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Queen's Pier

Coordinates:22°16′59.2″N114°9′42″E/ 22.283111°N 114.16167°E/22.283111; 114.16167
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Queen's Pier
Queen's Pier at night, 2006
LocaleEdinburgh Place,Central, Hong Kong
Characteristics
History
DesignerModern utilitarianism
Opening date1925
Renovated1954
Closure date2008
Queen's Pier
Traditional ChineseHoàng hậu mã đầu
Simplified ChineseHoàng hậu mã đầu

Queen's Pier,named afterQueen Victoria,was a public pier in front ofCity HallinEdinburgh Place,Central, Hong Kong.For three generations it served not only as a public pier in day-to-day use but also as a major ceremonial arrival and departure point. The pier witnessed the official arrival in Hong Kong of all ofHong Kong's governorssince 1925;Elizabeth IIlanded there in 1975, as did thePrinceandPrincess of Walesin 1989.

The second and final pier structure, built along the newly reclaimed waterfront, was designed in amodern utilitarianstyle and was opened by Maurine Grantham, wife of GovernorAlexander Grantham,in June 1954.

On 26 April 2007, the pier was closed by thegovernmentto enableland reclamation,soon afterthe adjacent Star Ferry pierwas closed. There was fierce opposition by conservationists, who carried over their campaign to preserve the landmark. Police officers evicted some 30 protesters from the site on 1 August 2007; activists filed for a judicial review, and theHigh Courthearing began on 7 August. On 10 August, the court dismissed the request.

Finally, the Queen's Pier was completely demolished in February 2008. Its base piles were also removed in March 2008. In 2008, the government's attempts, post dismantling, to create the appearance of public support for reassembling the pier at the new waterfront were criticised by conservationists.[1]

History[edit]

Full length of Queen's Pier, c.1930

A former wooden pier at the site known as "Queen's Statue Wharf" was replaced in 1925.[2]It was a ceremonial landing area for theBritish royal familyvisiting Hong Kong, and for successive governors to assert their authority on arrival. The first governor to land there wasCecil Clementi,in November 1925. The preceding governor,Reginald Stubbs,boarded theVictoriafrom the pier at the end of his term on 31 October 1925.[2]

1925 pier[edit]

Queen's Pier (right),Clementi's inauguration in 1925

The 1925 pier was originally named "Statue Pier", but was renamed "Queen's Pier" in honour of Queen Victoria on 31 July 1924.[2]It was a sheltered pier made of concrete and steel, with round pillars and arches, built on the waterfront atPedder Street[citation needed]on the site of the presentMandarin Oriental Hotel[3]at a cost of HK$20,000.[4]Intended to be opened in time for the arrival ofEdward,thePrince of Wales,construction delays postponed its completion until October 1925.[2]It was demolished in January 1955.[5]

1954 pier[edit]

As part of post-warreclamation, the old pier was demolished. Work commenced in February 1954 on a new pier on the new waterfront designed in amodern utilitarianstyle.[2]The structure was described as a U-shaped plan, with an open-sided superstructure. It consisted of tiled reinforced concrete base and pillars, and was modelled after previous piers in the area. Its flat roof was also made of concrete, topped with bitumen waterproofing.[2]Five sets of stairs allowed boat passengers to board and disembark, three located on the north side, one on the east and one on the west.

The pier was considered "an integral part" of the ceremonial cluster includingCity HallandEdinburgh Placewhich was being formed at the time, and the entrance to the City Hall formed an axis with the Pier to lend a sense of occasion to visiting dignitaries. The secondary design goal was to maximise public access to the very limited open space inCentralin contrast with the city bustle.[5]

The pier was opened by Lady Maurine Grantham, wife of Governor SirAlexander Grantham,on 28 June 1954.[6]

Function[edit]

The pier's primary role was ceremonial. It was the traditional landing place of successive governors, who would arrive at Central on board the official Governor's Yacht which would dock at Queen's Pier. From the 1960s, governors would inspect aguard of honouratEdinburgh Place,followed by the swearing-in at City Hall.[2]

HMThe Queenlanded there on 4 May 1975 on her first visit, after arriving by plane atKai Tak Airport.[7]ThePrinceandPrincessof Wales landed there in November 1989.[8]

The pier's secondary role was as a public pier, where pleasure craft were allowed to dock.[8]Tour boats offering a view of theKowloonside of the harbour used the pier for passenger boarding. Up to 1978, it was the finishing line for the annual cross-harbour swimming race. As the ceremonies declined, the pier's secondary purpose became the main one: people met and strolled in the area,[9]and others fished.

On 26 April 2007, the pier was closed in order to facilitate land reclamation in Central.[10]

Demolition[edit]

Old Star Ferry Pier(front left) and Queen's Pier (front right) in 2005. The new piers (background left) now in full operation.

From the outset, the fate of the pier has been intimately linked with theCentral Reclamationproject which was unveiled in 1989 but not explicitly spelled out as such. However, the scale of reclamations has only been slightly cut back following significant legal battles.[9]

In conjunction with the proposed demolition of the Queen’s Pier and the adjacentEdinburgh Place Ferry Piernecessitated by Phase III of the Central Reclamation project, theAntiquities and Monuments Office(AMO) commissioned a heritage impacts survey in 2001.[11]TheAntiquities Advisory Board(AAB), in two separate meetings in March 2002 and December 2006, reached the same view of not raising objections as to the demolition of the Queen’s Pier. Instead, the Board asked the Government to preserve relics of the Queen’s Pier for reconstruction on the reclaimed harbourfront.[11]

Government's position[edit]

Following the controversy and the demolition of theStar Ferry Pier in Edinburgh Placein early 2007, activists declared Queen's Pier the next battle-ground against theconservationpolicy of theGovernment of Hong Kong.The criticism received over its handling of the Star Ferry Pier causedMichael Suen,theSecretary for Housing, Planning and Lands,to propose a piece-by-piece relocation of the pier to a new location on the reclaimed waterfront during aLegcosession on 21 March 2007.[12]The Government later unveiled four design options for such relocation.[13]The intended closure of the pier was 26 April 2007.

At the end of January 2007, the government declared it would postpone the demolition of Queen's Pier until a consensus could be reached on the course of action; consultations with theHong Kong Institute of Architects,the Hong Kong Institute of Engineers, and theConservancy Associationwere held.[14]The Institute of Architects, whose members opposed dismantling the pier, originally maintained the pier should remain untouched. However, it was reported that after meeting the government, the Institute and the Conservancy Association were persuaded by the government that the pier could first be dismantled, and then reassembled at another location after completion of the reclamation. This change of heart was heavily criticised byWinston Chu,founder of theSociety for Protection of the Harbour.[15]The HKIA clarified that their opposition had not in fact changed.[16]

Chief ExecutiveDonald Tsangsaid that being overzealous in saving the past may hurt Hong Kong's competitiveness, and called on activists to take a more balanced view toward economic growth and conservation. Soon after Tsang'sre-election as Chief Executive,on 26 March, the Government pressed ahead with plans to dismantle and move the entire pier, piece by piece, enabling the reclamation to go ahead.[17]

The government said that the in-situ preservation, though apparently viable on paper, would risk irreversible damage to the pier. Furthermore, it argued that important underground facilities such as the Airport Railway Extended Overrun Tunnel would be affected, saying a natural curvature of the track was required.[12]"Setting aside the technical difficulties and the huge risk involved in the works, underpinning for the construction of the extended overrun tunnel would cost about HK$500 million and take more than two years to complete".[12]

Appearing before a public forum at the pier on 29 July, Secretary for DevelopmentCarrie Lam Cheng Yuet-ngorrepeated the government's insistence that keeping the pier was not an option. She said she would "not give the people false hope".[18]Although Lam's performance in public debates was praised,[19]the Secretary for Development's conflict of interest as the head of theAntiquities Advisory Boardwas criticised. Lam said the AAB did not have governmental authority, and that it had not suggested keeping the pier in its totality.[18]

Dismantling and storing[edit]

At the end of July 2007, the Development Bureau issued a paper for theLegislative Council's lands and works panel. Hoardings were erected by the end of July, and the target date for completing "preservation works" was set as November. It was suggested for the pier's pitched roof to be disassembled into halves and the 34 concrete columns to be cut at roof and deck level. The pieces would be labelled and then lifted by a crane barge and transported to the government's explosives depot inKau Shat Wan,Lantau Island,where it would be stored under guard.[20]

District councils[edit]

The government polled 16District Councils,fourteen of which voted in support of relocating the pier to the new water-front. However, in July 2008 activists cried foul when eight councils revealed that the preservation of the pier in its existing location was not put forth as one of the options; the vice-chairmen of two councils which voted to support also objected that their decision may have not been an informed one as not all possible options were on the table. The chief town planner said that the omitted proposal "was not an efficient option and would create unnecessaryconstruction waste".[21]

After it was revealed in August 2008 that the government was behind the 13 concerted District Councils' motions in 2008 supporting the relocation of the pier to the new waterfront,Albert Hocondemned the government of tampering withDistrict Councilsto "create public opinion." Convenor of the Urban Design Alliance doubted the openness of consultation, saying that "the government had engineered its results". Dr Li Pang-kwong, ofLingnan University,said that the problematic framework of the councils has led them to work too closely with government. He said the 'copy and paste' Queen's Pier motions passed by 13 councils to support government decisions was a rubber-stamp, and a clear sign that councils lacked independence.[1]

Conservationists' position[edit]

Ron Phillips, original designer of the pier, backed preservation, saying that any loss of the City Hall and the adjacent open space would be something "future generations will come to regret".[5]The Hong Kong Institute of Architects denounced the government's insistence that dismantling and reassembling of the pier was the only feasible option, in disregard of the pier's "grade 1" status. The architects concluded that the "technical difficulties were not irresolvable, and the government's reasons for not revising the current infrastructural design were not at all convincing".[16]

Environmental groups were angered by the government'stechnobabble,and for inflating the costs and technical difficulties of keeping the pier at the original site.[14]The proposed 40-metre-wide road, planned in the 1980s, was now "obsolete", and would make the waterfront "inaccessible to the public[22]".Albert Lai,Chairman of the Hong Kong People's Council for Sustainable Development, drew attention to the fact that the budgeted spending for infrastructure over the past three years of HK$90 billion contrasted poorly with HK$90 million spent on acquiring and renovating heritage sites.[23]

TheCivic Partyaccused the government of misleading the public: the development plans for theNorth Island Lineprecluded the restoration of the pier before 2016.[22]Christine Lohcriticised Donald Tsang for failing to grasp the economical, cultural and social importance of heritage.[23]

Local Action, a loose alliance of protesters on site, described the pier as a cornerstone of Hong Kong identity. By linking the pier with earlier social movements in late 1960s and early 1970s, it argued that the place was a symbol of Hong Kong civic activism and therefore should not be demolished.[24]

Preservation campaign battlefronts[edit]

Public and media[edit]

In September 2004, legislator Law Chi-kwong took a swim in Victoria Harbour bearing a plaque saying "Goodbye to the Queen", to protest theCentral and Wan Chai Reclamation,particularly the loss of Queen's Pier.[25]

Banners erected by protesters, tents on the rooftop

Soon after the unsuccessful attempt to save the Star Ferry pier in early 2007, a campaign to preserve the pierin situwas launched.[26]Ahead of the closure, members of the public, environmentalists, and some lawmakers arrived to tie blue ribbons to indicate their desire to preservethe harbour.On 22 April, about 100 protesters once again rallied at the pier, launching farewell voyages in a last-ditch attempt to urge the Government to reconsider:[15]a petition of over 400 signatures from the Arts community was collected.[27]

The hunger strikers' encampment, day 3

An occupation of the pier was started by ten activists on the designated closure date. The campaign was boosted by the appearance ofChow Yun-fatearly on the morning of 28 April to sign the petition, and to appeal pre-emptively to the police not to hurt protesters.[28]Some activists, likeChu Hoi-dick,have been involved in the Star Ferry pier protest, and took turns to maintain a round-the-clock presence.[29]Leung Chun-yiu spent three nights a week at the site, despite working a full-time job, vowing to block the demolition non-violently in any way he could.[30]

On 27 July, three students, as part of a group calledLocal Actionstarted a hunger strike at the pier.[31]Hunger striker Chan King-fai said: "The government wasn't chosen by us. All we can do is to use our humble and limited voices."[31]The government responded with a communications offensive, announcing that Secretary for Development Carrie Lam would appear onRTHK's City's Forum and at a public forum on 29 July at the pier.[31]

On 30 July, the Government ordered an end to the "unlawful occupation" of government land by midnight. Activists vowed to defy the order; a candlelight vigil held at the pier was attended by 200 sympathisers. The Government did not risk a violent confrontation immediately on the expiry of the eviction deadline.[32]In an operation which lasted ten hours during daylight hours on 1 August 2007, 300 Police officers cleared away the 30 or so protesters from the site, amid scuffles.[33]Hong Kong Human Rights Monitorcomplained that its observers were denied access to the area during the eviction.[34]

Legislative Council[edit]

An application for HK$50 million to fund the dismantling and relocating of the pier was scheduled for debate by the Public Works sub-committee on 9 May 2007, the same day the Antiquities Advisory Board would hold a public hearing to decide on the historical grading of the pier.[14]Government stressed the timing was "a coincidence",[35]and steadfastly refused to defer the vote pending an outcome of the AAB vote.

On 9 May, after an hour-long heated debate, the government was forced to withdraw its motion[35]due to the lack of support. Choy So-yuk, from the usually pro-GovernmentDAB,called for the vote to be postponed, and theLiberal Partyequally did not back the Government.[36]However, Government ministers declared that it had "no plans to list the pier as adeclared monument",and insisted that there was" no direct relationship between the grading and whether we will demolish and relocate the pier ".[35]During the debate, the Director ofLeisure and Cultural Servicesalso said that even if the site was pronounced a first-class monument, there remained no legally binding prohibition against its demolition.[35]Liberal Party chairmanJames Tiensaid that, in failing to muster support to implement its policies, "the Government is like a crab with weak legs".[36]

The government claimed that its handling of the issue had been "in line with pledges made by Chief Executive Donald Tsang Yam-kuen during his recent re-election campaign" to regain the moral high ground regarding heritage preservation, following the mistakes of the Star Ferry saga.[37]Civic Party legislative councillorFernando CheungChiu-hung said that there was "no sincerity [from the government] to preserve historic venues".[35]

The public works subcommittee approved the Government's re-submitted request for funds to dismantle and relocate Queen's Pier on 23 May in a 10–7 vote.[38]Choy So-yuk, who voted against the appropriation on 9 May, abstained. She revealed that she had been lobbied by Michael Suen and Donald Tsang; partywhipsdid not allow her to cast an opposing vote.[38]The Hong Kong Institute of Architects said it "regretted the funding approval".[16]

Antiquities Advisory Board grading vote[edit]

On 6 March 2007, the AAB agreed on a review of the Pier’s grading and commissioned the AMO to conduct a study on the historic and heritage value of the Pier.[11]Subsequently the Board convened an open meeting on 9 May 2007, in which the Board adopted the AMO’s report. The AAB by simple majority recommended the Pier to be graded as a grade I historic building on the grounds of historical significance and social value.[39][40]Twelve members voted for Grade 1 listing, and ten voted for Grade 2 listing. However, the status is not-binding on the Government.[41]

After the hearing, an activist from 'Local Action' declared the AAB's decision a victory for the people, and warned the government "not to treat the voice of the people lightly".[35]In spite of conservationist campaigns and the AAB’s grading recommendation, then-Secretary for Housing, Planning and LandsMichael Suenstated that the Pier must be removed from site before relocation;[42]Suen further stated that the AAB’s recommendation had no bearing on the Government’s action.[43]

Legal challenge[edit]

As Lands Department officials arrived on 30 July to put up notices ordering an end to the "unlawful occupation" of government land, the activists filed for a judicial review,[44]claiming that the decision of theSecretary for Home Affairsnot to declare the structure a monument was unreasonable and illegal.[45]TheHigh Courtset the date for the case to be heard as 7 August.[46]Judge Johnson Lam said that the case about the future of Queen's Pier should be heard as there is great public interest in the outcome and justified a one-week respite for the site.[45]

On 10 August, the High Court dismissed the request for judicial review, thus giving the go-ahead for the government to demolish it. The judge ruled that the applicants had failed to establish that the government had acted perversely.[47]

Institute of Planners controversy[edit]

TheHong Kong Institute of Planners,the majority of whose members work in government departments, had backed thein-situpreservation of the pier. There was uproar in May 2008 when it made an apparent U-turn in a position paper submitted to the government backing the relocation to a waterfront location, based on a sparsely attended meeting. It then submitted a revised paper presenting that a majority of its members supported such a move as a conclusion prior to the completion of a survey. A former vice-president of the institute questioned how the institute had become allies of the government.[48]

Possibility of reinstatement[edit]

In 2021, it was revealed that the government was looking at a reinstatement of the pier away from the Central Harbourfront area.[49]

Popular culture[edit]

The pier is featured in the following programmes and videos:

See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toQueen's Pier.

References[edit]

  1. ^abOlga Wong; Joyce Ng (24 June 2008). "'Rubber stamp' council lashed over pier vote ".South China Morning Post.p. A3.
  2. ^abcdefg"A Historical and Architectural Appraisal of Queen’s Pier, Central (Annexe B3)Archived27 September 2007 at theWayback Machine,Antiquities and Monuments Office, Government of Hong Kong SAR. Retrieved 15 December 2007
  3. ^Martin Wong, "Ship has sailed for another landmark",South China Morning Post,18 December 2006, page 1
  4. ^"Final stages of Central reclamation, new Queen's Pier gets a cover", công thương nhật báo, 12 February 1954(in Chinese)
  5. ^abcLiz Heron, "Save Queen's Pier, says architect of City Hall complex",South China Morning Post,13 May 2007, page 4
  6. ^Sara Z Al-Sudairy,Royal landing site valued by publicArchived22 May 2011 at theWayback Machine,The Standard,2 August 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007
  7. ^Raymond Yao,"The Royal seal of stability",Far Eastern Economic Review,16 May 1975. Retrieved 7 August 2007
  8. ^abBuddle, Cliff (2 January 2021)."Queen's Pier belongs in Central and should return there".South China Morning Post.Retrieved3 August2022.
  9. ^abYing, Koon-kau (2020). "Heritage Preservation Versus Development: The Case of Queen's Pier". In Yung, Betty; Yu, Kam-Por (eds.).Land and Housing Controversies in Hong Kong: Perspectives of Justice and Social Values.Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. pp. 127–144.ISBN9789811552656.
  10. ^"In Hong Kong, no looking back at Britain",International Herald Tribune,26 April 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2007
  11. ^abc"Memorandum for Members of the Antiquities Advisory Board on Grading of Queen's Pier, Central, Hong Kong"(PDF).May 2007.Retrieved9 April2022.
  12. ^abcWinnie Chong,"New spot for pier at old location"Archived22 May 2011 at theWayback Machine,The Standard,22 March 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007
  13. ^Diana Lee,"Harbor option for Queen's Pier"Archived22 May 2011 at theWayback Machine,The Standard,4 May 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007
  14. ^abcAudrey Parwani, "Anger over plan to dismantle pier",South China Morning Post,27 March 2007, page B1
  15. ^abUna So,"Groups accused of backtracking on Queen's PierArchived22 May 2011 at theWayback Machine,The Standard,23 April 2007
  16. ^abcPress Statement:Approval of Funding for Dismantling and Reassembling Queen's Pier by LegCo Public Works Subcommittee at its Meeting held on 23 May 2007Archived29 September 2007 at theWayback Machine,Hong Kong Institute of Architects, 7 June 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007
  17. ^Pier preservation plan proposedArchived19 August 2007 at theWayback Machine,HK Government, 26 March 2007
  18. ^abUna So,"Death knell on pier"Archived22 May 2011 at theWayback Machine,The Standard,30 July 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007
  19. ^Scarlett Chiang & Anson Douglas,"Lam scores well in heated debate"Archived22 May 2011 at theWayback Machine,The Standard,30 July 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007
  20. ^Diana Lee & Scarlett Chiang,Queen's Pier to be cut up and stored at month's endArchived22 May 2011 at theWayback Machine,The Standard,19 July 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007
  21. ^"Councils not told of third option before vote", Pg C3South China Morning Post,15 July 2008
  22. ^abAudrey Parwani, "Don't kid the public on when the pier will be rebuilt, party says",South China Morning Post,7 June 2007, page C4
  23. ^abJonathan Cheng,"Protect heritage and growth, urges Tsang"Archived22 May 2011 at theWayback Machine,The Standard,29 January 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007
  24. ^Ku, Agnes Shuk-mei (2012). "Remaking Places and Fashioning an Opposition Discourse: Struggle over the Star Ferry Pier and the Queen's Pier in Hong Kong".Environment and Planning D: Society and Space.30:16.doi:10.1068/d16409.S2CID54956756.
  25. ^"Legislator in protest swim"Archived22 May 2011 at theWayback Machine,Associated Press, 8 September 2004. Retrieved 7 August 2007
  26. ^"Heritage conservation: Youth awaken to local identity, Varsity March 2007"
  27. ^Joshua But, "Protest voyagers sail from pier",South China Morning Post,C4, 23 April 2007
  28. ^Chloe Lai, "Chow Yun-fat signs pier petition",South China Morning Post,29 April 2007, page 3
  29. ^Chloe Lai, "Heritage: Last resistance",South China Morning Post,12 June 2007, page A12
  30. ^Simon Parry, "First Person",South China Morning Post,7 June 2007, page C2
  31. ^abc"Pier protesters stage hunger strike",South China Morning Post,28 July 2007, page 1
  32. ^Damon Pang,"Protesters spend one last night at Queen's Pier"Archived22 May 2011 at theWayback Machine,The Standard,1 August 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007
  33. ^Damon Pang,"Violent scuffle mars otherwise tidy operation"Archived22 May 2011 at theWayback Machine,The Standard,2 August 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007
  34. ^Una So,"Pier vigil comes to dramatic end"Archived22 May 2011 at theWayback Machine,The Standard,2 August 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007
  35. ^abcdefDamon Pang,"Antiquities backing to save Queen's Pier"Archived22 May 2011 at theWayback Machine,The Standard,10 May 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007
  36. ^abAmbrose Leung, "Pier failure shows Tsang team 'like a weak crab'",South China Morning Post,11 May 2007, page 1
  37. ^Carrie Chan,"New policy aims will lead heritage debate"Archived22 May 2011 at theWayback Machine,The Standard,10 May 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007
  38. ^abDiana Lee,"Pier demolition cash bid gets nod"Archived22 May 2011 at theWayback Machine,24 May 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007
  39. ^Antiquities Advisory Board. (2007). Minutes of the Antiquities Advisory Board 129th Meeting. Retrieved 9 April 2022, fromhttps://www.aab.gov.hk/en/meetings/open-meetings/index_id_9.html?type=minutes&year=2007.
  40. ^The Standard. (10 May 2007). Antiquities backing to save Queen’s Pier. Retrieved 10 April 2022, fromhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110522040138/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=44107&sid=13530773&con_type=3&d_str=20070510&sear_year=2007.
  41. ^"Historic status for pier, but future still in doubt", Chloe Lai,South China Morning Post,10 May 2007, page 1
  42. ^Tinh đảo nhật báo [Sing Tao Daily]. (10 May 2007). Tôn công xí ngạnh “Hoàng hậu” nhất định bàn [Michael Suen stands firm on the relocation of the Queen’s Pier]. Retrieved 9 April 2022, fromhttps://web.archive.org/web/20070718020838/http://hk.news.yahoo.com/070509/60/273s7.html.
  43. ^Minh báo [Mingpao]. (9 May 2007). Tôn công biểu minh nan nguyên chỉ bảo lưu mã đầu [Michael Suen stresses difficulties in preserving the Queen’s Pier at its current site]. Retrieved 9 April 2022, fromhttps://web.archive.org/web/20070915145657/http://hk.news.yahoo.com/070509/12/273a8.html.
  44. ^Damon Pang,"Court challenge as tussle looms on pier"Archived22 May 2011 at theWayback Machine,The Standard,31 July 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007
  45. ^ab"Hong Kong court delays demolition of historic Queen's Pier",The Straits Times,1 August 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007
  46. ^Una So,Pier drama extended as court bid offers delayArchived22 May 2011 at theWayback Machine,The Standard,1 August 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007
  47. ^Una So,"Court ruling clears way for Queen's Pier dismantling"Archived5 March 2008 at theWayback Machine,The Standard,11 August 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007
  48. ^"Planners cry foul over Queen's Pier survey", Pg A1South China Morning Post,2 July 2008
  49. ^Hong Kong’s Queen’s Pier may be resurrected away from original Central area,SCMP, 1 January 2021

22°16′59.2″N114°9′42″E/ 22.283111°N 114.16167°E/22.283111; 114.16167

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