Proto-Malay

Proto-Malay
Malaysia:Melayu Asli, Melayu Purba; Indonesia:Melayu Tua, Melayu Kuno
	A group of Proto-Malay Aboriginal people inBehrang,Perak,Malaysia,1906.
Regions with significant populations
	Malay Archipelago:
Indonesia	c.13,000,000–15,000,000 (2010)
Malaysia	65,189 (2010)
Philippines	no specific census
Languages
	Malayic languages,Semelaic languages,Philippine languages,Batak languages,Dayak languages,Indonesian language,Malaysian language,Filipino language,English language
Religion
	Animism,Islam,Christianity
Related ethnic groups
	Senoi(Semaq Beri people,Mah Meri people),Orang laut,Malays (ethnic group),Native Indonesians,Malagasy people

The termProto-Malay,primeval Malays,proto-Hesperonesians,first-wave Hesperonesiansorprimeval Hesperonesians,which translates toMelayu Asli(aboriginal Malay) orMelayu Purba(ancient Malay) orMelayu Tua(old Malay),^[5]refers toAustronesianspeakers who moved from mainland Asia, to theMalay PeninsulaandMalay Archipelagoin a long series of migrations between 2500 and 1500 BCE, before that of theDeutero-Malaysabout a thousand years later.^[6]The Proto-Malays are descendants of the first humans living in Southeast Asia, and are "ancestral" for humans in east Asia and the Americas.^[7]

The Proto-Malays are believed to have beenseafarersknowledgeable inoceanographywho possessed advanced fishing as well as basic agricultural skills. Over the years, they settled in various places and adopted various customs and religions as a result ofacculturationand inter-marriage with most of the people they come in contact with such asOrang Aslitribes such as theSemangandSenoipeoples.

Origin[edit]

TheEncyclopedia of Malaysia: Early Historyhas pointed out three theories of the origin of the Proto-Malay:^[8]

TheYunnantheory,Mekongriver migration (first published in 1889). The theory of Proto-Malay originating from Yunnan is supported by R.H Geldern, J.H.C Kern, J.R Foster, J.R Logen, Slametmuljana and Asmah Haji Omar. Other evidence that supports this theory includes: stone tools found at Malay Archipelago which are analogous to Central Asian tools; similarity between Malay andAssamcustoms; and the fact that the Malay andCambodianlanguages are kindred languages because the ancestral home of Cambodians originated at the source of Mekong River.
The seafarers theory (first published in 1965).
TheTaiwantheory (first published in 1997). For more information, seeAustronesian peoplesandAustronesian languages.

Some historical linguists have concluded that there is scant linguistic basis for a Proto-/Deutero-Malay split.^[9]The findings suggests that the Proto-Malay and the Deutero-Malay peoples possibly come from the same origin. Previous theories suggested that the Deutero-Malays came in a second wave of migration, around 300 BCE, compared to the arrival of the Proto-Malays who came much earlier.^[10]

Geographical regions[edit]

Indonesia[edit]

Ernest-Théodore Hamy(1896) first identified 3 Proto-Malay groups that are found inSumatraandBorneo,Indonesia:^[11]^[12]

BothKoentjaraningratandAlfred Russel Wallace's (1869) research also concluded that most of theMoluccanscame under the Proto-Malay classification with a admixture with Melanesian.^[13]However,António Mendes Correia's findings re-classified theTimorese^[14]in Alfred Russel Wallace's ethnological chart as predominantly Proto-Malay.^[15]This is evidenced by the striking similarity in the architectural designs of traditional houses inLospalos,East Timorwith theBatakandTorajapeople.^[16]InSulawesi,not only are theTorajapeople are regarded as part of the ancient Proto-Malay, but their neighboringMinahasan peopleas well who have migrated to the island in the megalithic period.^[17]InSumatra,a little known pygmy tribe called theMante peopleofAcehare regarded as Proto-Malay and are thought to be extinct.^[18]

Other ethnic groups that are closely related to the Proto-Malay are such as theNagepeople fromFlores,which are considered a mixture of Proto-Malay andMelanesian^[19]^[20]and theSakai peoplefromRiau,which were originally pure Proto-Malay until later they were forced into the interior by the Deutero-Malays which led to their mixing with theNegritos.^[21]Off the west coast ofBengkulu,SumatraIsland, the indigenous people ofEnggano Islandknown as theEnggano peopleare considered largely Proto-Malays.^[22]

Malaysia[edit]

InMalaysia,the Proto-Malay are classified under the nativeOrang Asligroup of people in thePeninsular Malaysia.They are officially known as:^[23]

Other ethnic groups outside of thePeninsular Malaysiathat are also regarded as Proto-Malay apart from theOrang Aslipeople group are such as theRungus people.^[25]

The Philippines[edit]

In thePhilippines,there are several people groups that have been identified as part of the Proto-Malay group:^[26]

Mangyanpeople^[27]
Mangguangan people

While there are otherethnic groups in the Philippines,that are in some ways related or shares a mixture of Proto-Malay, namely:^[26]

Teduray people,mainly a mixture of Proto-Malay andNative Indonesians
Apayao people,a mixture of Proto-Malay andNegrito
Zambale people,mainlyNegritowith a mixture of Proto-Malay andAustraloid^[28]^[29]
Albay Bikol people, mainly Proto-Malay with some mixture ofNegrito
Batak people (Philippines),a mixture of Proto-Malay andNative Indonesians
Bataan people, mainlyNegritowith a mixture of Proto-Malay andAustraloid^[28]^[29]
Bagobo people, a mixture of Proto-Malay andNative Indonesians
Blaan people,a mixture of Proto-Malay andNative Indonesians
Manobopeople, a mixture of Proto-Malay andNative Indonesians
Subanon people,mainly Proto-Malay with a mixture of eitherMalay people(coastal) orNative Indonesians(interior)
Ifugao people,a mixture of Proto-Malay andMalay people
Tinggian people, a mixture ofNative IndonesiansandMalay people
Bontoc people,mainlyMalay people

References[edit]

^Estimation based on the identification made byErnest-Théodore Hamy,KoentjaraningratandAlfred Russel Wallace
^Fenneke Sysling (2016).Racial Science and Human Diversity in Colonial Indonesia.NUS Press. p. 143.ISBN 978-98-147-2207-0.
^Kirk Endicott (2015).Malaysia's Original People: Past, Present and Future of the Orang Asli.NUS Press. p. 3.ISBN 978-99-716-9861-4.
^"POPULATION STATISTICS",
^Bani Noor Muchamad (2007).Anatomi rumah bubungan tinggi.Pustaka Banua. p. 2.ISBN 978-97-933-8133-6.
^Neil Joseph Ryan (1976).A History of Malaysia and Singapore.London: Oxford University Press. pp. 4 & 5.ISBN 0-19-580302-7
^"Geneticist clarifies role of Proto-Malays in human origin".Malaysiakini. 24 January 2012.Retrieved8 April2020.
^Dato' Dr Nik Hassan Suhaimi & Nik Abdul Rahman, ed. (1999).Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History.Archipelago Press.ISBN 978-981-3018-42-6.
^"Karl Anderbeck," Suku Batin - A Proto-Malay People? Evidence from Historical Linguistics ",The Sixth International Symposium on Malay/Indonesian Linguistics,3 - 5 August 2002, [[Bintan Island]], [[Riau]], Indonesia ".Archived fromthe originalon 4 March 2016.Retrieved18 March2011.
^Steven L. Danver(2015).Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues.Routledge.ISBN 978-13-174-6399-3.
^Ernest Théodore Hamy (1896).Les races Malaiques et Americaines.L'Anthropologie.
^Fenneke Sysling (2016).Racial Science and Human Diversity in Colonial Indonesia.NUS Press. p. 143.ISBN 978-98-147-2207-0.
^Koentjaraningrat (2007).Villages in Indonesia.Equinox Publishing. p. 129.ISBN 978-97-937-8051-1.
^Fenneke Sysling (2016).Racial Science and Human Diversity in Colonial Indonesia.NUS Press. p. 118.ISBN 978-98-147-2207-0.
^Ricardo Roque (2010).Headhunting and Colonialism: Anthropology and the Circulation of Human Skulls in the Portuguese Empire, 1870-1930.Springer. p. 175.ISBN 978-02-302-5133-5.
^George Junus Aditjondro (1994).East Timor: an Indonesian intellectual speaks out.Australian Council for Overseas Aid. p. 29.ISBN 09-098-3161-0.
^Joan Erickson (1982).Southeast Asia.Lane Publishing Company. p.156.ISBN 03-760-6764-0.
^Ferdian Ananda Majni (28 March 2017)."Mante, Suku Kuno Aceh yang Terlupakan".Media Indonesia.Retrieved26 May2018.
^Fenneke Sysling (2016).Racial Science and Human Diversity in Colonial Indonesia.NUS Press. p. 119.ISBN 978-98-147-2207-0.
^Reginald Ruggles Gates (1948).Human ancestry from a genetical point of view.Harvard Univ. Press. p. 354.
^Parsudi Suparlan (1995).Orang Sakai di Riau: masyarakat terasing dalam masyarakat Indonesia: kajian mengenai perubahan dan kelestarian kebudayaan Sakai dalam proses transformasi mereka ke dalam masyarakat Indonesia melalui Proyek Pemulihan Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Terasing, Departemen Sosial, Republik Indonesia.Yayasan Obor Indonesia. p. 40.ISBN 97-946-1215-4.
^Charles Alfred Fisher (1964).South-east Asia: a social, economic, and political geography.Methuen. p. 240.OCLC 489670953.
^Jean Michaud, Margaret Byrne Swain & Meenaxi Barkataki-Ruscheweyh (2016).Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 304.ISBN 978-14-422-7279-8.
^Geoffrey Benjamin & Cynthia Chou, ed. (2002).Tribal Communities in the Malay World: Historical, Cultural and Social Perspectives.Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 22.ISBN 98-123-0167-4.
^Bulletin - Institute for Medical Research, Issues 19-20.Institute for Medical Research. 1983. p. 29.
^^a ^bIgnacio Villamor & Felipe Buencamino (1921). "Philippines. Census Office".Census of the Philippine Islands Taken Under the Direction of the Philippine Legislature in the Year 1918, Volume 2.Bureau of printing.
^Michael Grosberg; Greg Bloom; Trent Holden; Anna Kaminski; Paul Stiles (2015).Lonely Planet Philippines.Lonely Planet.ISBN 978-17-436-0537-0.
^^a ^bWilliam Cameron Forbes (1985).The Philippine Islands.Harvard University Press. p. 258.ISBN 97-117-0712-8.
^^a ^b"Ligaya Tiamson- Rubin".Kasaysayan at pag-unlad ng Wikang Pambansa ng Pilipinas.Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2008. p. 3.ISBN 978-97-123-3321-7.

[1] Estimation based on the identification made byErnest-Théodore Hamy,KoentjaraningratandAlfred Russel Wallace

[2] Fenneke Sysling (2016).Racial Science and Human Diversity in Colonial Indonesia.NUS Press. p. 143.ISBN 978-98-147-2207-0.

[3] Kirk Endicott (2015).Malaysia's Original People: Past, Present and Future of the Orang Asli.NUS Press. p. 3.ISBN 978-99-716-9861-4.

[4] "POPULATION STATISTICS",

[5] Bani Noor Muchamad (2007).Anatomi rumah bubungan tinggi.Pustaka Banua. p. 2.ISBN 978-97-933-8133-6.

[6] Neil Joseph Ryan (1976).A History of Malaysia and Singapore.London: Oxford University Press. pp. 4 & 5.ISBN 0-19-580302-7

[7] "Geneticist clarifies role of Proto-Malays in human origin".Malaysiakini. 24 January 2012.Retrieved8 April2020.

[8] Dato' Dr Nik Hassan Suhaimi & Nik Abdul Rahman, ed. (1999).Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History.Archipelago Press.ISBN 978-981-3018-42-6.

[9] "Karl Anderbeck," Suku Batin - A Proto-Malay People? Evidence from Historical Linguistics ",The Sixth International Symposium on Malay/Indonesian Linguistics,3 - 5 August 2002, [[Bintan Island]], [[Riau]], Indonesia ".Archived fromthe originalon 4 March 2016.Retrieved18 March2011.

[10] Steven L. Danver(2015).Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues.Routledge.ISBN 978-13-174-6399-3.

[11] Ernest Théodore Hamy (1896).Les races Malaiques et Americaines.L'Anthropologie.

[12] Fenneke Sysling (2016).Racial Science and Human Diversity in Colonial Indonesia.NUS Press. p. 143.ISBN 978-98-147-2207-0.

[13] Koentjaraningrat (2007).Villages in Indonesia.Equinox Publishing. p. 129.ISBN 978-97-937-8051-1.

[14] Fenneke Sysling (2016).Racial Science and Human Diversity in Colonial Indonesia.NUS Press. p. 118.ISBN 978-98-147-2207-0.

[15] Ricardo Roque (2010).Headhunting and Colonialism: Anthropology and the Circulation of Human Skulls in the Portuguese Empire, 1870-1930.Springer. p. 175.ISBN 978-02-302-5133-5.

[16] George Junus Aditjondro (1994).East Timor: an Indonesian intellectual speaks out.Australian Council for Overseas Aid. p. 29.ISBN 09-098-3161-0.

[17] Joan Erickson (1982).Southeast Asia.Lane Publishing Company. p.156.ISBN 03-760-6764-0.

[18] Ferdian Ananda Majni (28 March 2017)."Mante, Suku Kuno Aceh yang Terlupakan".Media Indonesia.Retrieved26 May2018.

[19] Fenneke Sysling (2016).Racial Science and Human Diversity in Colonial Indonesia.NUS Press. p. 119.ISBN 978-98-147-2207-0.

[20] Reginald Ruggles Gates (1948).Human ancestry from a genetical point of view.Harvard Univ. Press. p. 354.

[21] Parsudi Suparlan (1995).Orang Sakai di Riau: masyarakat terasing dalam masyarakat Indonesia: kajian mengenai perubahan dan kelestarian kebudayaan Sakai dalam proses transformasi mereka ke dalam masyarakat Indonesia melalui Proyek Pemulihan Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Terasing, Departemen Sosial, Republik Indonesia.Yayasan Obor Indonesia. p. 40.ISBN 97-946-1215-4.

[22] Charles Alfred Fisher (1964).South-east Asia: a social, economic, and political geography.Methuen. p. 240.OCLC 489670953.

[23] Jean Michaud, Margaret Byrne Swain & Meenaxi Barkataki-Ruscheweyh (2016).Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 304.ISBN 978-14-422-7279-8.

[24] Geoffrey Benjamin & Cynthia Chou, ed. (2002).Tribal Communities in the Malay World: Historical, Cultural and Social Perspectives.Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 22.ISBN 98-123-0167-4.

[25] Bulletin - Institute for Medical Research, Issues 19-20.Institute for Medical Research. 1983. p. 29.

[COTPITUTDO-26] Ignacio Villamor & Felipe Buencamino (1921). "Philippines. Census Office".Census of the Philippine Islands Taken Under the Direction of the Philippine Legislature in the Year 1918, Volume 2.Bureau of printing.

[27] Michael Grosberg; Greg Bloom; Trent Holden; Anna Kaminski; Paul Stiles (2015).Lonely Planet Philippines.Lonely Planet.ISBN 978-17-436-0537-0.

[TPI258-28] William Cameron Forbes (1985).The Philippine Islands.Harvard University Press. p. 258.ISBN 97-117-0712-8.

[KAPNWPNP3-29] "Ligaya Tiamson- Rubin".Kasaysayan at pag-unlad ng Wikang Pambansa ng Pilipinas.Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2008. p. 3.ISBN 978-97-123-3321-7.

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v t e Ethnic groupsinIndonesiaby region
Indonesians
Sumatra	Aboriginal Akit Batin Bonai Lubu Mante Orang Kuala Orang Rimba Sakai Petalangan Talang Mamak Acehnese Alas Batak Angkola Karo Mandailing Pakpak Simalungun Toba Batak Enggano Gayo Kluet Lampung Laut Lembak Malay Asahan Deli Lahat Langkat Riau Serdang Mentawai Sakuddei Minangkabau Aneuk Jamee Nias Haloban Palembang Rejang Simeulue Singkil
Java	Betawi Javanese Cirebonese Banyumasan Osing Tenggerese Kangeanese Madurese Bawean Malay Sundanese Baduy Bantenese
Kalimantan	Banjar Dayak Apo Duat Kelabit Lun Bawang Sa'ban Apo Kayan Bahau Kayan Kenyah Lebbo' Uma Baka' Bidayuh Kendayan Selako Iban Mualang Murut Tidung Ot Danum Lawangan Ma'anyan Ngaju Bakumpai Meratus Punan Bah Bukitan Krio Malay Berau Pontianak Moro Orang Laut Bajau Suluk
Sulawesi	Buginese Bungku Butonese Bonerate Gorontaloan Kalumpang Lindu Makassar Malay Mandarese Minahasan Mongondow Muna Pamona Rampi Sangirese Seko Tau Taa Wana Torajan Mamasa
Papua	Melanesian Papuan Abun Asmat Bauzi Dani Fayu Ketengban Kombai Korowai Koteka Amungme Ekari Lani Moni Yali Marind Marori Mek Sawi Sentani Tehit Tobati Wambon Waropen Wolani Yaur
Lesser Sunda Islands	Abui Atoni Bali Aga Balinese Bimanese Bunak Helong Kemak Lamaholot Malay Loloan Manggarai Nage Rotenese Sasak Savu Sikka Sumba Sumbawa Tetum
Maluku Islands	Moluccan Alfur Alune Manusela Nuaulu Ambelau Ambonese Buru Wai Apu Kayeli Lisela Tanimbarese Tobelo Togutil Wemale
Non-indigenous	African Black Dutchmen Arab Armenian Chindian Chinese Benteng Bangka Belitung Chinese Maluku Chinese Peranakan Filipino Indian Klingalese Tamil Indo Japanese Jewish Korean Mardijker Pakistani Portuguese Totok