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Propionibacterium

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Propionibacterium
Emmental cheesemade usingPropionibacterium freudenreichiisubsp.shermanii
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinomycetota
Class: Actinomycetia
Order: Propionibacteriales
Family: Propionibacteriaceae
Genus: Propionibacterium
Orla-Jensen 1909 (Approved Lists 1980)[1]
Type species
Propionibacterium freudenreichii
van Niel 1928 (Approved Lists 1980)
Species[2]

Propionibacteriumis agram-positive,anaerobic, rod-shaped genus ofbacterianamed for their uniquemetabolism:They are able to synthesizepropionic acidby using unusualtranscarboxylaseenzymes.[3]

Its members are primarilyfacultative parasitesandcommensalsofhumansand other animals, living in and around thesweat glands,sebaceous glands,and other areas of theskin.They are virtually ubiquitous and do not cause problems for most people, but propionibacteria have been implicated inacneand other skin conditions.[4]One study found thePropionibacteriumwas the most prevalent human skin-associated genus of microorganisms.[5]

In ruminants, propionibacteria reduce nitrate to nontoxic nitrogen compounds.[6]

Members of the genusPropionibacteriumare widely used in the production ofvitamin B12,tetrapyrrolecompounds, and propionic acid, as well as in theprobioticsand cheese industries.[7]

The strainPropionibacterium freudenreichiisubsp.shermaniiis used incheesemakingto create CO2bubbles that become "eyes"—round holes in the cheese.[8]

Pathology

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Propionibacteriumspp.are commensal bacteria that can occasionally cause infectious diseases. The most studied of these infections isacne vulgaris,caused byCutibacterium acnes(formerlyPropionibacterium acnes).[9]It is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the blockage of pilosebaceous units causing inflammatory lesions, non-inflammatory lesions or a mixture of both on the face, neck and/or chest.[10][11]Acne vulgaris cannot be defined as an infectious disease since the bacteria is found on a vast majority of individuals without causing lesions.[10]C. acnescolonize the skin only under certain favorable conditions. In most cases,C. acnesget trapped under thecomedoneswhere they proliferate to form micro-comedones, not visible to the naked eye,[12]which can later form structures such as closed comedones (white heads) and open comedones.[10]These comedones can rupture, releasing the follicular material inside the dermis. The cause of this rupture was thought to be the indirect effect of fat metabolism by the bacteria, however it was later found that bacteria are directly involved in comedome rupturing by producing factors such as proteases, hyaluronidases and neuraminidases which might be involved in thinning of the epithelium.[13]C. acnescan also produce immune factors such as proinflammatory cytokine inducing-factors[14]and chemotactic factors,[15]and can induce host complement pathways.[16]

Phylogeny

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The currently accepted taxonomy is based on theList of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature(LPSN)[2]andNational Center for Biotechnology Information(NCBI)[17]

16S rRNA basedLTP_08_2023[18][19][20] 120 marker proteins basedGTDB08-RS214[21][22][23]
Propionibacterium

P. freudenreichiivan Niel 1928 (Approved Lists 1980)

P. cyclohexanicumKusano et al. 1997

P. acidifaciensDownes and Wade 2009

P. australienseBernard et al. 2002

P. ruminifibrarumVaidya et al. 2019

Propionibacterium

P. cyclohexanicum

P. freudenreichii

P. acidifaciens

P. australiense

P. ruminifibrarum

See also

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References

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  1. ^Orla-Jensen S. (1909). "Die Hauptlinien des natürlichen Bakteriensystems" [The main lineages of natural bacterial systems].Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene, Abteilung II[Central Journal for Bacteriology, Parasite Science, Infectious Diseases and Hygiene, Section II].22:305–346.
  2. ^abA.C. Parte; et al."Propionibacterium".List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature(LPSN).Retrieved2023-09-09.
  3. ^Cheung, Y.F., Fung, C., and Walsh, C. "Stereochemistry of propionyl-coenzyme A and pyruvate carboxylations catalyzed by transcarboxylase." 1975.Biochemistry14(13), pg 2981.
  4. ^Bojar, R., and Holland, K. "Acne and propionibacterium acnes." 2004.Clinics in Dermatology22(5), pg. 375-379.
  5. ^Rust, Susanne (4 February 2012)."UC Berkeley Bacteria Study: Research Shows Humans A Major Source Of Germs".Huffington Post.San Francisco.Retrieved2012-04-06.
  6. ^Strickland,Gary; Richards, Chris; Zhang,Hailin; and Step, D.L (February 2017)."Nitrate Toxicity in Livestock".Oklahoma State University Extension Service.Retrieved12 July2023.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^Kiatpapan P., Murooka Y. Genetic manipulation system in propionibacteria. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 93 (1) (pp 1–8), 2002
  8. ^Making Swiss Cheese - David B. Fankhauser, Ph.D.
  9. ^Zeller, Valérie A.; Letembet, Valérie-Anne; Meyssonnier, Vanina A.; Heym, Beate; Ziza, Jean-Marc; Marmor, Simon D. (2018-02-12). "Cutibacterium (Formerly Propionibacterium) avidum: A Rare but Avid Agent of Prosthetic Hip Infection".The Journal of Arthroplasty.33(7): 2246–2250.doi:10.1016/j.arth.2018.02.008.ISSN1532-8406.PMID29544969.S2CID3916758.
  10. ^abcBhatia, Ajay; Maisonneuve, Jean-Francoise; Persing, David H. (2004).PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES AND CHRONIC DISEASES.National Academies Press (US).
  11. ^"Acne Vulgaris: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology".2017-12-15.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  12. ^ACNE and ROSACEA | G. Plewig | Springer.
  13. ^Noble, W. C. (February 1984)."Skin microbiology: coming of age".Journal of Medical Microbiology.17(1): 1–12.doi:10.1099/00222615-17-1-1.ISSN0022-2615.PMID6229637.
  14. ^Vowels, B R; Yang, S; Leyden, J J (August 1995)."Induction of proinflammatory cytokines by a soluble factor of Propionibacterium acnes: implications for chronic inflammatory acne".Infection and Immunity.63(8): 3158–3165.doi:10.1128/IAI.63.8.3158-3165.1995.ISSN0019-9567.PMC173431.PMID7542639.
  15. ^Majeski, J. A.; Stinnett, J. D. (March 1977). "Chemoattractant properties of Corynebacterium parvum and pyran copolymer for human monocytes and neutrophils".Journal of the National Cancer Institute.58(3): 781–783.doi:10.1093/jnci/58.3.781.ISSN0027-8874.PMID839571.
  16. ^Webster, G F; Leyden, J J; Norman, M E; Nilsson, U R (November 1978)."Complement activation in acne vulgaris: in vitro studies with Propionibacterium acnes and Propionibacterium granulosum".Infection and Immunity.22(2): 523–529.doi:10.1128/IAI.22.2.523-529.1978.ISSN0019-9567.PMC422187.PMID153333.
  17. ^Sayers; et al."Propionibacterium".National Center for Biotechnology Information(NCBI) taxonomy database.Retrieved2023-09-09.
  18. ^"The LTP".Retrieved20 November2023.
  19. ^"LTP_all tree in newick format".Retrieved20 November2023.
  20. ^"LTP_08_2023 Release Notes"(PDF).Retrieved20 November2023.
  21. ^"GTDB release 08-RS214".Genome Taxonomy Database.Retrieved10 May2023.
  22. ^"bac120_r214.sp_label".Genome Taxonomy Database.Retrieved10 May2023.
  23. ^"Taxon History".Genome Taxonomy Database.Retrieved10 May2023.


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