Pulmonata

Pulmonata; Temporal range:Carboniferous–recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Various examples of Pulmonata
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Heterobranchia
Informal group:	Pulmonata; Cuvier,1814
Taxonomic subdivisions
	Informal groupBasommatophora; CladeEupulmonata;

Pulmonataorpulmonatesis an informal group (previously anorder,and before that, asubclass) ofsnailsandslugscharacterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having apallial lunginstead of agill,or gills. The group includes many land and freshwater families, and several marine families.

ThetaxonPulmonata as traditionally defined was found to bepolyphyleticin a molecular study per Jörgeret al.,dating from 2010.^[1]

Pulmonata are known from theCarboniferousperiod to the present.^[2]

Pulmonates have a singleatriumand kidney, and a concentrated symmetrical nervous system. The mantle cavity is on the right side of the body, and lacks gills, instead being converted into avascularisedlung. Most species have a shell, but nooperculum,although the group does also include several shell-less slugs. Pulmonates arehermaphroditic,and some groups possesslove darts.^[3]

Linnean taxonomy

The taxonomy of this group according to thetaxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)was as follows:

OrderPulmonataCuvierin Blainville, 1814 - pulmonates

SuborderSystellommatophoraPilsbry, 1948
- - SuperfamilyOnchidioidea Rafinesque,1815
  - SuperfamilyOtinoideaH. & A. Adams, 1855
  - SuperfamilyRathouisioideaSarasin, 1889
SuborderBasommatophoraKeferstein in Bronn, 1864 - freshwater pulmonates, pond snails
- - SuperfamilyAcroloxoidea Thiele,1931
  - SuperfamilyAmphiboloidea J.E. Gray,1840
  - SuperfamilyChilinoideaH. & A. Adams, 1855
  - SuperfamilyGlacidorboideaPonder, 1986
  - SuperfamilyLymnaeoidea Rafinesque,1815
  - SuperfamilyPlanorboidea Rafinesque,1815
  - SuperfamilySiphonarioidea J.E. Gray,1840
SuborderEupulmonataHaszprunar & Huber, 1990
- InfraorderActeophilaDall,1885 = formerly Archaeopulmonata
  - SuperfamilyMelampoideaStimpson, 1851
- InfraorderTrimusculiformesMinichev & Starobogatov, 1975
  - SuperfamilyTrimusculoideaZilch, 1959

An artistic but scientifically incorrect version of various European land snails and slugs (one species here is not a pulmonate), their food plants and fungi, and a beetle that eats mollusks, bottom right.

- InfraorderStylommatophoraA. Schmidt, 1856 - land snails
  - SubinfraorderOrthurethra
  - SuperfamilyAchatinelloideaGulick, 1873
  - SuperfamilyCochlicopoideaPilsbry, 1900
  - SuperfamilyPartuloideaPilsbry, 1900
  - SuperfamilyPupilloideaTurton, 1831
  - SubinfraorderSigmurethra
  - SuperfamilyAcavoideaPilsbry, 1895
  - SuperfamilyAchatinoideaSwainson, 1840
  - SuperfamilyAillyoideaBaker, 1960
  - SuperfamilyArionoidea J.E. Grayin Turnton, 1840
  - SuperfamilyBuliminoideaClessin, 1879
  - SuperfamilyCamaenoideaPilsbry, 1895
  - SuperfamilyClausilioidea Mörch,1864
  - SuperfamilyDyakioideaGude & Woodward, 1921
  - SuperfamilyGastrodontoideaTryon, 1866
  - SuperfamilyHelicoidea Rafinesque,1815
  - SuperfamilyHelixarionoideaBourguignat, 1877
  - SuperfamilyLimacoidea Rafinesque,1815
  - SuperfamilyOleacinoideaH. & A. Adams, 1855
  - SuperfamilyOrthalicoideaAlbers-Martens, 1860
  - SuperfamilyPlectopylidoideaMoellendorf, 1900
  - SuperfamilyPolygyroideaPilsbry, 1894
  - SuperfamilyPunctoideaMorse, 1864
  - SuperfamilyRhytidoideaPilsbry, 1893
  - SuperfamilySagdidoideraPilsbry, 1895
  - SuperfamilyStaffordioidea Thiele,1931
  - SuperfamilyStreptaxoidea J.E. Gray,1806
  - SuperfamilyStrophocheiloidea Thiele,1926
  - SuperfamilyTrigonochlamydoideaHese, 1882
  - SuperfamilyZonitoidea Mörch,1864
  - ?SuperfamilyAthoracophoroideaP. Fischer, 1883 = Tracheopulmonata
  - ?SuperfamilySuccineoideaBeck, 1837 = Heterurethra

2005 taxonomy

The taxonomy of this group according to thetaxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)^[4]was as follows:

Informal Group Pulmonata

Contains the informal groupBasommatophoraand the cladeEupulmonata

Informal Group Basommatophora

Contains the cladeHygrophila

SuperfamilyAmphiboloidea
- FamilyAmphibolidae
SuperfamilySiphonarioidea
- FamilySiphonariidae
- † FamilyAcroreiidae

CladeHygrophila

SuperfamilyChilinoidea
- FamilyChilinidae
- FamilyLatiidae
SuperfamilyAcroloxoidea
- FamilyAcroloxidae
SuperfamilyLymnaeoidea
- FamilyLymnaeidae
SuperfamilyPlanorboidea
- FamilyPlanorbidae
- FamilyPhysidae

Clade Eupulmonata

Contains the cladesSystellommatophoraandStylommatophora

SuperfamilyTrimusculoidea
- FamilyTrimusculidae
SuperfamilyOtinoidea
- FamilyOtinidae
- FamilySmeagolidae
SuperfamilyEllobioidea
- FamilyEllobiidae

CladeSystellommatophora( =Gymnomorpha)

SuperfamilyOnchidioidea
- FamilyOnchidiidae
SuperfamilyVeronicelloidea
- FamilyVeronicellidae
- FamilyRathouisiidae

CladeStylommatophora

Contains the subcladesElasmognatha,Orthurethraand the informal groupSigmurethra

limacoid clade

SuperfamilyStaffordioidea
- FamilyStaffordiidae
Superfamily Dyakioidea
- FamilyDyakiidae
SuperfamilyGastrodontoidea
- FamilyGastrodontidae
- FamilyChronidae
- FamilyEuconulidae
- FamilyOxychilidae
- FamilyPristilomatidae
- FamilyTrochomorphidae
- Fossil taxa probably belonging to the Gastrodontoidea
  - Subfamily † Archaeozonitinae
  - Subfamily † Grandipatulinae
  - Subfamily † Palaeoxestininae
SuperfamilyParmacelloidea
- FamilyParmacellidae
- FamilyMilacidae
- FamilyTrigonochlamydidae
SuperfamilyZonitoidea
- FamilyZonitidae
SuperfamilyHelicarionoidea
- FamilyHelicarionidae
- FamilyAriophantidae
- FamilyUrocyclidae
SuperfamilyLimacoidea
- FamilyLimacidae
- FamilyAgriolimacidae
- FamilyBoettgerillidae
- FamilyVitrinidae

other Sigmurethra

Two superfamilies belongs to clade Sigmurethra, but they are not in the limacoid clade.

SuperfamilyArionoidea
- FamilyArionidae
- FamilyAnadenidae
- FamilyAriolimacidae
- FamilyBinneyidae
- FamilyOopeltidae
- FamilyPhilomycidae
SuperfamilyHelicoidea
- FamilyHelicidae
- FamilyBradybaenidae
- FamilyCamaenidae
- FamilyCepolidae
- FamilyCochlicellidae
- FamilyElonidae
- FamilyEpiphragmophoridae
- FamilyHalolimnohelicidae
- FamilyHelicodontidae
- FamilyHelminthoglyptidae
- FamilyHumboldtianidae
- FamilyHygromiidae
- FamilyMonadeniidae
- FamilyPleurodontidae
- FamilyPolygyridae
- FamilySphincterochilidae
- FamilyThysanophoridae
- FamilyTrissexodontidae
- FamilyXanthonychidae

2010 taxonomy

Jörgeret al.(2010)^[1]analyzed major groups within theHeterobranchiausing genetic data and found that Pulmonata as traditionally defined waspolyphyletic,for instance some pulmonates were more closely related toSacoglossaandAcochlidia.They proposed the more inclusive taxonPanpulmonatato unite the cladesSiphonarioidea,Sacoglossa,Glacidorboidea,Pyramidelloidea,Amphiboloidea,Hygrophila,AcochlidiaandEupulmonata.^[1]

References

^^a ^b ^cJörger, Katharina M; Stöger, Isabella; Kano, Yasunori; Fukuda, Hiroshi; Knebelsberger, Thomas; Schrödl, Michael (2010)."On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia".BMC Evolutionary Biology.10(1): 323.Bibcode:2010BMCEE..10..323J.doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323.PMC3087543.PMID 20973994.
^(in Czech) Pek I., Vašíček Z., Roček Z., Hajn. V. & Mikuláš R. 1996.Základy zoopaleontologie.Olomouc, 264 pp.,ISBN 80-7067-599-3.
^Barnes, Robert D. (1982).Invertebrate Zoology.Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 377.ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
^Bouchet, Philippe;Rocroi, Jean-Pierre;Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard;Ponder, Winston;Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families".Malacologia.47(1–2). Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks: 1–397.ISBN 3-925919-72-4.ISSN 0076-2997.

External links

Pulmonate snails & slugs in captivity

[Jörger_2010-1] Jörger, Katharina M; Stöger, Isabella; Kano, Yasunori; Fukuda, Hiroshi; Knebelsberger, Thomas; Schrödl, Michael (2010)."On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia".BMC Evolutionary Biology.10(1): 323.Bibcode:2010BMCEE..10..323J.doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323.PMC3087543.PMID 20973994.

[2] (in Czech) Pek I., Vašíček Z., Roček Z., Hajn. V. & Mikuláš R. 1996.Základy zoopaleontologie.Olomouc, 264 pp.,ISBN 80-7067-599-3.

[IZ-3] Barnes, Robert D. (1982).Invertebrate Zoology.Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 377.ISBN 0-03-056747-5.

[4] Bouchet, Philippe;Rocroi, Jean-Pierre;Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard;Ponder, Winston;Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families".Malacologia.47(1–2). Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks: 1–397.ISBN 3-925919-72-4.ISSN 0076-2997.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]