô hô ai tai! Ô hô ai tai!
  18. ^The exact date is the 19th day of the 7th month, between 9 and 11AM (《 thừa chính viện nhật ký 》 anh tổ 23 niên 6 nguyệt 25 nhật: Lý triết phụ, dĩ lễ tào ngôn khải viết, hòa hiệp ông chủ xuất hợp, dĩ thất nguyệt nội trạch nhập sự, mệnh hạ hĩ. Xuất hợp cát nhật, tức lệnh nhật quan thôi trạch, tắc lai thất nguyệt thập cửu nhật tị thời, nhị thập nhất nhật ngọ thời vi cát vân. Dĩ hà nhật định hành hồ? Cảm bẩm. Truyện viết, dĩ thập cửu nhật định hành. ).
  19. ^Translator's note (User Milugu): "troubling palace" refers to either the political turmoil at Yeongjo's court or the fact that Princess Hwahyeop was disfavored by Yeongjo and had received harsh treatments while she was alive
  20. ^Translator's note: the Silok recorded that Yeongjo insisted on visiting Princess Hwahyeop, ignoring protests from various ministers (probably because measles was contagious). He stayed overnight at the Princess's residence and nursed her till dawn ( anh tổ 78 quyển, 28 niên (1752 nhâm thân / 청 건륭( càn long ) 17 niên ) 11 nguyệt 25 nhật ( nhâm ngọ ) thượng tương hạnh hòa hiệp ông chủ đệ, phó giáo lý thái tế cung tái thượng tráp gián chi, bất tòng. Thượng dĩ bất tức tụ quân, mệnh nã nhập binh tào phán thư kim thượng tinh, huấn liên đại tương kim thánh ứng. Nhi dĩ đoạt phù tuyên truyện quan, bất thỉnh tiêu tín, hành thủ tuyên truyện quan lý hán ưng ninh hải phủ đầu tí, phó hành thủ từ hách tu thi dĩ quân luật, thừa chỉ lý chi ức tiến viết: “Khuyết môn chi ngoại, quân luật vị an.” Hứa thượng đặc tẩm chi, tứ dĩ điêu mạo. Cập lâm chủ đệ, dạ thâm bất hoàn cung, dược phòng, chính viện, đại thần tịnh thỉnh đối, bất hứa. Tương hiểu thủy hồi loan. )
  21. ^Original Text: Tế hòa hiệp ông chủ văn – duy tuế thứ. Nhâm thân đinh hợi sóc thập ngũ nhật tân sửu. Đệ thế tử khiển nữ quan. Dĩ thứ tu chi điện. Chiêu cáo vu hòa hiệp ông chủ chi linh viết. Duy ngã tỷ thị. Bẩm chất cương khiết. Sinh ô vương thất. Trường ô vương thất. Nhập niên xuân quang. Nhất triều sương tuyết. Túc tích hà đồ. Khởi ý kim nhật. Chiêm bỉ nhạn hành. Ký tiên thả hi. Vân hồ nhất tật. Cánh chí nan y. Từ thị kị ngã. Hân tịch tiêu nhiệt. Phương kỳ cách dã. Thành hiếu do thiết. Thánh giá lâm thị. Phiên nhiên nhi khởi. Khởi thả thân nghệ. Hữu vẫn như thủy. Ta ta hạt cập. Tâm đảm kinh trụy. Nhật nguyệt vân mại. Yểm đương quyết vọng. Thế điện phỉ bạc. Tiết ngã bi thương. Anh linh bất muội. Thượng hâm hinh hương.
  22. ^Translator's note (User Milugu): this eulogy was apparently a private eulogy by Crown Prince Sado and was not displayed in public. It is a piece included in his compilations 《 lăng hư quan mạn cảo 》. In the middle of the 1st month of 1753, about one and a half month after the passing of Princess Hwahyeop, Yeongjo asked his minister whether the Crown Prince had composed a Eulogy for his deceased sister. "I have not seen one," said Yeongjo. One officer Yun replied "I have seen his private eulogy during study lecture." ( thừa chính viện nhật ký: Thượng viết, hòa hiệp ông chủ tế văn, diệc nhập ô đông cung hồ? Cô vị kiến hĩ. Đắc vũ viết, tằng kiến tư gia tế văn, giai nhập tiểu triều hĩ. Thượng viết, tự nhiên hĩ. )
  23. ^Translator's note: Geese is a popular motif in Chinese poems bearing various symbolic meanings. In the case of Prince Sado, he was lamenting the fact that his sisters (Princess Hwapyeong in 1743 and Princess Hwahyeop in 1752) were departing one after another to the netherworld. Thus the wild geese were rare (he had only three sisters born of the same mother) and getting fewer. He also used wild geese to allude to his sisters in his eulogy dedicated to Princess Hwapyeong.
  24. ^Original Text: Hòa hiệp quý chủ mộ trí tế văn – ô hồ ngã cô. Hạt bất hiền thục. Thịnh vu thịnh đức. Quán văn ô tích. Mĩ thủy chi thiên. Hành bội du tàng. Giá quá nhất xá. Chuế từ thế thương.
  25. ^Translator's note (User Milugu): Jeongjo visited Yangju, Gyeong-gi do on the 11th day of the 9th lunar month of 1792. He visited several tombs of deceased royal family members including Princess Hwahyeop. In appreciation for her kindness towards his deceased father (Crown Prince Sado), King Jeongjo penned the Eulogy personally. ( thừa chính viện nhật ký: “Nhâm tử cửu nguyệt thập nhất nhật mão thời, thượng tự dương châu mục…… Hòa hiệp quý chủ mộ, tại nhất xá chi địa, truy tư tích nhật hữu vu chi đức, dư hoài nan ức, khiển nội thị đãi hiểu trí tế, tế văn diệc đương thân soạn.” )
  26. ^Translator's note: this refers to Crown Prince Sado, King Jeongjo's biological father.
  27. ^Translator's note: the gentle flowing river is likely to be used as a metaphor to compare Princess Hwahyeop's deposition against the serenity of the nature and the precious stones alludes to Princess Hwahyeop's character as being pure and beautiful like a piece of jade
  28. ^Translator's note: pouring of rice wine before a tombstone is a traditional way to honor the deceased in East Asia culture

See also

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