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Cutibacterium acnes

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Cutibacterium acnes
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinomycetota
Class: Actinomycetia
Order: Propionibacteriales
Family: Propionibacteriaceae
Genus: Cutibacterium
Species:
C. acnes
Binomial name
Cutibacterium acnes
Scholz and Kilian, 2016[1][2]
Subspecies
Synonyms
  • "Bacillus acnes"Gilchrist 1900
  • Propionibacterium acnes(Gilchrist 1900) Douglas and Gunter 1946 (Approved Lists 1980)

Cutibacterium acnes(Propionibacterium acnes)[1][2][3][4]is the relatively slow-growing, typicallyaerotolerantanaerobic,gram-positivebacterium(rod) linked to theskincondition ofacne;[5]it can also cause chronicblepharitisandendophthalmitis,[6]the latter particularly followingintraocular surgery.Itsgenomehas been sequenced and a study has shown severalgenescan generateenzymesfor degradingskinandproteinsthat may be immunogenic (activating theimmune system).[7]

The species is largelycommensaland part of theskin florapresent on most healthy adult humans' skin.[8]It is usually just barely detectable on the skin of healthy preadolescents. It lives, among other things, primarily onfatty acidsinsebumsecreted by sebaceous glands in thefollicles.It may also be found throughout thegastrointestinal tract.[9]

Originally identified asBacillus acnes,[10]it was later namedPropionibacterium acnesfor its ability to generatepropionic acid.[11]In 2016,P. acneswas taxonomically reclassified as a result of biochemical and genomic studies. In terms of bothphylogenetic treestructure and DNA G + C content, the cutaneous species was distinguishable from other species that had been previously categorized asP. acnes.[2][12]As part of restructuring, the novel genusCutibacteriumwas created for the cutaneous species,[2]including those formerly identified asPropionibacterium acnes,Propionibacterium avidum,andPropionibacterium granulosum.[1]Characterization of phylotypes ofC. acnesis an active field of research.[3][13][14]

Role in diseases

[edit]

Acne vulgaris

[edit]

Cutibacterium acnesbacteria predominantly live deep within follicles andpores,although they are also found on the surface of healthy skin.[3]In these follicles,C. acnesbacteria usesebum,cellular debris and metabolic byproducts from the surrounding skin tissue as their primary sources of energy and nutrients. Elevated production of sebum by hyperactivesebaceous glands(sebaceous hyperplasia) or blockage of the follicle can causeC. acnesbacteria to grow and multiply.[15]

Cutibacterium acnesbacteria secrete many proteins, including several digestive enzymes.[16]These enzymes are involved in the digestion of sebum and the acquisition of other nutrients. They can also destabilize the layers of cells that form the walls of the follicle. The cellular damage, metabolic byproducts and bacterial debris produced by the rapid growth ofC. acnesin follicles can trigger inflammation.[17]This inflammation can lead to the symptoms associated with some common skin disorders, such asfolliculitisandacne vulgaris.[18][19]Acne vulgaris is the disease most commonly associated withC. acnesinfection.[citation needed]Cutibacterium acnes is one of the most common and universal skin diseases, affecting more than 45 million individuals in the United States. It is one of the most prominent skin diseases, affecting more than 45 million individuals yearly within the country. 20% of all dermatologist visits are related to treating acne-related issues. This issue often develops during hormonal periods; however, it is also apparent through early adulthood.[5]There are no quantitative differences between C. acnes of the skin of patients with acne, but the C. acnes phylogenetic groups display distinct genetic and phenotypic characteristics. C. acnesbiofilmsare also found much more frequently in acne and can induce distinctimmune responsesto combat against acne.[20]

Comedo acne from C. acnes


Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit, which includes the hair follicle, hair shaft, and sebaceous gland and about 650 million people are affected globally by this disease.[21]C. acnesstarts to colonize on the skin around 1 to 3 years prior to puberty and grows exponentially during this time.[22]This is why so many teens and young adults struggle with acne. Prescriptions to treat acne are often antibiotics. However, with the rise ofantibiotic resistance,antibiotics are now often combined with broad-spectrum antibacterial agents such as benzoyl peroxide, and other medications likeisotretinoin(commonly known as Accutane) are being used on patients with severe or resistant acne.[23]

Staphylococcusepidermidis

[edit]

The damage caused byC. acnesand the associated inflammation make the affected tissue more susceptible to colonization byopportunistic bacteria,such asStaphylococcus aureus.Preliminary research shows healthy pores are only colonized byC. acnes,while unhealthy ones universally include the nonpore-residentStaphylococcus epidermidis,amongst other bacterial contaminants. Whether this is a root causality, just opportunistic and a side effect, or a more complex pathological duality betweenC. acnesand this particularStaphylococcusspecies is not known.[24]Current research has pointed to the idea thatC. acnesandS. epidermidishave a symbiotic relationship.[25]Both bacteria exist on the normal flora of the skin and a disrupt in balance of these bacteria on the skin can result in acne or other bacterial infection.[25]

In addition to contributing to skin inflammation and acne lesions, an imbalance in these bacteria may also impair the skin's ability to heal and regenerate, leading to prolonged and more severe acne outbreaks. This disruption can also affect the skin's overall microbiome diversity, potentially increasing susceptibility to other skin conditions such as eczema or rosacea. Investigating the dynamics of this relationship may offer insights into novel therapeutic approaches for managing various skin disorders.[26]

Ophthalmic complications

[edit]

Cutibacterium acnesis a common cause of chronicendophthalmitisfollowingcataract surgery.The pathogen may also causecorneal ulcers.[27]

Disk herniation

[edit]

Cutibacterium acneshas been found inherniated discs.[28]The propionic acid which it secretes creates micro-fractures of the surrounding bone. These micro-fractures are sensitive and it has been found that antibiotics have been helpful in resolving this type of low back pain.[29]

Sarcoidosis

[edit]

Cutibacterium acnescan be found inbronchoalveolar lavageof approximately 70% of patients withsarcoidosisand is associated with disease activity, but it can also be found in 23% of controls.[24][30]The subspecies ofC. acnesthat cause these infections of otherwise sterile tissues (prior to medical procedures), however, are the same subspecies found on the skin of individuals who do not have acne-prone skin, so are likely local contaminants. Moderate to severeacne vulgarisappears to be more often associated with virulent strains.[31]

Opportunistic diseases

[edit]

Cutibacterium acnesis often considered anopportunistic pathogen,causing a range of postoperative and device-related infections, notably e.g., surgical infections,[32]post-neurosurgical infections,[33]infected jointprostheses(especially shoulder),[34]neurosurgicalshuntinfections andendocarditisin patients withprosthetic heart valves(predominantly men).[35]C. acnesmay play a role in other conditions, includingSAPHO(synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis) syndrome,sarcoidosisandsciatica.[36]It is also suspected a main bacterial source ofneuroinflammationinAlzheimer's diseasebrains.[37]It is a common contaminant inbloodandcerebrospinal fluidcultures.[38][39]

Antimicrobial susceptibility

[edit]

Cutibacterium acnesbacteria are susceptible to a wide range of antimicrobial molecules, from both pharmaceutical and natural sources. The antibiotics most frequently used to treat acne vulgaris areerythromycin,clindamycin,doxycycline,andminocycline.[40][41][42]Several other families of antibiotics are also active againstC. acnesbacteria, including quinolones, cephalosporins, pleuromutilins, penicillins, and sulfonamides.[43][44][45]

Antibiotic-resistance

[edit]

The emergence ofantibiotic-resistantC. acnesbacteria represents a growing problem worldwide.[46]The problem is especially pronounced in North America and Europe.[47]The antibiotic families thatC. acnesare most likely to acquire resistance to are themacrolides(e.g., erythromycin andazithromycin),lincosamides(e.g., clindamycin) andtetracyclines(e.g., doxycycline and minocycline).[48][49]

However,C. acnesbacteria are susceptible to many types of antimicrobial chemicals found inover-the-counterantibacterial products, includingbenzoyl peroxide,[50]triclosan,[51]chloroxylenol,[52]salicylic acidandchlorhexidine gluconate.[53]

C. acnes resistance to antibiotics has increased to 64% in 2000, up from 20% in 1979. Treatments such as oral macrolides are often avoided because the bacteria has become resistant in most cases. This creates a public health issue, forcing healthcare providers to seek out other forms of treatment.[20]

Treatments

[edit]

Several naturally occurring molecules and compounds are toxic toC. acnesbacteria. Someessential oilssuch as rosemary,[54]tea tree oil,[55]clove oil,[56]andcitrus oils[57][58]contain antibacterial chemicals. Naturalhoneyhas also been shown to have some antibacterial properties that may be active againstC. acnes.[59]

The elementssilver,[60]sulfur,[61]andcopper[62]have also been demonstrated to be toxic towards many bacteria, includingC. acnes.

Some other antimicrobials like salicylic acid have been proven to inhibitC. acnes.Salicylic acidis a naturally occurring substance derived from plants (white willow bark and wintergreen leaves) used to promote exfoliation of the skin in order to treat acne. Additionally, research investigates themechanismby which salicylic acid (SA) treats acne vulgaris. A study finds that SA suppresses the AMPK/SREBP1 (AMP-activated protein kinase)(AMPK/SREBP1 pathway is a signaling pathway involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism in sebocytes, which are the cells responsible for producing sebum in the skin) pathway in sebocytes, leading to a decrease in lipid synthesis and sebum production. SA also reduces the inflammatory response of sebocytes and decreases the proliferation ofC.acnes.These results suggest that SA has a multifaceted approach in treating acne vulgaris by targeting several key factors that contribute to its development.[63]The minimum inhibitory concentration for SA is4000–8000 μg/mL.[64]

Photosensitivity

[edit]

Cutibacterium acnesglows orange when exposed toblacklight,possibly due to the presence of endogenousporphyrins.It is also killed byultraviolet light.C. acnesis especially sensitive to light in the 405–420 nanometer (near the ultraviolet) range due to an endogenic porphyrin–coporphyrin III. A totalradiant exposureof 320 J/cm2inactivates this speciesin vitro.[65]Its photosensitivity can be enhanced by pretreatment withaminolevulinic acid,which boosts production of this chemical, although this causes significant side effects in humans, and in practice was not significantly better than the light treatment alone.[66][67]

Other habitats

[edit]

Cutibacterium acneshas been found to be anendophyteof plants. Notably,grapevineappears to host an endophytic population ofC. acnesthat is closely related to the human-associated strains. The two lines diverged roughly 7,000 years ago, at about the same time whengrapevineagriculture may have been established. ThisC. acnessubtypewas dubbedZappaein honour of the eccentric composerFrank Zappa,to highlight its unexpected and unconventional habitat.[68]

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