Registered memory

Not to be confused withECC memory,although memory modules often use both technologies.

One 64 GiBDDR5-4800 ECC 1.1 V registeredDIMM(RDIMM)

Example of an unregistered DIMM (UDIMM)

Registered memory(also calledbuffered memory) iscomputer memorythat has aregisterbetween theDRAMmodules and the system'smemory controller.A registered memory module places less electrical load on a memory controller than an unregistered one. Registered memory allows a computer system to remain stable with morememory modulesthan it would have otherwise.

When conventional memory is compared with registered memory, conventional memory is usually referred to asunbuffered memoryorunregistered memory.When registered memory is manufactured as adual in-line memory module(DIMM), it is called anRDIMM.Similarly, an unregistered DIMM is called aUDIMMor simply "DIMM".

Registered memory is often more expensive because of the additionalcircuitryrequired andlower number of units sold,so it is usually found only in applications where the need forscalabilityandrobustnessoutweighs the need for a low price – for example, registered memory is usually used inservers.

Although most registered memory modules also featureerror-correcting code memory(ECC), it is also possible for registered memory modules to not be error-correcting or vice versa. Unregistered ECC memory is supported and used in workstation or entry-level server motherboards that do not support very large amounts of memory.

Performance

Normally, there is a performance penalty for using registered memory. Each read or write is buffered for one cycle between the memory bus and the DRAM, so the registered RAM can be thought of as running oneclock cyclebehind the equivalent unregistered DRAM. WithSDRAM,this only applies to the first cycle of a burst.

However, this performance penalty is not universal. There are many other factors involved in memory access speed. For example, the IntelWestmere5600 series of processors access memory usinginterleaving,wherein memory access is distributed across three channels. If two memory DIMMs are used per channel, there is a reduction of maximummemory bandwidthfor this configuration with UDIMM by some 5% in comparison to RDIMM.

Compatibility

Usually, themotherboardmust match the memory type; as a result, registered memory will not work in a motherboard not designed for it, and vice versa. Some PC motherboards accept or require registered memory, but registered and unregistered memory modules cannot be mixed.There is much confusion betweenregisteredandECCmemory; it is widely thought that ECC memory (which may or may not be registered) will not work at all in a motherboard without ECC support, not even without providing the ECC functionality, although the compatibility issues actually arise when trying to useregisteredmemory (which often supports ECC and is described as ECC RAM) in a PC motherboard that does not support it.

Buffered memory types

Clocked Unbuffered DIMM (CUDIMM)modules include a buffer on the clock bus.

Comparison: Registered Memory (R-DIMM) and Load Reduced DIMM (LR-DIMM)

Registered (Buffered) DIMM (R-DIMM or RDIMM)modules insert abufferbetween the pins of the command and address buses (and the clock bus??) on the DIMM and the memory chips. A high-capacity DIMM might have numerous memory chips, each of which must receive the memory address, and their combinedinput capacitancelimits the speed at which the memory bus can operate. By redistributing the command and address signals within the R-DIMM, this allows more chips to be connected to the memory bus.The cost is increasedmemory latency,as a result of oneadditional clock cycle required for the address to traverse the additional buffer. Early registered RAM modules were physically incompatible with unregistered RAM modules, but the two variants of SDRAM R-DIMMs are mechanically interchangeable, and some motherboards may support both types.

Load Reduced DIMM (LR-DIMM or LRDIMM)modules are similar to R-DIMMs, but add a buffer to the data lines as well. In other words, LR-DIMMs buffer both control and data lines while keeping the parallel nature of all signals. As a result, LR-DIMMs provide large overall maximum memory capacities, while avoiding the performance and power consumption problems of FB-DIMMs, induced by the required conversion between serial and parallel signal forms.

Fully Buffered DIMM(FB-DIMM)modules increase maximum memory capacities in large systems even more, using a more complex buffer chip to translate between the wide bus of standard SDRAM chips and a narrow, high-speed serial memory bus. In other words, all control, address and data transfers to FB-DIMMs are performed in a serial fashion, while the additional logic present on each FB-DIMM transforms serial inputs into parallel signals required to drive memory chips.By reducing the number of pins required per memory bus, CPUs could support more memory buses, allowing higher totalmemory bandwidthand capacity. Unfortunately, the translation further increased memory latency, and the complex high-speed buffer chips used significant power and generated a lot of heat.

Both FB-DIMMs and LR-DIMMs are designed primarily to minimize the load that a memory module presents to the memory bus. They are not compatible with R-DIMMs, and motherboards that require them usually will not accept any other kind of memory modules.

External links

• Memory DecisionsArchived2019-05-19 at theWayback Machine,February 8, 2004
• Do I Need ECC and Registered Memory(.doc document)
• Basics of LRDIMM
• LRDIMM vs RDIMM: Signal integrity, capacity, bandwidth