Pteriomorphia
| Pteriomorphia | |
|---|---|
| |
| A live individual ofArgopecten irradians,family Pectinidae | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Subclass: | Pteriomorphia Beurlen, 1944 |
ThePteriomorphiacomprise asubclassof saltwater clams,marinebivalvemolluscs.[1]It contains several major orders, including theArcida,Ostreida,Pectinida,Limida,Mytilida,andPteriida.It also contains someextinctand probablybasalfamilies,such as theEvyanidae,Colpomyidae,Bakevelliidae,Cassianellidae,andLithiotidae.
This subclass of molluscs haslamellibranchgills,and isepibenthic.Some attach to thesubstrateusing abyssus.The foot is reduced. Themantlemargins are not fused. Gills are usually large and assist in feeding. This group includes the well knownmussels,scallops,pen shells,andoysters.[2]It also includes the only members of the classbivalviato haverudimentaryeyes.
Photoreceptors
[edit]Pteriomorphian bivalves possess five types of photoreceptors, each evolving independently and each associated with different clades within Pteriomorphia.[3]There are cap eyespots, pigmented cups,compound eyes,concave mirror eyes, and invaginated eyes, each having evolved independently.[3]The primary purpose of pteriomorphian eyes is to detect and respond to predators.[4]As such, pteriomorphia respond to the presence of a shadow by retracting theirsiphon,adduction, digging, or some combination of the three. Beyond this shadow response, however, pteriomorphia typically do not respond to other visual stimuli.[5]
Pteriomorphia have much higher rates of eye loss than eye gain and studying eye loss and gain can yield insights into the mechanisms behind convergent evolution and the evolution and regression of complex traits.[3]Eyes evolved exclusively in epifaunal lineages, and have been lost in some lineages that adopted infaunal and semi-infaunal lifestyles, suggesting a correlation between eye loss and adoption of infaunal or semi-infaunal lifestyles.[3]Additionally, eyes inPectinidaeexhibit a reduction in functionality as habitat depth increases, ending in the complete absence of eyes in deep sea species.[6]
Taxonomy
[edit]Phylogeny
[edit]Thecladogramis based on molecular phylogeny using mitochondrial (12S, 16S) and nuclear (18S, 28S, and H3) gene markers by Yaron Malkowsky and Annette Klussmann-Kolb in 2012.[7]
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2010 Taxonomy
[edit]In 2010 a new proposed classification system for the Bivalvia was published by Bieler, Carter & Coan revising the classification of the Bivalvia, including the subclass Pteriomorphia.[8]However, the following taxonomy represents the current accepted arrangement of this subclass according to theWorld Register of Marine Species[9]
Subclass: Pteriomorphia
(Ark shells and bittersweet shells)
- Superfamily:Arcoidea
- Family:Arcidae
- Family:Cucullaeidae
- Family:Glycymerididae
- Family:Noetiidae
- Family:Parallelodontidae
- Superfamily:Limopsoidea
- Family:Limopsidae
- Family:Philobryidae
(True oysters and their allies)
- Superfamily:Ostreoidea
- Family:Gryphaeidae,the foam oysters or honeycomb oysters
- Family:Ostreidae,the true oysters
(Scallops and their allies)
- Superfamily:Anomioidea
- Family:Anomiidae,the jingle shells and saddle oysters
- Family:Placunidae
- Superfamily:Plicatuloidea
- Family:Plicatulidae,the kittenpaws
- Superfamily:Dimyoidea
- Family:Dimyidae,the dimyarian oysters
- Superfamily:Pectinoidea
- Family:Entoliidae,the entoliids
- Family:Pectinidae,the scallops
- Family:Propeamussiidae,the mud scallops
- Family:Spondylidae,the thorny oysters
(File shells and their allies)
(Saltwater mussels)
- Superfamily:Mytiloidea
- Family:Mytilidae,the sea mussels
(Winged oysters and their allies)
- Superfamily:Pinnoidea
- Family:Pinnidae,the pen shells
- Superfamily:Pterioidea
- Family:Malleidae,the hammer oysters
- Family:Pteriidae,the feather oysters
- Family:Pulvinitidae,the pulvinitids
Fossil orders
[edit]References
[edit]- ^PteriomorphiaBeurlen, 1944.Retrieved through:World Register of Marine Specieson 26 March 2009.
- ^Barnes, Robert D. (1982).Invertebrate Zoology.Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 430.ISBN978-0-03-056747-6.
- ^abcdAudino, Jorge Alves; Serb, Jean Marie; Rodriguez Marian, José Eduardo Amoroso (27 July 2020)."Hard to get, easy to lose: Evolution of mantle photoreceptor organs in bivalves (Bivalvia, Pteriomorphia)".Evolution.74(9): 2106–2120.doi:10.1111/evo.14050.PMID32716056.S2CID220796915.
- ^Serb, Jeanne M.; Eernisse, Douglas J. (2008-10-01)."Charting Evolution's Trajectory: Using Molluscan Eye Diversity to Understand Parallel and Convergent Evolution".Evolution: Education and Outreach.1(4): 439–447.doi:10.1007/s12052-008-0084-1.ISSN1936-6434.S2CID2881223.
- ^Morton, Brian (January 2001)."The Evolution of Eyes in Bivalvia".Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review:165–205 – via ResearchGate.
- ^Malkowsky, Yaron; Götze, Marie-Carolin (10 December 2013)."Impact of habitat and life trait on character evolution of pallial eyes in Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia)".Organisms Diversity and Evolution.14– via ResearchGate.
- ^Malkowsky, Yaron; Klussmann-Kolb, Annette (May 2012)."Phylogeny and spatio-temporal distribution of European Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia)".Systematics and Biodiversity.10(2): 233–242.doi:10.1080/14772000.2012.676572.S2CID84085349.
- ^Bieler, R., Carter, J.G. & Coan, E.V. (2010)Classification of Bivalve families.Pp. 113-133, in: Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.P. (2010),Nomenclator of Bivalve Families. Malacologia52(2): 1-184
- ^Gofas, S. (2014)."Pteriomorphia".World Register of Marine Species.Retrieved2014-08-19.
- ^ArcoidaStoliczka, 1871.Retrieved through:World Register of Marine Specieson 3 February 2009.
- ^OstreoidaFerussac, 1822.Retrieved through:World Register of Marine Specieson 9 July 2010.
- ^PectinoidaGray, 1854.Retrieved through:World Register of Marine Specieson 9 July 2010.
- ^LimoidaMoore, 1952.Retrieved through:World Register of Marine Specieson 7 July 2010.
- ^MytiloidaFerussac, 1822.Retrieved through:World Register of Marine Specieson 9 July 2010.
- ^PterioidaNewell, 1965.Retrieved through:World Register of Marine Specieson 9 July 2010.
