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Radom

Coordinates:51°24′13″N21°9′24″E/ 51.40361°N 21.15667°E/51.40361; 21.15667
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the city in Poland. For other uses, seeRadom (disambiguation).Not to be confused withRadon.
Radom
Moniuszki Street
Courthouse
Sandomierz Palace
Radom Cathedral
City Hall
Saint John the Baptist church
Resursa
Saint Catherine church
  • Moniuszki Street
  • Courthouse
  • Sandomierz Palace
  • Cathedral
  • City Hall
  • Saint John the Baptist church
  • Resursa
  • Saint Catherine church
Flag of Radom
Flag
Coat of arms of Radom
Coat of arms
Radom is located in Poland
Radom
Radom
Location of Radom in Poland
Coordinates:51°24′13″N21°9′24″E/ 51.40361°N 21.15667°E/51.40361; 21.15667
CountryPoland
VoivodeshipMasovian
CountyRadom County(powiat radomski)
First mentioned1155
City rights1364
Government
• City mayorRadosław Witkowski (PO)
Area
• Total112 km2(43 sq mi)
Population
(30 June 2023)
• Total196,918Decrease(15th)[1]
• Density1,761/km2(4,560/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+2(CEST)
Postal code
26-600 to 26-618
Area code+48 48
Car platesWR
Primary airportRadom Airport
Websitehttp://www.radom.pl

Radom[a]is a city in east-centralPoland,located approximately 100 kilometres (62 miles) south of the capital,Warsaw.It is situated on theMleczna Riverin theMasovian Voivodeship.Radom is thefifteenth-largest city in Polandand the second-largest in its province with a population of 196,918 (30.06.2023)[3]

For centuries, Radom was part of theSandomierz Provinceof theKingdom of Polandand the laterPolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.Despite being part of the Masovian Voivodeship, the city historically belongs toLesser Poland.It was a significant center of administration, having served as seat of the Crown Council which ratified thePact of Vilnius and Radombetween Lithuania and Poland in 1401. TheNihil noviandŁaski's Statutewere adopted by theSejmat Radom's Royal Castle in 1505. In 1976, it was a center of theJune 1976 protests.

The city is home to the biennialRadom Air Show,the largestair showin the country, held during the last weekend of August. "Radom" is also the popular unofficial name for a semiautomaticFB Vispistol, which was produced from 1935 to 1944 by Radom'sŁucznik Arms Factory.The city continues to produce military firearms for thePolish Armed Forces.

The international Radom Jazz Festival and the International Gombrowicz Theater Festival are held in the city.

History

[edit]
Further information:Timeline of Radom
Saint Wenceslaus church, the city's oldest church

Radom's original settlement dates back to the 8th–9th century. It was an early medieval town in the valley of the Mleczna River (on the approximate site of present-dayOld Town). In the second half of the 10th century, it became agord,calledPiotrówka,which was protected by arampartand amoat.Due to convenient location on the edge of a large wilderness, and its proximity to the border ofLesser PolandandMazovia,Radom quickly emerged as an important administrative center of the earlyKingdom of Poland.Piotrówkawas probably named after St. Peter church, which in 1222 was placed under the authority of aBenedictineAbbeyin nearbySieciechów.The church no longer exists; the oldest still-extant church in Radom is St. Wacław, founded in the 13th century by Prince of SandomierzLeszek I the White.The first documented mention of Radom comes from the year 1155, in abullofPope Adrian IV(villam iuxta Rado, que vocatur Zlauno,ora village near Radom, called Sławno). By 1233, Radom was the seat of acastellan.The name of the city comes from the ancient Slavic given nameRadomir,and Radom means agord, which belongs to Radomir.[4]

Saint John the Baptist church, founded by KingCasimir III the Greatin the 14th century

In the second half of the 13th century, Radom was granted aŚroda Śląskatown charter by PrinceBolesław V the Chaste,although no documents exist to confirm the exact date of this event. The town prospered in the 14th century, when in 1350 KingKazimierz Wielkiestablished the so-calledNew Town,with a royal castle, adefensive wall,and a town hall. There was also a market square and agrid planof the streets, patterned after Gothic German towns. The area ofNew Townwas 9hectares,and the length of the defensive wall was 1,100 meters. Radom had three gates, named after main merchant roads:IłżaGate,Piotrków TrybunalskiGate,andLublinGate.The defensive wall was further protected by 25fortified towers.New Townhad the Church ofJohn the Baptist,and the Royal Castle was built between the church and the moat.

In 1364, Radom's obsolete Środa Śląska rights were replaced with more modernMagdeburg rights,and residents gained several privileges as a result.[5]At that time, Radom was located along the so-calledOxen Trail,fromRuthenianlands toSilesia.In 1376, the city became the seat of astarosta,and entered the period of its greatest prosperity.[6]

Poland's Golden Age

[edit]

KingWładysław Jagiełłogranted several privileges to the city. Jagiełło himself frequently travelled fromKrakówtoVilnius,and liked to stay at Radom Castle en route. On March 18, 1401, thePact of Vilnius and Radomwas signed, which strengthened thePolish–Lithuanian union.Immediately after the Pact, preparations for thePolish–Lithuanian–Teutonic Warbegan. KingCasimir IV Jagiellonfrequently visited Radom, along with his wife,Elizabeth of Austria.Here, the King would host foreign envoys, from such countries as theCrimean Khanate,theKingdom of Bohemia,and theDuchy of Bavaria.On November 18, 1489,Johann von Tiefen,theGrand Master of the Teutonic Knights,paid homage to King Jagiellon at Radom Castle.Mikołaj Radomski,one of the earliest Polish composers, comes from Radom. In 1468, the complex of a Bernardine church and monastery was founded here by King Jagiellon, with support of the localstarosta,Dominik z Kazanowa. The complex was originally made of wood (until 1507).[7]

Plaque at the Radom Castle commemorating the adoption of theNihil noviact in Radom in 1505

In 1481, Radom became the residence of PrinceKazimierz,the son of King Jagiellon, who ruled theGrand Duchy of Lithuania.The young prince died oftuberculosis,and later became patron saint of both the city of Radom (since 1983), and theRoman Catholic Diocese of Radom(since 1992). During the reign ofAlexander Jagiellon,theNihil noviact was adopted by the PolishSejmin a meeting at Radom Castle.[8]Furthermore, at the same meeting, thefirst codification of law published in the Kingdom of Polandwas accepted. Radom was aroyal city,countyseat andcastellany,administratively located in theSandomierz Voivodeshipin theLesser Poland Province.[9]It remained one of the most important urban centers of the Sandomierz Voivodeship, and was also the seat of the Treasure Tribunal in 1613–1764, which controlled taxation. Several kings visited the city, includingStephen Bathoryand his wifeAnna Jagiellon,Sigismund III Vasa,andAugustus III of Poland.In 1623 many residents died in an epidemic, and in 1628, half of Radom burned in a fire.[5]

The period of prosperity ended during theSwedish invasion of Poland.The Swedish army captured the city without a fight in November 1655. At first the invaders behaved correctly, as KingCharles X Gustavstill sought alliances within the Polish-Lithuanian nobility; the situation changed, however, in early 1656, when anti-Swedish uprisings broke out in southern Lesser Poland and quickly spread across the country. Radom was looted and almost completely destroyed in August 1656. Its population shrank from some 2,000 before the war, to 395 in 1660, with only 37 houses still standing. Swedish soldiers burned the royal castle and the monastery. With the Polish population in decline, the number of Jewish settlers grew by the early 18th century. In 1682 the firstPiaristsarrived, and in 1737–1756, opened a college.[10]The 3rd Infantry Regiment of the PolishCrown Armywas stationed in Radom at various times.[11]

Late modern era

[edit]
Piarist College in the 19th century

Radom remained within the Sandomierz Voivodeship of theLesser Poland Province of the Polish Crownof thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealthuntil theThird Partition of Poland(1795). For a few years (1795–1809) it was part of theAustrianprovince ofWest Galicia.After the Polish victory in theAustro-Polish Warof 1809, it was part of the PolishDuchy of Warsaw,which named it capital of theRadom Department.From 1815 the city belonged toRussian-controlledCongress Poland,remaining a regional administrative center. In 1816–1837 it was the capital of the Sandomierz Voivodeship, whose capital, despite the name, was at Radom. In 1837–1844 it was the capital of theSandomierz Governorate,and from 1844 until the outbreak ofWorld War I,the capital of theRadom Governorate.The Polish 5th Line Infantry Regiment, which later fought against Russia in theNovember Uprising,was stationed in Radom.[12]The city was an important center of the November Uprising. Its obsolete and ruined fortifications were destroyed upon order of Mayor Józef Królikowski. In the early days of theJanuary Uprising,Marian Langiewiczvisited Radom, preparing the rebellion. In the 19th century, Radom was one of the leading centers of the new art ofphotographyin partitioned Poland, alongside major cities of Warsaw,Gdańsk,Kraków and Wilno.[13]In 1867 a sewage system was built. Russians closed down the Benedictine monastery and established a Tsarist prison in its place.[14]Streets were gradually paved, and in 1885, a rail line fromDąbrowa GórniczatoDęblinwas completed, via Radom. In the early 20th century a power plant was built. In 1906, notable Polish independence fighterKazimierz Sosnkowski,future politician and general, escaped from Warsaw to Radom, pursued by the RussianOkhrana.[15]In Radom, he continued his secret activities, and became the commander of the localCombat Organization,before he eventually had to escape again, this time to theDąbrowa Basin.[15]

During World War I, the city was captured by theAustro-Hungarian Armyin July 1915. An Austrian garrison remained until November 1918.

City map from 1919

In theSecond Polish RepublicRadom became part ofKielce Voivodeship.In 1932 the City County of Radom was created, and the following year, its rail connection withWarsawwas completed. In the late 1930s, due to the government project known as theCentral Industrial Area,several new factories were built; by 1938, the population had grown to 80,000. The city was also a military garrison, serving as headquarters of the 72nd Infantry Regiment.

World War II

[edit]

On September 1, 1939, the first day of the Germaninvasion of PolandandWorld War II,the Germans air raided the city.[16]On September 8, 1939, Radom was captured by theWehrmacht,and was afterwardsoccupied by Germany.On September 21, 1939, the GermanEinsatzgruppe IIentered the city to commit variouscrimes against the population,and afterwards its members co-formed the local German police and security forces.[17]The Germans immediately confiscated the food stored in warehouses in Radom and nearby settlements, and carried out requisitions in the city council.[18]The occupiers established a special court in Radom,[19]and two temporaryprisoner-of-war campsfor captured Polish soldiers, one in the pre-war military barracks and one in theTadeusz KościuszkoPark.[20]There were poor conditions in the camp in the barracks, and hunger and diseases were common.[21]The local civilian population helped many POWs escape from the camp.[22]

Former seat of theGestapoandNKVDduring the occupation

From October 1939 to January 1940, the Germans carried out several public executions of Polish civilians in various locations in Radom, killing 111 people.[23]The Germans also operated a heavy prison in the city,[24]and carried mass arrests of hundreds of Poles, who were then held in the prison.[25]Many PolesexpelledfromGdyniain 1939 were placed in a temporary transit camp in a local church, before they were sent to nearby settlements.[26]

The occupiers liquidated local cultural and social life.[27]All sports clubs and high schools were closed, and teaching of literature, geography and history in the remaining schools was prohibited.[28]

In March and May 1940, the Germans carried out massacres of 210 Poles, including teenagers, from Radom and nearby settlements in the city'sFirlejdistrict.[29]Around 100 Poles from Radom were murdered by the Russians in the largeKatyn massacrein April–May 1940.[30]In July, August and November 1940, the Germans carried out deportations of Poles from the local prison to theAuschwitz concentration camp.[31]Deportations toconcentration campscontinued throughout the war, and 18,000 people passed through the local prison, mostly Polish political activists, resistance members and innocent people, plus ordinary criminals.[32]At the large massacre sites in the present-day districts of Firlej and Kosów, the Germans murdered around 15,000 and 1,500 people, respectively.[33]

Monument and cemetery inFirlejwhere the Germans murdered around 15,000 Poles and Jews

In October 1940, the German occupiers established aforced labourcamp forJews,[34]and in 1941, they formed theRadom Ghetto,with a population of 34,000 Jews, most of whom perished at theTreblinka extermination camp.[16]According to German regulations, sheltering Jews outside the ghetto was punishable by death.[35]The secretPolish Council to Aid Jews "Żegota",established by thePolish resistance movementoperated in the city.[36]

Radom was a center of Polish resistance, with various organizations, such asService for Poland's Victory,Independent Poland[pl],Union of Armed Struggle,Bataliony Chłopskie,Grey Ranksand numerousHome Armyunits operating in the area.[27]The resistance carried out various actions, which included sabotage, stealing weapons,secret education,etc.[27]Poles were even able to produce weapons for Polish partisans in the local arms factory, even though it was seized by the Germans. In 1942, the Germans discovered the activity, and then publiclyhanged50 Poles, including 26 employees of the arms factory, and a pregnant woman.[37]Scouts from theGray Rankswho worked at the local post office stole and destroyed anonymous letters to theGestapo,thus possibly saving many lives.[32]Two German doctors from a local hospital helped the Polish resistance, for which one was even arrested and sent to a concentration camp.[32]In April 1943, the resistance successfully assassinated the chief of the local German police.[38]

In 1944, following the PolishWarsaw Uprising,the Germans deported thousands of Varsovians from theDulag 121 campinPruszków,where they were initially imprisoned, to Radom.[39]Those Poles were mainly old people, ill people and women with children.[39]3,500 PolesexpelledfromWarsawstayed in the city, as of November 1, 1944.[39]

In January 1945, the occupiers sent the last transport of prisoners from Radom to Auschwitz, but it only reachedCzęstochowa,while the remaining prisoners were massacred in Firlej.[32]

On January 16, 1945, the city was captured by theRed Army,and then restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which then stayed in power until theFall of Communismin the 1980s. Fallen Red Army soldiers rest at the local cemetery at Warszawska Street. The communists held Polish resistance members in the former German prison.[32]In September 1945, theresistance movementattacked the communist prison and liberated nearly 500 prisoners.[32]

Up to theSecond World War,like many other cities ininterwar Poland,Radom had a large Jewish population. According to theImperial 1897 census,out of the total population of 28,700, Jews constituted11,200 (~39%).[40][41]

Current events

[edit]
Radom in the 1970s

From 1975 to 1998, it was the seat of theRadom Voivodeship.In 1954 and 1984, city limits were greatly expanded by including several settlements as new districts,[42]including Długojów Górny, Huta Józefowska, Janiszpol, Józefów, Kierzków, Kończyce, Krychnowice, Krzewień, Malczew, Mleczna, Nowa Wola Gołębiowska, Nowiny Malczewskie, Stara Wola Gołębiowska, Wincentów, Wólka Klwatecka.[43]

In 2007, two pilots died in an accident at the air show, resulting in the cancellation of the rest of the event. On30 August2009, also during the air show, another two pilots who representedBelaruswere killed when their plane crashed.

Radom was one of the main centres of the strike action taken by Polish health care workers in 2007.

Geography

[edit]

Climate

[edit]

Radom has ahumid continental climate(Köppen:Dfb).

Climate data for Radom
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Daily mean °C (°F) −4.7
(23.5) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		2.1
(35.8) 		8.4
(47.1) 		13.2
(55.8) 		16.4
(61.5) 		18.0
(64.4) 		17.4
(63.3) 		13.7
(56.7) 		8.8
(47.8) 		3.2
(37.8) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		7.6
(45.7)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 26
(1.0) 		25
(1.0) 		28
(1.1) 		37
(1.5) 		59
(2.3) 		76
(3.0) 		79
(3.1) 		66
(2.6) 		45
(1.8) 		36
(1.4) 		38
(1.5) 		34
(1.3) 		549
(21.6)
Source: Climate-Data.org[44]

Places of interest

[edit]
Radom Cathedral
Radom Cathedral
Sacred Heart of Jesus Church
Sacred Heart of Jesus Church
  • St WaenceslausChurch in the Old Town Square: founded byLeszek I the White,built in the 13th century inGothicstyle
  • St John the Baptist Church: founded byCasimir III,built in the years 1360–1370 in gothic style, and re-constructed many times
  • Bernardine Church and monastery:founded byCasimir IV of Poland,built in the years 1468–1507
  • Holy Trinity Church: built in the years 1619–1627 inBaroquestyle, burned in a fire and was rebuilt in the years 1678–1691
  • Gąska's and Esterka's Houses from the 16th–17th century
  • Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession: built in 1785
  • Sandomierz Palace: building of voivodeship council, built in the years 1825–1827, designed in classical style by Antonio Corazzi
  • City hall: built in the years 1847–1848
  • Cathedral of Virgin Mary:built in the years 1899–1908 inGothic Revivalstyle
  • Resursa Citizen's Club building built in 1852
  • Podworski House built in theRenaissance Revivalstyle in 1867
  • Tool gates: built in the nineteenth century in classical style
  • Tadeusz KościuszkoPark opened in 1867
  • Radom Air Show:the most popular air show in Poland

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
192161,599—
193178,073+26.7%
193985,501+9.5%
195080,298−6.1%
1960130,116+62.0%
1970159,480+22.6%
YearPop.±%
1980191,053+19.8%
1990228,487+19.6%
2000230,492+0.9%
2010222,496−3.5%
2020209,296−5.9%
Source:[45][46]

Culture

[edit]
Building of the former Land Credit Society
Jacek MalczewskiMuseum andPolish Legionsmonument

The arts

[edit]

Philharmonic

[edit]

Cinemas

[edit]

Theatre

[edit]
  • Jan Kochanowski Theatre[49]

Museums and art galleries

[edit]

Sports

[edit]
Polish Basketball Leaguematch betweenRosa RadomandTrefl Sopotin Radom in 2014

Transport

[edit]
Transport in Radom

Radom is an important railroad junction, where two lines meet: east–west connection fromLublintoŁódź,and north–south fromWarsawtoKielce,andKraków.The city is also located close toEuropean route E77,here theEuropean route E371begins, which runs southwards, toSlovakia.The famous Radom Air Show takes place atRadom Airport,an airport located 3.5 km (2 mi) from the center of Radom.

  • Transport in Radom - Gallery
  • Radom Airport
    Radom Airport
  • Bus Solaris Urbino 12
    Bus Solaris Urbino 12
  • Main railway station
    Main railway station
  • Biking in Radom
    Biking in Radom

Education

[edit]
University of Radom

Radom is home to about 20 schools of higher education:

Public Library
  • University of Radom(Uniwersytet Radomski)[53]
  • Instytut Teologiczny Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Radomiu - department of theology
  • Kolegium Nauczycielskie[54]
  • Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języków Obcych[55]
  • Niepubliczne Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języków Obcych[56]
  • Niepubliczne Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języków Obcych TWP[57]
  • University College of Environmental Sciences(Wyższa Szkoła Ochrony Środowiska)[58]
  • Radomska Szkoła Zarządzania
  • Warsaw Agricultural University - department in Radom(Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie)
  • College of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University(Kolegium licencjackie Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej)[59]
  • Warsaw University- department in Radom(Uniwersytet Warszawski)[60][61]
  • Maria Curie-Skłodowska University - department in Radom(Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej)[62]
  • Wyższa Inżynierska Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa i Organizacji Pracy[63]
  • Higher Business College(Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu)[64]
  • Higher Financial and Banking College(Wyższa Szkoła Finansów i Bankowości)[65]
  • Higher Merchant College(Wyższa Szkoła Handlowa)[66]
  • Higher Seminary(Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne)[67]
  • Higher Journalis College(Wyższa Szkoła Dziennikarska)[68]
  • Zespół Szkół Medycznych[69]

Other

[edit]
Headquarters ofPolish Armaments Group
MSBS riflefromŁucznik Arms Factory

Politics

[edit]

Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Radom constituency

  • Ewa Kopacz(PO)
  • Dariusz Bąk (PIS)
  • Mirosław Maliszewski (PSL)
  • Czesław Czechyra (PO)
  • Marek Suski (PIS)
  • Marek Wikiński (SLD),
  • Radosław Witkowski (PO)
  • Krzysztof Sońta (PIS)
  • Sandra Pachocka (NIC)
Courthouse

International relations

[edit]
See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns — sister cities

[edit]

Radom istwinnedwith:[70][71]

Former twin towns:

On 28 February 2022, Radom ended its partnership with the Russian city of Ozyory and the Belarusian city of Homyel as a reaction to the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[74]

Notable people

[edit]
Jan Kochanowskimonument
Jacek Malczewskimonument
Leszek Kołakowskimonument

Notable people who have been born, have lived or have worked in Radom:

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^
    • Pronunciation:
      • UK:/ˈrɑːdɒm/RAH-dom[2]
      • Polish:[ˈradɔm]ⓘ
      • Yiddish:ראָדעם,romanized:Rodem

References

[edit]
  1. ^"GUS - Bank Danych Lokalnych".bdl.stat.gov.pl.Retrieved2023-11-21.
  2. ^"Radom".LexicoUK English Dictionary.Oxford University Press.Archived fromthe originalon 2020-03-22.
  3. ^"GUS - Bank Danych Lokalnych".bdl.stat.gov.pl.Retrieved2023-11-21.
  4. ^"Historia".Retrieved6 April2020.
  5. ^ab"Historia miejscowości".Retrieved6 April2020.
  6. ^"Grody mazowieckie".Retrieved6 April2020.
  7. ^"RADOM – Kościół rektoralny pw. św. Katarzyny w Radomiu – OO. Bernardyni".Retrieved6 April2020.
  8. ^"Historia Radomia".Retrieved6 April2020.
  9. ^Województwo sandomierskie w drugiej połowie XVI wieku; Cz.1, Mapy, plany(in Polish). Warszawa:Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.1993. p. 3.
  10. ^"Kolegium Pijarów".Retrieved6 April2020.
  11. ^Gembarzewski, Bronisław (1925).Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831(in Polish). Warszawa: Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej. pp. 26–27.
  12. ^Gembarzewski, p. 69
  13. ^Kuropatwa, Justyna (2017). "Moda na fotografię w Gdańsku na tle ziem polskich (do lat sześćdziesiątych XIX wieku)". In Kita, Jarosław; Korybut-Marciniak, Maria (eds.).Życie prywatne Polaków w XIX wieku(in Polish). Vol. VI. Łódź-Olsztyn: WydawnictwoUniwersytetu Łódzkiego.p. 101.ISBN978-83-8088-801-2.
  14. ^Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej(in Polish). Radom. 2010. pp. 12–13.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ^abKirszak, Jerzy (2008). "Wspołtworca niepodległości. Kazimierz Sosnkowski do 1918 roku".Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej(in Polish). No. 11–12 (94–95).IPN.p. 109.ISSN1641-9561.
  16. ^ab"Historia miejscowości".Retrieved6 April2020.
  17. ^Wardzyńska, Maria (2009).Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion(in Polish). Warszawa:IPN.p. 58.
  18. ^Wardzyńska, p. 118
  19. ^Grabowski, Waldemar (2009). "Polacy na ziemiach II RP włączonych do III Rzeszy".Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej(in Polish). No. 8–9 (103–104). IPN. p. 62.ISSN1641-9561.
  20. ^Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej,p. 14, 28
  21. ^Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej,p. 15
  22. ^Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej,p. 17
  23. ^Wardzyńska, p. 250-251
  24. ^"Schweres NS-Gefängnis Radom".Bundesarchiv.de(in German).Retrieved8 May2021.
  25. ^Wardzyńska, p. 252
  26. ^Tomkiewicz, Monika (2003). "Wysiedlenia z Gdyni w 1939 roku".Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej(in Polish). No. 12–1 (35–36). IPN. p. 36.ISSN1641-9561.
  27. ^abcRadomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej,p. 2
  28. ^Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej,p. 2, 9
  29. ^Wardzyńska, p. 252-253
  30. ^Weronika Chochoł."Polegli na Golgocie Wschodu..."Radio Plus Radom(in Polish).Retrieved8 May2021.
  31. ^Wardzyńska, p. 261
  32. ^abcdefRadomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej,p. 13
  33. ^Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej,p. 20
  34. ^"Zwangsarbeitslager für Juden Radom".Bundesarchiv.de(in German).Retrieved8 May2021.
  35. ^Datner, Szymon (1968).Las sprawiedliwych(in Polish). Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza. p. 23.
  36. ^Datner, p. 69
  37. ^Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej,p. 6-7, 17
  38. ^Radomskie miejsca pamięci II wojny światowej,p. 14
  39. ^abc"Transporty z obozu Dulag 121".Muzeum Dulag 121(in Polish).Retrieved8 May2021.
  40. ^Joshua D. Zimmerman,Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality,Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004,ISBN0-299-19464-7,Google Print, p.16
  41. ^See also: Alfred Lipson, ed. and comp., The Book of Radom: The Story of a Jewish Community in Poland Destroyed by the Nazis (New York, 1963), based on Sefer Radom, ed. Yitsḥak Perlov (Tel Aviv, 1961); Sebastian Piątkowski, Dni życia, dni śmierci: Ludność żydowska w Radomiu w latach 1918–1950 (Warsaw, 2006).
  42. ^Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 22 sierpnia 1953 r. w sprawie zmiany granic miasta Radomia w województwie kieleckim.,Dz. U., 1953, vol. 41, No. 190
  43. ^Rozporządzenie Ministra Administracji i Gospodarki Przestrzennej z dnia 3 marca 1984 r. w sprawie zmiany granic niektórych miast w województwach: katowickim, kieleckim, legnickim, radomskim i wrocławskim.,Dz. U., 1984, vol. 14, No. 64
  44. ^ "Climate: Radom".Climate-Data.org.Retrieved18 April2014.
  45. ^Dokumentacja Geograficzna(in Polish). Vol. 3/4. Warszawa: Instytut GeografiiPolskiej Akademii Nauk.1967. p. 41.
  46. ^"Radom (Mazowieckie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia".
  47. ^Radom Chamber Orchestra
  48. ^Helios cinemasArchived2006-02-19 at theWayback Machine
  49. ^Jan Kochanowski Theatre
  50. ^Jacek Malczewski Museum
  51. ^Modern art museum
  52. ^Skansen in Radom
  53. ^Uniwersytet Radomski
  54. ^Kolegium Nauczycielskie
  55. ^Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języków
  56. ^Nauczycielskie Kolegium JęzykówArchived2006-02-16 at theWayback Machine
  57. ^Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języków TWP
  58. ^Wyższa Szkoła Ochrony Środowiska
  59. ^Kolegium licencjackieArchived2005-12-28 at theWayback Machine
  60. ^Warsaw University department in Radom
  61. ^Uniwersytet Warszawski
  62. ^Uniwersytet Marii Curie-SkłodowskiejArchived2003-09-26 at theWayback Machine
  63. ^Wyższa Inżynierska Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa
  64. ^Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu
  65. ^Wyższa Szkoła Finansów i Bankowości
  66. ^Wyższa Szkoła Handlowa
  67. ^Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne
  68. ^Wyższa Szkoła Dziennikarska
  69. ^www
  70. ^abcdefghijk"Radom - Miasta partnerskie"[Radom - Partnership cities].Miasto Radom [City of Radom](in Polish). Archived fromthe originalon 2013-04-03.Retrieved2013-08-07.
  71. ^abcdefgh"Radom - miasta partnerskie"(in Polish). radom.naszestrony.pl. Archived fromthe originalon 2007-07-26.Retrieved2013-08-07.
  72. ^"Banská Bystrica Sister Cities".©2001-2008. Archived fromthe originalon 2009-03-02.Retrieved2008-10-23.
  73. ^Zachert, Uwe; Annica Kunz."Twin cities".Landeshauptstadt Magdeburg [City of Magdeburg].Archived fromthe originalon 2012-09-01.Retrieved2013-08-07.
  74. ^"Radom zerwał współpracę z rosyjskim i białoruskim miastem. Obywatele Ukrainy autobusami będą jeździć za darmo"(in Polish).Retrieved12 March2022.
  75. ^"Manny Steinberg".
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