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Xong language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromQo Xiong language)
For the Western Pearic language of Cambodia and Thailand, seeChong language.For the Limbu of Nepal, who are also called Xong, seeLimbu people.
Xong
Xiangxi Miao
Xonb
Pronunciation[ɕõ˧˥]
Native toChina
RegionHunan,Guizhou,Hubei,GuangxiandChongqing
EthnicityQo Xiong
Native speakers
~900,000 (2005)[1]
Hmong–Mien
Dialects
  • Western (Xong proper)
  • Eastern (Suang)
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
mmr– Western Xiangxi Miao
muq– Eastern Xiangxi Miao
Glottolognort2748

TheXong language(Dut Xonb[tu53ɕõ35])[2]is the northernmostHmongic language,spoken in south-central China by around 0.9 million people. It is calledXiangxi Miaoyu(Tương tây miêu ngữ,"Western Hunan Miao" ) in Chinese, as well asEastern Miao(Đông bộ miêu ngữ). In Western sources, it has been calledMeo,Red Miao,andNorth Hmongic.[3]An official alphabet was adopted in 1956.

Distribution

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Xong is spoken mainly inHunanprovince, but also in a few areas ofGuizhouandHubeiprovinces,Guangxi,andChongqingmunicipality in China. Xong-speaking communities, by county, are:[4]

Classification

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Xong was classified in its own branch of the Hmongic family in Strecker (1987). Xiang (1999)[4]divided Xong into western and eastern dialects. Matisoff (2001) considered these to be two distinct languages, but Matisoff (2006) consolidated them into one. Yang (2004)[6]divides each of these dialects into three subdialects, as listed below. Speaker populations and locations are from Li and Li (2012).[7]

  • Western(includes standardized Xong)
    • Lect 1(autonym:qo35ɕoŋ35): Jiwei cát vệ,Huayuan County;769,000 speakers in the counties of Fenghuang (except Baren bá nhân hương ), most of Huayuan, southern Jishou, Xinhuang, Mayang, Songtao, parts of Rongjiang, parts of Ziyun, Xiushan, parts of Nandan, parts of Hechi, and parts of Du'an.
    • Lect 2(autonym:qo54ɕoŋ54): Yangmeng dương mạnh,Jishou;120,000 speakers in the counties of eastern Huayuan, western and northern Jishou, eastern Baojing, southwestern Guzhang, Fenghuang (in Baren bá nhân hương ), and Xuan'en.
    • Lect 3(autonym:o55ɕaŋ55): Zhongxin trung tâm,Baojing County;30,000 speakers in southeastern Baojing County.
  • Eastern
    • Lect 4(autonym:te53suɑŋ53): Xiaozhang tiểu chương,Luxi County;6,000 speakers in and around Xiaozhang, Luxi County
    • Lect 5(autonym:ɡɔ35sɤ53): Danqing đan thanh,Jishou;48,000 speakers in the counties of northwestern Luxi, eastern Jishou, and southeastern Guzhang.
    • Lect 6(autonym:bja22sã44nɤ44): Dengshang đặng thượng,Longshan County;300 speakers in southern Longshan County and Yongshun County (in Shouche thủ xa hương ).

He Fuling (2009) describes a western Qo Xiong dialect of Gouliang Ethnic Miao Village, Ala Township,Fenghuang County( phượng hoàng huyện a lạp trấn câu lương miêu trại ).

Chen (2009)[8]describes a western Qo Xiong dialect of Daxing Town đại hưng trấn,Songtao County,Guizhou.

Phonology and script

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A written standard based on the Western dialect in Làyǐpíng ( tịch ất bình ) village and Jíwèi ( cát vệ ) town,Huāyuáncounty,Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecturewas established in 1956.

Xong Consonant Phonemes
Labial Alveolar Retroflex (Alveolo-)
palatal 		Velar Uvular Glottal
plain pal. app. plain pal. aff. plain aff. plain lab. plain lab. plain lab.
Nasal voiced m mʲ mʴ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ŋʷ
aspirated m̥ʰ n̥ʰ
Stop/
Affricate 		voiceless p pʲ pʴ t ts ʈ c tɕ k kʷ q qʷ
aspirated pʰ pʲʰ pʴʰ tʰ tsʰ ʈʰ cʰ tɕʰ kʰ kʷʰ qʰ qʷʰ
prenasal ᵐp ⁿt ⁿts ᶯʈ ᶮc ᶮtɕ ᵑk ᵑkʷ ᶰq ᶰqʷ
prenasalasp. ᵐpʰ ᵐpʴʰ ⁿtʰ ⁿtsʰ ᶯʈʰ ᶮcʰ ᶮtɕʰ ᵑkʰ ᵑkʷʰ ᶰqʰ ᶰqʷʰ
Fricative voiceless f s ʂ ɕ h hʷ
voiced ʐ ʑ
Approximant voiced w l lʲ
aspirated l̥ʰ l̥ʲʰ
Xong Vowel Phonemes
Front Central Back
Close i ɯ u
Mid e ɤ o
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a ɑ
Xong Consonant Orthography
p ⟨b⟩ pʰ ⟨p⟩ ᵐp ⟨nb⟩ mpʰ ⟨np⟩ m ⟨m⟩ m̥ʰ ⟨hm⟩
pʴ ⟨bl⟩ pɹʰ ⟨pl⟩ mpɹʰ ⟨npl⟩ mʴ ⟨ml⟩
t ⟨d⟩ tʰ ⟨t⟩ ⁿt ⟨nd⟩ ntʰ ⟨nt⟩ l̥ʰ ⟨hl⟩ n ⟨n⟩ n̥ʰ ⟨hn⟩
ts ⟨z⟩ tsʰ ⟨c⟩ ⁿts ⟨nz⟩ ntsʰ ⟨nc⟩ s ⟨s⟩ f ⟨f⟩
tɕ ⟨j⟩ tɕʰ ⟨q⟩ ᶮtɕ ⟨nj⟩ ntɕʰ ⟨nq⟩ ɕ ⟨x⟩ ʑ ⟨y⟩
ʈ ⟨zh⟩ ʈʰ ⟨ch⟩ ᶯʈ ⟨nzh⟩ ɳʈʰ ⟨nch⟩ ʂ ⟨sh⟩ ʐ ⟨r⟩ ɳ ⟨nh⟩
k ⟨g⟩ kʰ ⟨k⟩ ᵑk ⟨ngg⟩ ŋkʰ ⟨nk⟩
q ⟨gh⟩ qʰ ⟨kh⟩ ᶰq ⟨ngh⟩ ɴqʰ ⟨nkh⟩
w ⟨w⟩ h ⟨h⟩

[dubious–discuss]

Xong Vowel Orthography
i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
iu ⟨iu⟩
ɑ ⟨a⟩ iɑ ⟨ia⟩ uɑ ⟨ua⟩
o ⟨o⟩ io ⟨io⟩
e ⟨e⟩ ie ⟨ie⟩ ue ⟨ue⟩
ei ⟨ei⟩ uei ⟨ui⟩
a ⟨ea⟩ ia ⟨iea⟩ ua ⟨uea⟩
ɔ ⟨ao⟩ iɔ ⟨iao⟩
ɤ ⟨eu⟩ iɤ ⟨ieu⟩ uɤ ⟨ueu⟩
ɯ ⟨ou⟩ iɯ ⟨iou⟩ uɯ ⟨uou⟩
ɛ ⟨an⟩ iɛ ⟨ian⟩ uɛ ⟨uan⟩
en ⟨en⟩ ien ⟨in⟩ uen ⟨un⟩
ɑŋ ⟨ang⟩ iɑŋ ⟨iang⟩ uɑŋ ⟨uang⟩
oŋ ⟨ong⟩ ioŋ ⟨iong⟩
Tones
Tone IPA Letter
high rising, 45 ˦˥ ⟨b⟩
low falling, 21 ˨˩ ⟨x⟩
high, 4 ˦ ⟨d⟩
low, 2 ˨ ⟨l⟩
high falling, 53 ˥˧ ⟨t⟩
falling, 42 ˦˨ ⟨s⟩

References

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  1. ^Western Xiangxi MiaoatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
    Eastern Xiangxi MiaoatEthnologue(18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
  2. ^Sposato, Adam (2015).A Grammar of Xong(PDF)(PhD thesis). University at Buffalo. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2022-08-10.
  3. ^Ratliff, Martha (2010).Hmong–Mien language history.Canberra,Australia: Pacific Linguistics.hdl:1885/146760.ISBN978-0-85883-615-0.
  4. ^abXiang, Rizheng hướng nhật chinh (1999).Jíwèi Miáoyǔ yánjiūCát vệ miêu ngữ nghiên cứu[A Study of Jiwei Miao] (in Chinese). Chengdu: Sichuan renmin chubanshe.
  5. ^Guangxi Zhuangzu zizhiqu shaoshu minzu yuyan wenzi gongzuo weiyuanhui [Guangxi Minority Languages Orthography Committee] (2008).Guǎngxī mínzú yǔyán fāngyīn cíhuìQuảng tây dân tộc ngữ ngôn phương âm từ hối[Vocabularies of Guangxi Ethnic Languages] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  6. ^Yang, Zaibiao dương tái bưu (2004).Miáoyǔ dōngbù fāngyán tǔyǔ bǐjiàoMiêu ngữ đông bộ phương ngôn thổ ngữ bỉ giác(in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  7. ^Li, Jinping lý cẩm bình; Li, Tianyi lý thiên dực (2012).Miáoyǔ fāngyán bǐjiào yánjiūMiêu ngữ phương ngôn bỉ giác nghiên cứu[A Comparative Study of Miao Dialects] (in Chinese). Chengdu: Xinan jiaotong daxue chubanshe.
  8. ^Chen, Hong trần hoành (2009).Guìzhōu Sōngtáo Dàxīngzhèn Miáoyǔ yánjiūQuý châu tùng đào đại hưng trấn miêu ngữ nghiên cứu(Ph.D. thesis) (in Chinese). Nankai daxue.

Further reading

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  • Sposato, Adam (2015).A Grammar of Xong(PDF)(PhD thesis). University at Buffalo. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2022-08-10.
  • Sposato, Adam (2021).A Grammar of Xong.Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.ISBN978-3-11-076493-2.
  • Yang, Zaibiao dương tái bưu. 2017.Xiangxi Miaoyu, Tujiayu yu Hanyu jiechu yanjiuTương tây miêu ngữ, thổ gia ngữ dữ hán ngữ tiếp xúc nghiên cứu. Changchun: Jilin University Press cát lâm đại học xuất bản xã. ISBN 978-7-5692-1507-6.
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