Pueblo architecture
Pueblo architecturerefers to the traditional architecture of thePueblo peoplein what is now theSouthwestern United States,especiallyNew Mexico.Many of the same building techniques were later adapted by theHispanos of New Mexicointo theTerritorial Style.Pueblo and Hispano architecture was also the basis for thePueblo Revival architectureandTerritorial Revival architecture,20th-century Southwestern regional styles that remain popular.
History[edit]
Ancestral Puebloanpeople first began building pueblo structures during thePueblo I Period(750–900 CE). When Spanish colonists arrived in the Southwest beginning in the late 1500s, they learned the local construction techniques from the Pueblo people and adapted them to fit their own building types, such ashaciendasandmission churches.[1]The Pueblo people also adopted some of the Spanish innovations, including the manufacturing of sun-baked adobe bricks.[2]As modern building materials like brick, glass, and milled lumber became more available during theTerritorial periodand especially with the arrival ofrailroadsin the 1870s and 1880s, the traditional construction methods fell out of favor, though they remained commonplace at the pueblos themselves and in other rural areas. Pueblo architecture experienced a resurgence in the 1920s and 1930s as a romanticizedrevivalstyle,Pueblo Revival,and remains popular in New Mexico.
Characteristics[edit]
Pueblo buildings are most commonly constructed fromadobe,though stone was also used where available, for instance atChaco Canyon.The buildings have flat roofs supported by rough-hewn wooden beams calledvigasand smaller perpendicular laths orlatillas.The vigas typically extend through the exterior wall surface. Larger structures often take the form of multistory terraces with setbacks at each level. Traditionally, upper floors were accessed byladders,and buildings were often semi-fortified with minimal door and window openings at ground level. In modern practice, conventional doors and windows are more common, and were often retrofitted into older buildings. Other key elements of Pueblo architecture includekivas,which are circular ceremonial rooms which are partially or fully below ground, and enclosed courtyards or plazas.[3][4]There is an emphasis on communal rather than private spaces, with the plaza at the center of the village and village life, while dwelling and storage areas are more utilitarian and are arranged around the periphery.[5]
According toSanta Claraarchitect and historian, Rina Swentzell, Pueblo architecture can be understood in the context of "a world in which a house or structure is not an object—or a machine to live in—but is part of a cosmological world view that recognizes multiplicity, simultaneity, inclusiveness, and interconnectedness."[6]In this tradition, buildings are seen as living entities with a finite lifespan, and "are 'fed' cornmeal after construction so that they may have a good life."[7]The "center" is an important concept, with the plaza as both the physical center of the village and the metaphysical center of the universe:
The "heart of the earth" orbu-ping-geh(heart of the pueblo) for theTewapeople is the open community space within the village where ritual dances and other community activities happen. The bu-ping-geh contains the literal center of the earth, thenan-sipu,which translates as "the belly-root" of the earth. Each pueblo's cosmos encircles thenan-sipu,and the surrounding mountains, where the sky and earth touch, are the boundaries of the well-organized spaces in which people, animals, and spirits live.[7]
Thenan-sipumay be inconspicuously marked with stones.[7]The idea of emergence from and return to the earth is also important, especially in the underground kivas and the ladders used to ascend from one level to another.[6]Swentzell's daughter, sculptorRoxanne Swentzell,identified the pueblos' centuries-long connection to the landscape as another key aspect of Pueblo architecture:
You may watch a tree grow up from a little baby tree to a big tree and then cut it down and use it in your house for a viga. But you know that tree. It's your family. The dirt you go get to plaster or make your adobes with and stuff, it's just right there. So you know where the good dirt is and where the not-so-good dirt is. It's absolutely having a relationship.[5]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Bunting, Bainbridge (1976).Early Architecture in New Mexico.Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
- ^Markovich, Nicholas C.; Preiser, Wolfgang F. E.; Sturm, Fred G. (2015).Pueblo Style and Regional Architecture.New York: Routledge. p. 20.ISBN978-1-317-39883-7.RetrievedJune 13,2020.
- ^Lekson, Stephen H. (1984).Great Pueblo Architecture of Chaco Canyon(PDF).Albuquerque, NM: National Park Service.RetrievedJune 13,2020.
- ^"Pueblo architecture".Encyclopædia Britannica.RetrievedJune 13,2020.
- ^abRoman Mars(February 2, 2021)."Stuccoed in Time".99% Invisible(Podcast).Radiotopia.RetrievedFebruary 22,2021.
- ^abSwentzell, Rina (2015). "Pueblo Space, Form, and Mythology". In Markovich, Nicholas C.; Preiser, Wolfgang F. E.; Sturm, Fred G. (eds.).Pueblo Style and Regional Architecture.Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 23–29.ISBN978-1-317-39883-7.RetrievedFebruary 20,2021.
- ^abcSwentzell, Rina (1997). "An Understated Sacredness". In Morrow, Baker H.; Price, Vincent Barrett (eds.).Anasazi Architecture and American Design.Albuquerque: UNM Press. pp. 186–189.ISBN978-0-8263-1779-7.
