RAF officer ranks

Theofficer ranks of theRoyal Air Force,as they are today, were introduced in 1919. Prior to that Army ranks were used.

Ranks

NATOcode	OF-10	OF-9	OF-8	OF-7	OF-6	OF-5	OF-4	OF-3	OF-2	OF-1		OF(D)
Royal Air Force epaulette rank insignia
rank title^[1]	Marshal of the Royal Air Force	Air Chief Marshal	Air Marshal	Air Vice-Marshal	Air Commodore	Group Captain	Wing Commander	Squadron Leader	Flight Lieutenant	Flying Officer	Pilot Officer	Officer cadet
abbreviation	MRAF^{[note 1]}	Air Chf Mshl	Air Mshl	AVM	Air Cdre	Gp Capt	Wg Cdr	Sqn Ldr	Flt Lt	Fg Off	Plt Off	Off Cdt

Command flags


MRAF	Air Chf Mshl	Air Mshl	AVM	Air Cdre	Gp Capt	Wg Cdr	Sqn Ldr

Notes

^Marshal of the Royal Air Force has become an honorary/posthumous rank, war time rank; ceremonial rank.

Origins

Lieutenant GeneralDavid Hendersonoriginally proposed thatRoyal Air Forceofficers use a combination ofBritish ArmyandRoyal Navyranks. However, theWar Officeargued that the RAF should have its own ranks and theAdmiraltyopposed any use of their rank titles.^[2]

Badges of rank

On 1 April 1918, Air Force Memorandum 2 specified rank insignia for the newly established independent force. Rank was to be worn on the jacket cuff and was derived from the Royal Navy's rings, each equivalent rank having the same number of rings. However,second lieutenants(now pilot officers) displayed a crowned eagle only and the Navy's loop was not used for any rank.^[3]Depending on the uniform, either gold or pale blue on grey braid was worn.

In August 1918,Air MinistryWeekly Order 617 added a single band of1⁄4-inch (6 mm) braid below the second lieutenant's eagle and all other officer ranks also received a crowned eagle above their braid on the left arm only.

In 1919 the colour of the rank braid was changed to black with a central pale blue stripe. However, on RAFmess dressrank continued to be displayed in gold.

Sleeve ranks

The ranks worn on the sleeve are common to all RAF uniform variants incorporating the Jacket. The centre of the rank (measured from the bottom of the lowest braid to the top of the highest) should be3+3⁄4inches (9.5 cm) from the cuff and each row of braiding should have a space of1⁄8inch (3 mm) from other rows. The thinnest braid, as found on the pilot officer's rank (and in the middle of the squadron leader's rank), is1⁄4inch (6 mm); the flying officer's braid common to all the ranks except air commodore and pilot officer, is1⁄2inch (1.3 cm), and the thickest braid, as found on all air officer ranks, is 2 inches (5.1 cm).

Shoulder boards

Air officers' ceremonial shoulder board

Shoulder board of marshal of the RAF

Shoulder boards (as shown) are worn by officers of general rank equivalent (air commodore and above). Officers entitled to wearaiguillettesor theRoyal Cypher,AVMs and above, the Director of Nursing Services, and those officers assigned to certain one-star posts, wear plain blue shoulder boards when in No 1 Service Dress. AVMs and above and those officers assigned to the one-star posts of commandantRAFC Cranwell,Air Officer Wales andAir Officer Scotlandwear distinctive unranked ceremonial shoulder boards when in No 1A (ceremonial day) dress. If these officers wear a greatcoat, gold ranked shoulder straps in Crombie material are used.^[4]Marshals of the Royal Air Force have a distinctive set of shoulder boards with greater decoration.

Rank titles

It was initially proposed that each RAF officer rank would be either the equivalent army rank (used by theRoyal Flying Corps) or the naval rank (used by theRoyal Naval Air Service(RNAS)). However, when the Royal Navy and British Army were consulted they made differing objections: the navy was unhappy that another service might use the names of its higher ranks, such as admiral, and the army objected to the RAF sharing the ranks assigned to junior officers. This resulted in a second proposed system, which made frequent use of theneologismardian, which was derived from theGaelicard"chief" andeun"bird".^[5]Under this proposal the names were to have been:ensign,lieutenant,flight leader,squadron leader,reeve,banneret,fourth ardian,third ardian,second ardian,ardianandair marshal.A further proposal was:ensign,lieutenant,flight-leader,squadron-leader,wing-leader,leader,flight ardian,squadron ardian,wing ardian,ardian,air marshal.However, this system was rejected within the RAF, due in part to dislike of the neologism ardian.

On 1 August 1919,Air MinistryWeekly Order 973introduced the official rank titles for RAF officers. Initially, the highestair officerrank was namedmarshal of the air.However, a few days after this was promulgated, it was changed tomarshal of the Royal Air Force;the original name was rejected byKing George V,who believed it was as useless as "Admiral of the Atlantic"^[6]These were often modified versions of Royal Navy terms and in many cases represented a continuation of particularRNAS appointment titles,i.e. a role/command specific to a particular rank. For example, the new RAF rank offlight lieutenanthad previously been the name of an RNAS appointment, held only by qualified pilots with the naval rank of lieutenant; a RNASobserverwith the same rank was instead known as anobserver lieutenant.The RAF rank ofsquadron leaderwas derived from an RNAS appointment,squadron commander,which had been held by either a naval lieutenant-commander or lieutenant.

Composite braid

RAF officers typically wear composite braid rank slides with their working and operational uniforms. Composite braid consists of a single piece of fabric, where the "background" between the rank rings is made from blue-grey or olive green material. Composite braid rank slides are often referred to as "bar-code" in RAF slang.^{[citation needed]}

Distinction between ranks and appointments

Many RAF ranks do not imply the appointment or duties of an officer. For example, a pilot officer may well not be trained to pilot an aircraft. In fact, pilots skip the rank of pilot officer and go from officer cadet to flying officer on graduation from officer training school at RAF Cranwell. A squadron leader does not necessarily command a squadron, nor a wing commander necessarily command a wing, nor a group captain command a group.

A group will usually be commanded by an AVM. 'Flying' wings will be commanded by a group captain, with ground-based wings commanded by a wing commander. 'Flying' squadrons are commanded by wing commanders, and ground-based squadrons are typically commanded by squadron leaders.

RAF Air Cadets (Air Training Corps and Combined Cadet Force)

The majority of officers in theRoyal Air Force Air Cadets(theAir Training Corpsand the RAF section of theCombined Cadet Force) are volunteers commissioned into RAF Air Cadets and then appointed to service with the Air Training Corps or Combined Cadet Force (RAF). They are no longer Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (Training Branch) (RAFVR(T)) commissioned officers. They are identified by the gold badge stating: "RAFAC" on the lapels of the No. 1 uniform, and in others forms of dress "RAF Air Cadets" embroidered underneath the rank insignia, in a manner similar toRAF Regimentrank slides. Volunteer officers who are members of an air experience flight (AEF) and who are pilots of aircraft providing air experience flying to air cadets and university air squadrons (UAS) continue to hold a VR(UAS) commission.

RAF Air Cadets officers use the rank system identical to the regular RAF, but the highest substantive rank is Flying Officer. Other senior ranked appointments are generally full-time staff positions (such as regional commandants and commandant air cadets) held by regular and reserve (RAFR/FTRS) RAF officers. In certain circumstances, honorary appointments within the RAF Air Cadets may be made, however the rank may vary. After theDeath of Queen Elizabeth II,new rank insignia withKing Charles III'sRoyal Cypheris expected to be created.