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RAF Lakenheath

Coordinates:52°24′30″N000°33′24″E/ 52.40833°N 0.55667°E/52.40833; 0.55667
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RAF Lakenheath
NearBrandon, Suffolkin England
Aerial view of RAF Lakenheath
RAF Lakenheath is located in Suffolk
RAF Lakenheath
RAF Lakenheath
RAF Lakenheath is located in England
RAF Lakenheath
RAF Lakenheath
Coordinates52°24′30″N000°33′24″E/ 52.40833°N 0.55667°E/52.40833; 0.55667
TypeRAFstation (US Visiting Forces)
Area727 hectares[1]
Site information
OwnerMinistry of Defence
OperatorUnited States Air Force
Controlled byUnited States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa
ConditionOperational
Websitewww.lakenheath.af.milEdit this at Wikidata
Site history
Built1940(1940)
In use1941–1944 (Royal Air Force)
1948–present (US Air Force)
Garrison information
Garrison48th Fighter Wing
Airfield information
IdentifiersIATA:LKZ,ICAO:EGUL,WMO:03583
Elevation10 metres (33 ft)AMSL
Runways
Direction Length and surface
06/24 2,742 metres (8,996 ft) Concrete/Asphalt

Royal Air Force LakenheathorRAF Lakenheath(IATA:LKZ,ICAO:EGUL) is aRoyal Air Forcestationnear the village ofLakenheathinSuffolk,England, UK, 4.7 miles (7.6 km) north-east ofMildenhalland 8.3 miles (13.4 km) west ofThetford.The installation's perimeter bordersBrandon.

Despite being an RAF station, Lakenheath currently only hostsUnited States Air Force(USAF) units and military personnel. The host wing is the48th Fighter Wing(48 FW), also known as the Liberty Wing, assigned toUnited States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa(USAFE-AFAFRICA). The wing operates theF-15E Strike Eagleand theF-35A Lightning II.

History

[edit]

First World War

[edit]

The first use of Lakenheath Warren as aRoyal Flying Corpsairfield was during theFirst World War,when the area was made into a bombing and ground-attack range for aircraft flying fromRFC Feltwelland RFC Thetford.[2]

Second World War

[edit]

In 1940, theAir Ministryselected Lakenheath as an alternative for nearbyRAF Mildenhalland used it as a decoy airfield.[3]Surfaced runways were constructed in 1941, with the main runway being 3,000 feet (910 m), and the two subsidiary runways at 2,000 feet (610 m).[4]

In late 1941, Lakenheath was used by RAF flying units on detachment. The station soon functioned as a Mildenhall satellite base withShort Stirlingbombers ofNo. 149 Squadrondispersed from the parent airfield as conditions allowed. The squadron exchanged itsVickers Wellingtonsfor Stirlings late in November 1941. After becoming fully operational with its new aircraft, the squadron moved into Lakenheath on 6 April 1942 and remained until mid 1944 when the squadron moved the short distance toRAF Methwold,just inside Norfolk.[5]

One Stirling pilot,Flight Sergeant Rawdon Middleton,was posthumously awarded theVictoria Crossfor valour on the night of 28–29 November 1942, when despite serious face wounds and loss of blood from shell-fire during a raid on theFiatworks atTurinin Italy, he brought the damaged aircraft back towards southern England. With fuel nearly exhausted his crew were ordered to bail out.[6]

On 21 June 1943, newly re-formedNo. 199 Squadronre-located to RAF Lakenheath as a second Stirling squadron.[7]It conducted mine laying operations at sea before moving toRAF North Creakein Norfolk on 1 May 1944.[8]No. 149 Squadron ended its association with RAF Lakenheath the same month, taking its Stirlings to RAF Methwold.[5]The reason for the departure of the two bomber squadrons was Lakenheath's selection for upgrading to a Very Heavy Bomber airfield, which left the airfield closed to aircraft until April 1947.[3]

Strategic Air Command

[edit]
307th Bombardment GroupBoeing B-29A-75-BN Superfortress 44-62328 SAC 8th Air Force, at RAF Lakenheath, England during theBerlin Airlift,1948
USAFBoeing B-47E-50-LM(AF Serial No. 52-3363) in flight.

Cold Wartensions with theSoviet Unionin Europe began as early as 1946. In November, PresidentHarry S. TrumanorderedStrategic Air Command(SAC)B-29 Superfortressbombers to Europe. Truman decided to realignUnited States Air Force Europe(USAFE) into a permanent combat-capable force. In July 1948, B-29s of the SAC2nd Bombardment Groupwere deployed to Lakenheath. The first USAFE host unit at Lakenheath was the 7504th Base Completion Squadron, being activated in 1949.[3]

Amongst other units present were 3913 Air Base Sqdn (1953-55, Lt Col Archie Thomas), 3910 Installation Sqdn (1955-59, Maj John F Thomas), and 3910 Air Base Group (1955-59, Col L M Thomas).[3][9] On 30 April 1956, twoLockheed U-2swereairliftedto Lakenheath to form CIA Detachment A. The first flight of the U-2 was on 21 May. TheCentral Intelligence Agencyunit did not remain long, moving toWiesbaden Air Base,West Germanyin June 1956.[10]

On 10 October 1956, aUnited States NavyDouglas R6D-1 Liftmasterdisappeared over the Atlantic Oceanafter departure from RAF Lakenheath for a flight toLajes Fieldin theAzores.The aircraft was on aMilitary Air Transport Serviceflight carrying 50 members of the307th Bombardment Wing,on their way home to the United States after atemporary duty assignmentand a U.S. Navy crew of nine. All 59 personnel on board were lost.[11][12][13][14]

48th Tactical Fighter Wing

[edit]
AF-100D Super Sabreof 494 Tactical Fighter Squadron 48 TFW, 1965

Following French presidentCharles de Gaulle'sinsistence in 1959 that all non-French nuclear-capable forces should be withdrawn from his country, the USAF began a redeployment of itsNorth American F-100-equipped units from France. The48th Fighter Wingleft its base atChaumont-Semoutiers Air Base,France on 15 January 1960, its aircraft arriving at Lakenheath that afternoon.[3]

The tactical components of the 48th TFW upon arrival at Lakenheath were:[15]

The bare metal finish and bright squadron markings were replaced with dull green-based camouflage and no squadron markings around 1966-67, but by 1970 subdued individual squadron markings had returned e.g. blue fin tip and white 'LR' tailcode denoting 492d TFS.[16][17]

48th TFW McDonnell F-4D Phantom II, 1974 note tri-colour fin tip

Beginning in late 1971, the 48th TFW started its conversion to theMcDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom II,receiving aircraft that had previously served inVietnam,with all squadrons now marked with the new 'LN' tailcode. However, the delivery of F-4s was intermittent, and working up to full strength (73 aircraft) took 2½ years. Consequently the wing only resumed its full NATO and USAFE commitments on 1st July 1975.[18]However the F-4's service with the 48th Tactical Fighter Wing was short, as operation "Ready Switch" resulted in 48th Tactical Fighter Wing receivingGeneral Dynamics F-111sin June 1977.[18]

African-American Servicemembers during the Cold War

[edit]

After the US desegregated the military in 1948, a little community of mixed-race children, whose mothers were British and whose fathers were black American servicemembers based at Lakenheath, formed inNorwich.[19]

Vanessa Baird, whose father was a black GI based in Lakenheath airfield and whose mother was a Liverpudlian, was born in April 1958. Her father did not know about the birth. Her mother's family was very disapproving after they found out. So Vanessa and her mother went to Norwich. There, according to Baird, some of the women married black GIs and went to the US with them.[20]

Elaine Brown had a similar experience to Vanessa. Her mother met black GI Harold Grigsby when he was based at Lakenheath in the early 1950s. Her father was sent back to the US before Elaine was born in 1953. Elaine's mother told her her father's name and that he was fromWashington DC.In 1996 with her husband Elaine finally found her father and met her American family.[20]

Strike Eagle, 1992–2014

[edit]
McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle91-310, 'LN', 494 FS / 48 FW, at RAF Lakenheath, July 2009

Lakenheath received its firstMcDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eaglesin 1992. On 16 December 1992, the last F-111 departed the base. Along with its departure, the 493d FS was inactivated, but then reactivated as anF-15 Eaglesquadron.[21]

On 2 March 2011, members of the 48th Security Forces Squadron were involved in ashooting at Frankfurt Airportin Germany. The members were on a bus bound forRamstein Air Basein Germany when they were attacked by a lone gunman.[22]

On 22 March 2011, F-15E 91-0304 crash-landed and was destroyed in easternLibyaafter reportedly suffering from a mechanical failure. Both crewmen ejected and were safely recovered.[23]On 7 January 2014, aSikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawkfrom the base crashed following a bird strike while on a low-level training exercise with another helicopter (also a Pave Hawk), into theCley MarshesnearCley next the Seaon the nearby North Norfolk coast. All four occupants died in the crash.[24][25]

On 8 October 2014, F-15D 86-0182 belonging to the 493rd Fighter Squadron crashed during a training flight in a field outside Spalding, Lincolnshire. The pilot successfully ejected and was shortly recovered back to Lakenheath on board a Pave Hawk.[26]

AU.S. Marine CorpsBoeing F/A-18 HornetofVMFA-232"Red Devils" fromMCAS Miramar,California, crashed after taking off from RAF Lakenheath on 21 October 2015. The pilot, Major Taj "Cabbie" Sareen (34), did not survive.[27]

In addition to supporting three combat-ready squadrons of fighter aircraft, the Liberty Wing housed the56th Rescue Squadron'sHH-60Gcombat search and rescuehelicopters. The 56th Rescue Squadron re-located toAviano Air Basein 2018.[28]

On 15 June 2020, an F-15C belonging to the 493d Fighter Squadron crashed during a training flight in the North Sea, 74 nautical miles east ofScarboroughat about54°21′00″N001°40′00″E/ 54.35000°N 1.66667°E/54.35000; 1.66667.The body of pilot 1st Lt. Kenneth Allen was found deceased.[29][30]

F-35

[edit]
A F-35A of the 495th FS land at Lakenheath, 15 December 2021.

F-35A Lightning II

[edit]

In January 2015, theU.S. Department of Defenseannounced that from 2020, Lakenheath would become home to 54 of the US Air Force'sLockheed Martin F-35A Lightning IImulti-role fighters.[31][32]The aircraft would be split between two squadrons and there would be an increase of 1,200 military personnel and between 60 and 100 civilian workers at the station. The F-35 would operate alongside the two existing F-15E squadrons based at Lakenheath.[33]

The495th Fighter Squadronwas reactivated on 1 October 2021 to be the first Lightning II squadron at Lakenheath, with the first aircraft arriving on 15 December 2021.[34][35]

F-35 Infrastructure

[edit]

In 2017, a F-35 campus was being constructed on the south side of the airfield to accommodate the new aircraft.[36]As of 2018, the main new operational buildings being developed as part of the F-35 project were as follows: a two six-bay maintenance hangars – Space for service, maintenance, storage, and staff support facilities (to be known as Hangars 4-1 and 4–2), hangar 6 (Consolidated Parts Store) – Single-storey extension to the southern side of Hangar 6, including offices and warehouses and the storage of aircraft equipment and parts., a dual squadron operations/aircraft maintenance unit (a three-storey building to provide combined facilities for two squadrons comprising Squadron Operations and Aircraft Maintenance Unit (AMU) facilities, including mission planning, administration space in the operations section and offices to manage the maintenance of aircraft and storage space), a corrosion control and wash rack facility – Comprising single-storey hangar to maintain aircraft including a paint and sanding booth and wash rack, aFlight simulatorfacility ( a single-storey building to accommodate six F-35A flight simulators, administration, records, classrooms, brief/debrief rooms, and storage space, a field training detachment facility (a three-storey building to provide F-35A maintenance, including classrooms and administration rooms), aircraft ground equipment facilities (a single storey building extension and new covered storage associated with an existing building used for maintenance), a fuel system maintenance dock (a single storey hangar with fuel system maintenance dock), a munitions maintenance facility (a single storey building extension and new covered storage to an existing building for the maintenance of munitions), residential accommodation (a three or four-storey dormitory for up to 144 beds), a dining facility, a munitions storage administration maintenance building, a hospital up to four storeys to provide inpatient services, outpatient and speciality care clinics, ancillary services, support and medical administrative functions and a high school to house about 560 students.[37]

The airfield operational surfaces were also being expanded as follows: Charlie Apron, used by F-15s was to be redeveloped and extended to allow the parking of up to forty-two F-35A aircraft in dual-occupancy shelters constructed from a light weight, canopy structure with open sides to a total area of Charlie Apron of about 78,392 square metres, combining the retained area of 58,780 square metres with the new area of 19,612 square metres. It was to be connected to maintenance hangars 4-1 and 4-2 and the squadron operations/AMU building. Alpha-Bravo Apron was to be extended to accommodate existing F-15 aircraft using Charlie Apron to an area of about 54,179 square metres, combining the retained area of 39,750 square metres with the new area of 14,429 square metres, to accommodate up to thirty-eight F-15 aircraft on the open apron which would not feature any shelters.[38]

Infrastructure delivery

[edit]

Investment of $148.4 million (£116.7M) for the delivery of F-35A infrastructure at Lakenheath was authorised by the US administration in August 2018.[39]

In November 2018, theDefence Infrastructure Organisationawarded a £160M contract for infrastructure work to a joint venture betweenKier Groupand VolkerFitzpatrick.[40]

To make way for the F-35 Campus, demolition of the first of eighteen buildings began in March 2019.[41]The work on Alpha-Bravo Apron was completed in August 2020, allowing F-15E Strike Eagle operations of the 492nd and 494th Fighter Squadrons to be consolidated on one ramp.[42]

Accidents involving nuclear weapons

[edit]
Main article:RAF Lakenheath nuclear weapons accidents

Two accidents involving nuclear weapons happened at RAF Lakenheath, in 1956 and 1961.[43]

Based units

[edit]

Flying and notable non-flying units based at RAF Lakenheath.[44]

United States Air Force

[edit]

United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa(USAFE-AFAFRICA)

  • 48th Fighter Wing
    • 48th Operations Group
    • 48th Maintenance Group
      • 48th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
      • 48th Component Maintenance Squadron
      • 48th Equipment Maintenance Squadron
      • 48th Maintenance Operations Squadron
      • 48th Munitions Squadron
      • 748th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
    • 48th Medical Group
      • 48th Dental Squadron
      • 48th Inpatient Operations Squadron
      • 48th Medical Operations Squadron
      • 48th Medical Support Squadron
      • 48th Surgical Operations Squadron
    • 48th Mission Support Group
      • 48th Civil Engineer Squadron
      • 48th Communications Squadron
      • 48th Contracting Squadron
      • 48th Force Support Squadron
      • 48th Logistics Readiness Squadron
      • 48th Security Forces Squadron
    • 48th Fighter Wing Staff Agencies
      • Judge Advocate Office
      • Public Affairs
      • 48th Comptroller Squadron
      • Safety - Occupational/Weapons/Aviation
      • Equal Opportunities
      • Sexual Assault Prevention
      • Protocol
      • Inspector General

The base also has 1,500 British and US civilian staff, that serve the base at the site.[45]

Nuclear Weapons

[edit]

Although never officially confirmed, US nuclear weapons were based at Lakenheath from the first deployment of SAC aircraft to the base in the 1950s until the 1990s. As of 2024, no US nuclear weapons are known to be based in the UK. In February 2024, US documents detailing the awarding of contracts to build new storage facilities for nuclear cores stimulated public discussion in East Anglia that nuclear weapons may be redeployed to Lakenheath in the near future.[46]

Heritage

[edit]

Gate guardian

[edit]

RAF Lakenheath'sgate guardianisNorth American F-100D Super Sabre,serial number '54-2269'.The aircraft was originally delivered to theFrench Air Force.On return it was moved to the "Wings of Liberty Memorial Park" at RAF Lakenheath. Firstly it was painted as'55-4048',latterly as'56-3319'.[47]

Protests

[edit]
Demonstrators outside RAF Lakenheath following its use inthe 1986 bombing of Libya

Since the base's founding, RAF Lakenheath has been targeted for numerous peace protests from groups such asStop the war coalitionand theCampaign for Nuclear Disarmament.

Pershing

[edit]

Lakenheath was one of the proposed sites of the NATO Pershing II Missile System. The deployment of the Missile system sparked protests all over Western Europe, and RAF Lakenheath was one of the most prominent military sites. The radical historianE.P. Thompsonwrote in a pamphlet that basing the system at RAF Lakenheath directly endangered the lives of those in the nearby city ofCambridge:

"...Lakenheath is, by crow or cruise, just over twenty miles from Cambridge. It is possible that Cambridge but less probable that Oxford will fall outside the CEP. Within the CEP we must suppose some fifteen or twenty detonations at least on the scale of Hiroshima, without taking into account any possible detonations, release of radio-active materials, etc., if the strike should succeed in finding out the cruise missiles at which it was aimed."[48]

A semi-permanent 'peace camp' was set up outside RAF Lakenheath.[49]In 1985, the future Archbishop of CanterburyRowan Williamswas arrested for singing psalms at a CND protest at Lakenheath.[50][51]

Libya

[edit]

Over 1,000 people demonstrated outside RAF Lakenheath in protest at the1986 United States bombing of Libya.[52]

Protestors includingJeremy Corbyn,outside RAF Lakenheath in 2006.

Iraq war and later

[edit]

The2003 invasion of Iraqsparked a new wave of peace protests. In one incident, 9 protestors gained access to the base by cutting through its perimeter fence. The protestors rode bicycles along the main runway, before chaining themselves together.[53]

Activists later established a 'peace camp' outside RAF Lakenheath to draw attention to the base.[54]

In 2006, a group of 200 people protested against the alleged nuclear weapons stored at RAF Lakenheath. Addressing the crowd wasJeremy Corbyn,who cycled to RAF Lakenheath fromthe railway stationinEly.[55][56]There were further protests on this issue in 2008.[57]

[edit]
  • 48th Fighter Wing
    48th Fighter Wing
  • A 492d Fighter Squadron F-15E Strike Eagle from Lakenheath lifts off from the airfield's runway
    A 492d Fighter Squadron F-15E Strike Eagle from Lakenheath lifts off from the airfield's runway
  • The F-100 is displayed on a permanent stand. It was the second aircraft to represent the Liberty Wing. It flew for the 48th Fighter Wing between 1956 and 1972 before it was replaced by the F-4 Phantom.
    The F-100 is displayed on a permanent stand. It was the second aircraft to represent the Liberty Wing. It flew for the 48th Fighter Wing between 1956 and 1972 before it was replaced by the F-4 Phantom.
  • A F-15C Eagle aircraft from the 493rd Fighter Squadron, 48th Fighter Wing, parked on the apron at RAF Lakenheath
    A F-15C Eagle aircraft from the 493rd Fighter Squadron, 48th Fighter Wing, parked on the apron at RAF Lakenheath

See also

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References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]

Public DomainThis article incorporatespublic domain materialfrom theAir Force Historical Research Agency Public DomainThis article incorporatespublic domain materialfromRAF Lakenheath.United States Air Force.

  1. ^"Defence Estates Development Plan (DEDP) 2009 – Annex A"(PDF).GOV.UK.Ministry of Defence. 3 July 2009. p. 18.Retrieved27 January2019.
  2. ^"Timeline Part 5".Lakenheath Heritage.Retrieved25 November2021.
  3. ^abcde"Lakenheath".The Military Standard.Retrieved25 November2021.
  4. ^"Lakenheath Factsheets".US Air Force.Retrieved25 November2021.
  5. ^abJefford 1988,p. 62.
  6. ^Bowyer 1979,p. 137.
  7. ^Jefford 1988,p. 67.
  8. ^Bowyer 1979,p. 138.
  9. ^"3910 Installation Squadron"(PDF).Department of the Air Force - Organizational Histories (usafunithistory.com).Retrieved1 September2024.
  10. ^Powers, Francis (1960).Operation Overflight: A Memoir of the U-2 Incident.Potomac Books, Inc. p. 23,29.ISBN9781574884227.
  11. ^Ranter, Harro."ASN Aircraft accident Douglas R6D-1 (DC-6) 131588 Land's End, UK".aviation-safety.net.
  12. ^"US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos—Third Series (130265 to 135773)".www.joebaugher.com.
  13. ^"Chronological History of Naval Air Transprt".www.vrc-50.org.Archived fromthe originalon 31 March 2016.Retrieved11 January2013.
  14. ^Grossnick, Roy A.,United States Naval Aviation 1910–1995,Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, undatedISBN0-945274-34-3,p. 214, claims the date was 11 October 1956.
  15. ^"The History, Heritage and Heraldry of the 48th Fighter Wing"(PDF).48th Fighter Wing History Office. 2 October 2015. p. 1.Retrieved25 November2021.
  16. ^"F-100D 55-2806 at Lakenheath, May 1966".airhistory.net.Retrieved28 August2024.
  17. ^"F-100D 56-3213 at Lakenheath, June 1970".airhistory.net.Retrieved28 August2024.
  18. ^abThe History, Heritage and Heraldry of the 48th Fighter Wing, p. 6
  19. ^Bland, Lucy (2020).Britain's 'brown babies': the stories of children born to black GIs and white women in the Second World War.Manchester.ISBN978-1-5261-5405-7.OCLC1159422997.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. ^ab"'Brown babies' born in the 1950s ".The Mixed Museum.Retrieved17 March2023.
  21. ^The History, Heritage and Heraldry of the 48th Fighter Wing, p. 9
  22. ^"Two U.S. airmen killed in German airport shooting".CNN.3 March 2011.
  23. ^"US F-15 Eagle crash lands in Libya".BBC News.22 March 2011.
  24. ^"Helicopter crash in Cley".Norfolk Constabulary.7 January 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 8 January 2014.
  25. ^"Geese caused fatal USAF helicopter crash in Cley, report says".BBC.9 July 2014.
  26. ^"Safety fears after US jet crash".BBC News.9 October 2014.
  27. ^"US Marine Corps pilot killed in F-18 jet crash in Cambridgeshire Fens".BBC Online.21 October 2015.Retrieved21 October2015.
  28. ^"News".Archived fromthe originalon 17 November 2015.
  29. ^Sandalls, Katy (16 June 2020)."RAF Lakenheath airman who died following North Sea crash named".East Anglian Daily Times.
  30. ^"RAF Lakenheath: US fighter jet crashes into North Sea".BBC Online.15 June 2020.Retrieved15 June2020.
  31. ^Richmond, Tech. Sgt. Jake (8 January 2015)."Air Force F-35 Squadrons Slated for RAF Lakenheath Basing".US Department of Defense.Retrieved20 March2019.
  32. ^"US announces first F-35 in Europe to be based in the UK".GOV.UK.Ministry of Defence. 8 January 2015.Retrieved20 March2019.
  33. ^Howard, William (9 January 2017)."New facilities planned for F-35s at RAF Lakenheath".Stars and Stripes.Retrieved20 March2019.
  34. ^Hadley, Greg (1 October 2021)."Air Force Activates First F-35 Squadron in Europe Ahead of Fighters' Arrival".Air Force Magazine.Retrieved4 October2021.
  35. ^Mahshie, Abraham (15 December 2021)."RAF Lakenheath Becomes the First European Base With a US F-35".Air Force Magazine.Retrieved16 December2021.
  36. ^Murphy, Rebecca (23 December 2017)."An exciting era as RAF Lakenheath prepares for the arrival of the F-35A Lightning".Thetford and Brandon Times.Retrieved20 March2019.
  37. ^Le Brecht 2018,pp. 5–8.
  38. ^Le Brecht 2018,p. 9.
  39. ^"RAF Lakenheath Gets $150 Million of Investment For F-35A".Forces Network.16 August 2018.Retrieved20 March2019.
  40. ^"MOD awards £160m contract to prepare RAF Lakenheath for US F-35s".GOV.UK.Ministry of Defence. 19 November 2018.Retrieved21 March2019.
  41. ^"Demolition work begins at RAF Lakenheath".GOV.UK.Ministry of Defence and Defence Infrastructure Organisation. 19 March 2019.Retrieved21 March2019.
  42. ^Smith, Airman 1st Class Rhonda (14 August 2020)."Strike Eagles make room for F-35A arrival".Royal Air Force Lakenheath.US Air Force.Retrieved16 August2020.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  43. ^Evans, Rob (13 October 2003)."MoD catalogues its nuclear blunders".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.Retrieved5 December2020.
  44. ^"Units".Royal Air Force Lakenheath.Retrieved27 January2019.
  45. ^Krasteva, Gergana (19 February 2024)."UK village that could be Putin's 'first target' if World War Three breaks out".
  46. ^Precey, Matt (18 February 2024)."'Are US nuclear weapons set to return to RAF Lakenheath?'".BBC. BBC.Retrieved22 February2024.
  47. ^"Aircraft Data 54-2269, North American F-100D Super Sabre C/N 223-149".Airport-Data.com.Retrieved1 February2018.
  48. ^"1980 Protest and Survive"(PDF).Wilson Center. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 11 August 2017.Retrieved24 November2021.
  49. ^"Karthy Nair, progressive educator who always made herself heard".Islington Tribune.
  50. ^"Williams".Magdalene College.
  51. ^"Rowan Williams: God's boxer".The Guardian.8 July 2011.
  52. ^"Tension Over Libya: Thousands Take to the Streets; Anti-U.s. Protests Spread as Europeans Criticize Raid".The New York Times.Associated Press. 20 April 1986.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved11 September2020.
  53. ^"Arrests made after air base break-in".East Anglian Daily Times.11 March 2003.
  54. ^"Activists gather at RAF Lakenheath to protest nukes".Stars and Stripes.
  55. ^"Indymedia Cambridge, UK | Anti-Nuclear Campaigners Locked-On to Munitions Gate at USAF Lakenheath NOW".www.indymedia.org.uk.Retrieved11 September2020.
  56. ^"Peace campaigner stage base protest".East Anglian Daily Times.2 October 2006.Retrieved11 September2020.
  57. ^Gooderham, Dave (19 May 2008)."'Nuclear bombs' protest at Suffolk base ".East Anglian Daily Times.Retrieved11 September2020.

Bibliography

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