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Radu Golescu-Știrbei
Anonymous contemporary portrait,c. 1800
Great BanofOltenia
Reign1799–1800
PredecessorUnattested
SuccessorUnattested
ReignJune–August 1813
PredecessorGeorgios Argyropoulous
SuccessorConstantin Crețulescu
Reignc. October 1818
PredecessorUnattested
SuccessorUnattested
Born(1746-05-03)May 3, 1746
Oltenia?,Wallachia
DiedOctober 8, 1818(1818-10-08)(aged 72)
Bucharest,Wallachia
Burial
Golești
Spouse
Zoița (Zinca) Floreasca
​
​
(died 1804)​
Issue
HouseGolescu (Știrbei)
FatherNicolae Știrbei
MotherAnița Goleasca
ReligionOrthodox

Radu Golescu-Știrbei,historically known asRadulorRăducanul Golescul(Cyrillic:Радꙋ̆л[1]or Ръдуканꙋ̆л Голєскꙋ̆л;[2]3 May 1746 – 8 October 1818), was aWallachianstatesman, entrepreneur and philanthropist; he was the maternal grandson ofSpathariosRadu Leurdeanu Golescu,as well as the father of the writersIordacheandDinicu Golescu.His life, as well as his participation in government, coincided with thePhanariotereigns, byGreekorHellenizedPrincesacting underOttomansuzerainty.Himself educated in Greek, Golescu was a nativeboyar,and, like his sons, tended to side with the early manifestations ofRomanian nationalism;he was especially prone toeconomic nationalism—though he alternated this commitment with episodes of participation in Phanariote spoliation, and was vilified as such by Wallachia's taxpayers. Before his political ascent, he established reputation as a businessman and early capitalist, investing in lucrative exports and helping to expand his family manor inGolești.Especially in his final decade, Golescu reinvested much of his wealth into the social uplift of peasant communities, building several rural schools and sponsoring the printing of books.

Golescu's rise began in the early 1780s, when he took over asSpatharios,also overseeing work on theOld Princely CortofTârgoviște;he remained associated withDâmbovița County,especially as itsIspravnic(sheriff), in which capacity he served until being deposed by the Ottomans in theRusso-Turkish War of 1787.From 1794, he received a role as foreign-policy overseer, or GreatLogothete,and, in 1799–1800, served his first term asGreat BanofOltenia.During these terms, he was also head of a tokenWallachian military forceassisting the Ottomans against the rebellious warlord,Osman Pazvantoğlu.Chased out of the country in 1802, when parts of Wallachia were sacked by Pazvantoğlu, he spent some years in relative isolation, including after his return; his sons also took up politics, climbing into the middle and higher reaches of administrative boyardom. During thewar of 1806–1812,Golescu pledged himself to theRussian Empire,though he was marginalized within the administrative apparatus of Russian-occupied Wallachia. As an adversary of the returning PrinceConstantine Ypsilantis,he opted to go into his second exile, toMoldavia.

Golescu returned to Wallachia under the subsequent reign ofJohn Caradja,who tasked the former Ban with sanitation work, which was supposed to contain theeponymous plague.Rewarded with a second and third terms at the Banship, he was later briefly the Wallachian treasurer (Vistier), in which capacity he supported some of Caradja's most controversial practices. He and Iordache were ultimately sidelined in 1817, following Caradja's definitive clash with the nationalists. Ban Golescu died shortly after, with his funeral being the last public function attended by Caradja, who then fled Wallachia. The junior Golescus endorsed a return to their father's economic policies, trying to obtain support for them during theRegulamentul Organicregime in the 1820s and '30s. Radu's many grandsons embracedliberal radicalism,with most of them playing parts in theWallachian Revolution of 1848.

Biography

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Origins and early life

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Despite his usage of the Golescu surname, Radu was only descended from that family through his mother Anița—she was daughter of Radu Leurdeanu Golescu, who had tried to seize the Wallachian throne for himself during the 1710s, before pledging himself to theHabsburg Monarchy;Anița's brother Constantin had died childless, making Radu Jr an inheritor of the boyar estate.[3]Radu was also the maternal great-great-grandson ofStroe Leurdeanu,one of the major political intriguers of the mid-to-late 17th century.[4]The latter had also built a long-standing manor in Golești, which was the clan's eponymous estate, onMuscel County's southern border.[5]The name of "Golescu" had been used sporadically by various members of the clan, the first one of whom was a 16th-centuryClucer,also named Radu Golescu, who had served PrinceRadu Paisie;it was revived and settled by the early-18th-century Radu, known in some records just as "Radu Leurdeanu".[6]Radu Sr died in 1731 at his home in theBanat of Craiova—namely, Oltenia, which was then administered as a Habsburg province.[7]

The future Great Ban was born on 3 May 1746, from Anița's marriage to Nicolae Șirbei, aPolcovnicin the Wallachian military.[8]Nicolae's father, Ilie, had joined Leurdeanu Golescu in his political endeavors and his eventual exile to Oltenia; at the time of Radu Jr birth, the latter region had been retaken by Wallachia, now under a Phanariote regime.[7]From the Știrbeis, the boy inherited land in Dâmbovița, including the village ofProdulești-Ghinești.[9]Golescu-Știrbei was an educated man by 18th-century standards: probably home-schooled, he preserved his manuscript textbooks, in the Greek original. These show that he was taught geography, geometry, arithmetic,Greek mythology,andAncient Greek literature(with samples ofHesiod,Theocritus,Anacreon,Bion,andPindar).[10]His early political climb was tied to administrative functions in Dâmbovița: he probably first entered the administrative service around August 1782, when, as a titularPaharnicand sheriff (Ispravnic) over the entire Dâmbovița, he was called upon to settle a dispute betweenNucetandStelea Monasteries.[11]

From his marriage to Zoița[12]or Zinca,[13]daughter of Costache Florescu, Golescu-Știrbei had four sons and a daughter. One version of their succession is provided by literary historianMircea Anghelescu:the eldest son, Nicolae, was born in 1772 or 1773, while Gheorghe "Iordache" followed in 1774 or 1775, with their more famous brother, Constandin "Dinicu", being the only one whose full date of birth is recorded (7 February 1777).[12]Historian Vasile Novac indicates sources which identify Iordache's birth year as 1768 or 1770, making him the oldest; he also notes that Radu's one daughter, Ana, became the wife of a Great Ban, Mihalache Racoviță.[13]Another son, Ianache, is almost entirely unknown except for passing records, which suggests that he served as aStolnicand died before 1815[14](though one document may prove that he was alive in 1821).[15]

Radu's political advancement was manifest in 1784, when he becameSpathariosof Wallachia's military.[16]In 1785 his liege,Michael Drakos Soutzos,ordered him to carry out restoration work on theOld Princely CortofTârgoviște—including new frescoes by Popa Ioan Zugravu.[17]An inscription in the princely church, dated August 1785, credits him as a GreatPaharnic(a title he no longer held in January 1786, as shown by his deed to the estate ofFundeni,purchased from Neculae Cocoș).[18]His activities also included surveying the city's property boundaries, settling disputes between boyar Grigore Greceanu and the local burghers.[17]He first held the rank of GreatClucerat some point before August 1786, while still serving as theIspravnicto late 1787.[18]Notes left by Târgoviște burgher Dumitrache al Popii Gheorghe suggest that Golescu was detained by theOttoman Army,which put an end to his tenure ( "I never saw him again" ). Historian Gabriela Nițulescu believes that this refers to theRusso-Turkish War of 1787,when Târgoviște was under an Ottoman military administration, and that the events most likely took place in January or February 1788; she notes that, in March, the newIspravniciwere Greceanu and Ioniță Caramanlău.[19]

Historian Constantin Dinu argues that Golescu was one of the "boyars most interested in developing capitalism, one in the a category of those who set up manufactures and advanced commercial life."[20]Much of his life was spent on accumulating a personal wealth; in his last will, dated to February 1815, he notes:n-am prăpădit [averi], ci încă om adăugat, încât pociu zice că le-am îndoit( "never have I squandered [properties], but have only added to them, so much so that one could say I've doubled them" ).[21]As noted by historianNicolae Iorga,his financial standing was precarious around 1800: he "was mixed up in lots of affairs, and owed quite a lot of debts."[15]Though he lost Fundeni, which was sold back and forth between other families, he compensated with other purchases in Dâmbovița—Dâmbovicioara(July 1787) andGhimpați(before 1815).[22]At some point before 1816, he and his cousin Sandu Golescu set up two watermills (Morile Sandului) at the mouth ofRâul Doamnei,just east ofPitești.[23]Radu was a major producer of honey,beeswax,hay, and maize, which he sold abroad through aTransylvanianmerchant, Constantin Hagi Pop; an employer of skilled immigrant workers, he opened up a number of shops, and an inn, onBucharest'sPodul Calicilor.[24]As Golescu himself put it, the inn had been "bought and refurbished" by him,[13]probably around 1800;[25]it emerged as "one of the city's most important and spacious".[26]

Under Mourouzis, Hangerli, and the Russians

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John Chrysostomappearing inside a clinic, showing treatment of the sick in 18th-century Wallachia. From a 1706 manuscript,Cronica Frățietății

In 1788, Golescu-Știrbei was againClucer.[7]The following year, he participated in the reopening of Târgoviște church, with a ceremony also attended by PrinceNicholas Mavrogenes.[17]AHabsburg invasion in November 1789chased out Mavrogenes, and left the country occupied until 1791. The Habsburgs governed using a revamped version of theBoyar Divan,presided upon byJosias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld;Golescu was assigned to it as aVornic.[27]In December 1793, Golescu asked PrinceAlexander Mourouzisfor approval to donateVieroși Monastery,located on his lands and established by his Leurdeanu ancestors, but curated by theWallachian Orthodox church province,to aGreek Orthodoxmonastery onMount Athos.His request was denied as contrary toWallachian customs,with MetropolitanDositei Filittialso weighing in the fact that Golescu was notagnaticallydescended from Stroe Leurdeanu.[28]By September 1794, Golescu, now a GreatLogothete,[7]was engaged intax farming,and bought from Mourouzis the right to collect winemakers' taxes throughoutArgeș County.He complained to the Prince that he had been cheated on by the debtors; although the vineyards were entirely located inMuntenia,his claim was addressed by an inquiry headed by the Oltenian Banship.[29]Shortly after, thebubonic plagueerupted in Wallachia, with Mourouzis heading the relief and containment effort—in April 1795, Golescu was personally instructed to disinfect parts of Bucharest.[30]According to a court document of July 1795, Bucharest had a Golescu quarter (ormahala), in which Grigorie Bujoreanu and boyar Barbucică acted as the plague wardens.[31]

By January 1796, Golescu had been made GreatVornicof "the Lower Land", in which capacity he collected and distributed funds resulting from the auctioning ofother boyar ranks and titles.[32]In July 1796, during the final stages of Mourouzis' reign, Golescu, alongside members of the Divan such asIenăchiță Văcărescuand Nicolae Filipescu, called for a relaxation of fiscal pressures. They persuaded Mourouzis to denounce theIspravnicifor confiscating crops directly from the tenant farmers, at harvest-time.[33]On 7 August, still a GreatVornic,Golescu stood on a jury that reviewed the land dispute between I. Cioranu and theCatholicmonastery of Târgoviște.[34]Some days before, he had been named caretaker (Epitrop) of the Wallachian hospitals and quarantine facilities, which had been established atDudești.[35]He had various dealings with the eponymous Dudescu boyars, and, around 1801, collected rent for Safta Dudescu's inn.[36]Around that time, he acted as a tutor for his orphaned nephewConstantin Dudescu.The latter alleged that Golescu wanted to have him take religious orders in order to confiscate his estate, and, with help from Habsburg authorities, crossed into Transylvania.[37]Dudescu was financially ruined by this initiative, and returned willingly in 1805, when Golescu again took him into his direct care.[38]

The short-reignedAlexander Ypsilantis(1796–1797) recognized Golescu's merits. By May 1797, he was GreatVornicof the armies (vel vornic al obștirilor[sic]), in which capacity he carried out an inspection of Bucharest'sdrugstores.[39]While serving under the new PrinceConstantine Hangerli(1797–1799), Golescu advanced the cause ofeconomic nationalism—according to Novac, he was inspired to do so by echoes of theFrench Revolution.Specifically, he supported bringing in traders as advisers in the Army Supply Department (Departamentul Epitropiei Obștirilor), also urging Hangerli to curb imports and prop up local factories.[40]His activity at the Department resulted in the co-option as councilors of theAromanianmerchants: Spirea Cazoti, Mihai Chiriță, and Ioan "Ianache" Scufa.[41]At the same time, Golescu endorsed Hangerli's very controversial tax on cowherds, calledvăcărit.[42]He was still seen as a champion for the common man, and asked by the citizens ofPloieștito act as judge at a trial opposing them to the Prince.[43]His expertise in geometry was acknowledged in 1798, when he was asked to draw up a plan ofUlmeniestate, a disputed Ypsilantis fief.[44]In 1800, he commissioned inViennaa world map, which included a smaller map of Wallachia.[45]

At an unspecified moment in 1798, Hangerli was confronted by the threat of a marauding mercenary leader,Osman Pazvantoğlu,who had established a basis south of Wallachia, in theRumelia Eyalet.A consular report by the Habsburg diplomatJoseph Hammersuggests that Golescu was called upon by Hangerli, who appointed himSerasker,to assist a token Wallachian expeditionary force, which supported the Ottoman Empire against the rebels.[46]In 1799, with Mourouzis returning on the throne, Golescu proceeded to address matters of internal trade by establishing a glassmaking factory atȘotângain Dâmbovița, initially staffed byTransylvanian Saxonswho "live[d] in his houses".[47]The "German" staff also included Transylvanian Romanians fromPorumbacu,for whom he provided additional housing.[25]His involvement in land speculation continued in August 1800, when he bought off Scufa's property outsideCurtea Vecheand sold it as allotments to various merchants.[48]

Pitești in the late 18th century, byLuigi Mayer

Golescu first rose to the Great Banship in 1799,[34]and endured as such in 1800, by which time his son, Nicolae (sometimes known asDeli-aga),[49]was theIspravnicof Pitești.[50]Along with other boyars, Radu had to flee from Wallachia in 1802, and lived for a while atKronstadt,in Habsburg Transylvania, where he is known to have been followed by Dinicu. His departure was prompted by Pazvantoğlu, who had stormed into Oltenia.[51]Upon his return (from what was by then theAustrian Empire) in 1804, he focused on expanding his manor in Golești, but also became a benefactor of various schools—including one inSlatina,and another in one inNămăești.[51]Also that year, he was widowed—Zoița died at the family estate inBălcești-Gorj.[52]Possibly around this time, he became personally invested in the education of his younger boys.[53]Iordache and Dinicu received their education at thePrincely Academy,where they became fluent in Greek and possibly French as well; at least from 1804, Dinicu pursued a career in the administrative boyardom, being himself named as theIspravnicof Pitești in March 1811.[54]

Still aVornicunder PrinceConstantine Ypsilantis,in 1805 Golescu ruled exemptions from thetithefor the Bucharest bakers.[55]Theeastern war of 1806brought Wallachia andMoldaviaunder occupation by theRussian Empire,abruptly ending Ypsilantis' first reign. Golescu remained in place, as the third-oldest member of the administrative Divan, and cooperated with the new regime: he andBarbu Văcărescu,together with Ivan Meshchersky, formed an investigative triumvirate which looked into abuse by Ypsilantis' MuntenianIspravnici.[56]In January 1809, alongside other boyars, he signed a letter of recommendation for theDragomanand merchantManuc Bei,describing him as an "honest patriot" who had lent money to the Wallachian state.[57]In August 1811, alongside Isaac Ralet and Mihalache Manu, he petitioned General Steter, who commanded upon the Russian troops in Wallachia, to clamp down on theBulgariansandSerbsofLichireștiin southern Muntenia; these communities had refused to pay government taxes, viewing themselves as under Russia's protection.[58]In May 1808, both he and Văcărescu signed up to a French-language public protest, which asked the new authorities not to cut back on expenditures by eliminating eleven boyar ranks.[59]His own good faith was questioned in Russian sources, with one anonymous report, preserved by theGoverning Senatearchives, calling him "very astute when it comes to business, but immeasurably thirsty for wealth, and mean-spirited."[60]Owing to such verdicts, he was sidelined until February 1812, when he was promoted to the core of the Divan; this was after, and because, some of the boyars had spoken out against Russian policies, and had then been sent into internal exile, vacating their seats.[61]

Under Caradja

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Ypsilantis himself had fled to safety in Transylvania, while some of the boyars freely moved between Austrian and newly Russian-conquered territory; many, including Golescu, denounced Ypsilantis and declared themselves loyal toRussian EmperorAlexander I,moving to Moldavia when Ypsilantis staged his return. In a letter preserved by the Austrian consulate, they defied the Prince, who had invited them back, demanding that Wallachia be placed under a boyar republic with a Russian governor.[62]This project never came to fruition; under thetreaty of Bucharest,Russia allowed the Ottomans and Phanariotes to return as leaders in both Wallachia and Moldavia. Radu's own public career peaked again under PrinceJohn Caradja,who took the throne in late 1812. On 17 October, just as the last Russian troops were leaving Bucharest, Georgios Argyropoulous took over as Caradja's regent (orCaimacam), assigning leading positions in the Divan to Golescu,Grigore D. Ghica,and Constantin Bălăceanu.[63]

Iordache also participated in the national government, as bothStolnicand caretaker of the schools, emerging as a protector ofGheorghe Lazăr,the progressive educationist.[64]In early 1813, Caradja left an official document praising Iordache for his dedication and faith.[65]As noted by literary historianMircea Iorgulescu,Dinicu and Iordache were in fact part of the opposition, a "Golescu party" whereby "the Wallachian boyars, having been turned from soldiers into courtiers," used their influence to undermine Caradja.[66]In July 1813,[67]Radu Golescu was assigned to a boyars' team which tried to contain "Caragea's plague";according to Iorgulescu, this was Caradja's attempt at" buying off "the Golescus.[66]Specifically, he andPostelnicConstantin Suțu reviewed reports of any local outbreaks, also conceiving of a project (never undertaken) to sanitize theDâmbovița Riveron its lower course.[68]In 1815, this experience allowed him to contribute directly towards fundingFilantropia Hospital,alongsideConstantin CaracașandGrigore Brâncoveanu.[44]In June 1813, he endorsed a six-year monopoly for the pharmacist Lorenz Dampner, who had opened up shop onPodul Mogoșoaiei.[69]In August, he and his colleagues ordered ametochion-and-inn on that same street to be used as a provisional hospital.[70]The plague continued to kill Wallachians, including, in September 1813, members of the Great Ban's own household.[71]

In June 1813, Caradja made Radu Golescu his Great Ban, as a replacement for Argyropoulous, but without moving him toCraiova(where he was represented by his ownCaimacam,Constantin Samurcaș). Golescu only served to August, when he was replaced by Constantin Crețulescu—Samurcaș continued in his role to 1815.[72]That same year, Golescu was again attested as GreatVornic,but "of the Upper Land".[50]Before his replacement with Isaac Ralet, he gave a minor regional appointment in Oltenia to the young soldierTudor Vladimirescu,who would later play a major part in the anti-Phanariote struggles.[73]From at least July 1814, Golescu the elder replaced Constantin Filipescu as treasurer (Vistier), serving as such to April 1815, when Filipescu retook the office.[74]In August 1814, he produced a letter of protest in which he claimed that, due to the confiscations and privations of war, Wallachians "no longer have anything".[75]He himself still openly engaged in tax farming, paying Caradja 1 millionthalerfor the privilege of collecting the tithe, as well as taxes on mutton and wine, and making what was reportedly a hefty profit on this deal.[76]Meanwhile, he protected his own retinue from visits by other tax collectors, and, by the time of his death, had registered 188 people as "known to be exempt" (poslușnici știuți).[77]Treasury records noted that the Saxons of Șotânga owned no property of their own, and therefore owed no tax.[22]Golescu instead made a point of collecting personal debts, and had one of his Saxon women-workers, Lisabeta, held in thedebtors' prison.[78]A habitual litigator, he was also a claimant to the estate held by Elena, a member of theGhica family.During his final years, he defended this inheritance with a series of lawsuits, claiming that a banker had stolen Elena's emerald ring, from her deposit, and presented him with a fake.[43]

As reported in letters by Manuc Bei, who was by the Caradja's exiled enemy, this was a time of great corruption and spoliation, to which Golescu acquiesced, having himself paid 600 thaler in bribes for promotion to the office ofVistier.[79]In December 1815, he spent 40,000 thaler on purchasing a Bucharest townhouse previously owned byClucerMihalache Lahovari.[80]In parallel, Dinicu also built himself a townhouse, on land located near Stejarul Church. Competed in 1815, it was the Wallachian example ofcast-iron architecture,and had uniquely large rooms; according to an anecdote relayed byUlysse de Marsillac,Ban Radu was struck by the ambitious project, pointing out to Dinicu that there was no way to ensure its indoor lighting (to which Golescu Jr replied: "Father, I am building for the future" ).[81]The Ban was himself in beautification works, when, in July 1814, he proposed to Caradja that all inhabitants of every seventh home on Podul Mogoșoaiei be forced to maintain a streetlight candle.[82]

During these years, Golescu-Șirbei alternated exploitation with philanthropy. Throughout his final decades, he sponsored the printing of books, including, in 1800, Iordache's papers and, in 1812, Constantin Vardalah's manual of physics.[83]He also financed an edition from Rafail Monahul's book of ethics,Ușa pocăinții.[84]He was additionally a co-ktitoratȚigănești Monasteryin 1812 (alongside Iordache Florescu and Anica Soutzos-Florescu),[85]as well as a benefactor ofArnota Monastery—commissioning in 1817 its silverreliquary,which contains the hand ofMargaret the Virgin.[86]In November 1815, he bought a forest outside Șotânga, which he knew to be frequented byRudaridrifters. He then organized it into a village for both the Rudari and Saxons, calling itGoleasca.[87]It is also possible, but not certain, that the boys' school established by Ban Radu for the peasants of Golești dates back to 1814.[88]

Great Ban Radu's fountain, and dedicatedepigramin Greek, at the family manor inGolești

In late 1816 and early 1817, Caradja directed his persecution among the boyar champions ofRomanian nationalism,being especially harsh on Filipescu, who was exiled. Noting this succession of events, Manuc also informs that Radu and Iordache Golescu were coarsely pressured into conformity by the Prince.[89]Reappointed Great Ban for a while in 1818 (with Grigore Romaniti as theCaimacam),[72]Golescu died on 8 October of that year; the date is remembered for being shortly before Caradja's hurried, and permanent, departure from Wallachia.[88]His body was taken for burial in Golești,[90]though a service was held at Bucharest on 11 October (Old Style:29 September), being the last public function attended by the fugitive Prince.[91]Golescu's last will provided for the upkeep of Wallachia's poor, to whom he transferred revenue from a bridge toll over theArgeș River,as well as that of his three watermills inLeordeni.Fixed sums were also allocated for three funds, one benefiting impoverished boyars, another destitute girls of marrying age, and finally one for ransoming debt-prisoners.[92]He also demanded that a two-bed clinic be organized on his Golești estate, with services provided by the physician of Pitești.[93]

Legacy

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As summarized by scholar Constanța Vintilă-Ghițulescu, Iordache remained "an active participant on the political scene, between the reigns of Princes Caradja andBibescu.Proud of his lineage, theVornic[Golescu] only reserved venom, harsh words of scorn, for any parvenus that made their way into the nobility. "[94]He was left some of his father's core estates, including Leordeni, as well as the main Bucharest inn, whileDeli-agatook over the glassmaking business.[95]Dinicu, who was appointed GreatLogotheteby Caradja's replacementAlexander Soutzos,was bequeathed the Golești manor.[96]He reestablished his father's school there, but was only able to keep it functional toc. 1821,when alarge-scale peasant revoltbroke out in Wallachia, with Vladimirescu as its leader.[97]The latter used the Golescu manor as his last base of operations; this is where he was captured by a rival warlord,Giorgakis Olympios.[98]The three Golescu brothers were committed to the late Ban's economic agenda into the late 1820s, as Wallachia experiencedanother Russian occupation,followed by the Russian-inspiredRegulamentul Organicregime. In his dealings with the new governor,Pavel Kiselyov,Iordache presented a set of proposals for political and social reform. Kiselyov read the project, upon which he struck out the demand for industrial development.[40]In 1810–1820, Golescu's inn on Podul Calicilor was still one of only seven such institutions in Bucharest.[99]Iordache's own failures as an entrepreneur resulted in it being split into two enterprises, auctioned off in 1833 and 1835, respectively. Known as Garni Inn, it was later bought by Johann Kloss.[100]

Ban Golescu is the subject of twoepigrams,which were carved into stone near his fountain in Golești, and which were first translated into Romanian byGeorge Fotinoin 1943. According to Anghelescu, they may in fact be the Ban's own works.[101]Other than contributions by his own sons, he has preserved a legacy inRomanian literaturethrough his mentions inZilot Românul's rhyming chronicle—it depicts him as a servile figure at Hangerli's court.[42]MemoiristIon Ghicaincludes mention of Golescu's unpopularity during his time with Caradja, when regular folk, subjected to harsh taxation policies, circulated a diddle mocking several boyars, including the lineGolescu golește( "Golescu empties" or "Golescu strips one bare" ); as noted in later scholarship, Iordache Golescu also renders this joke in his pamphlets, but without including the two words which addressed his own clan.[102]The Ban's legal quarrels over the emerald ring are also mentioned, and used as a plot device, inNicolae Filimon'sCiocoii vechi și noi( "Upstarts Old and New" ), which is one of the first Romanian novels.[43]

By then, the Ban's sons had noted children of their own. Iordache's six surviving children (from a total 23, born to him from his second wife Maria Bălăceanu)[103]includeAlexandru Golescu-Arăpilă( "Golescu the Arab", or "Golescu the Black" ), a major figure in theWallachian Revolution of 1848.[104]Arăpilă's elder brother, Dimitrie, was apolitical, and published one work of philosophy; he spent his life inSpa,where he had a son, Georges de Golesco, from his marriage to Joséphine Body. A lawyer and novelist, the latter died without heirs, as did his writer sister, Hélène de Golesco.[105]In Wallachia and later in theUnited Principalities,Arăpilă's political efforts were supported by Dinicu's four sons:Ștefan,Radu Constantin,andAlexandru Golescu-Albu.[106]Their sister, Ana (1805–1878), was married to Craiova'sIspravnicAlexandru Racoviță,[107]with whom she lived in Oltenia during the 1830s.[108]Through them, Ban Radu was the maternal great-grandfather of Scottish Romanian artistNicolae Grant,who painted a copy of his ancestor's portrait in 1946.[109]

Dinicu's children and their mother,Zoe Farfara-Golescu,inherited the manor after Dinicu's death, and displayed Radu's original portrait in its dining hall.[110]Abandoned and falling into disrepair, the complex was restored in the early 1940s by theRomanian Kingdom,through the National Co-operative Institute.[111]To the north of that landmark,Morile Sanduluiendured as a name in local topography, despite the watermills being rebuilt in 1834, damaged (most likely by the floods of 1837), and finally discarded around 1870.[112]Although the glass factory was sold by Nicolae in 1827, and much of the surrounding estates similarly lost,Goleascaendures as an informal name for the area outside Șotânga.[113]The Garni Inn was finally condemned and demolished in 1894. Its replacement, the Nierscher Arcade, was itselfdemolished in 1984.[114]

Notes

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  1. ^Marinella Lörinczi Angioni, "Coscienza nazionale romanza e ortografia: il romeno tra alfabeto cirillico e alfabeto latino", inLa Ricerca Folklorica,Issue 5, April 1982, p. 81
  2. ^Manea, p. 141
  3. ^Almaș, p. 78. See also Anghelescu, pp. IX–XI
  4. ^Almaș, pp. 77–78; Fotino, pp. 3–5; Iorga (1906), pp. XLVII–XLVIII; Urechia, p. 34
  5. ^Fotino, pp. 3–4
  6. ^Anghelescu, pp. VI, VIII
  7. ^abcdAnghelescu, p. XI
  8. ^Almaș, p. 78. See also Anghelescu, p. XI; Crutzescu & Teodorescu, p. 256
  9. ^Nițulescu, pp. 161–162
  10. ^Anghelescu, p. XIII. See also Novac, pp. 474–475
  11. ^Nițulescu, pp. 159, 160, 161
  12. ^abAnghelescu, pp. XIV–XV
  13. ^abcNovac, p. 474
  14. ^Anghelescu, p. XV. See also Novac, p. 474
  15. ^abIorga (1906), p. XLVIII
  16. ^Anghelescu, p. XI; Iorga (1906), p. XLVIII
  17. ^abcNițulescu, p. 161
  18. ^abNițulescu, pp. 159, 160–161
  19. ^Nițulescu, pp. 160–161
  20. ^Anghelescu, pp. XI–XII
  21. ^Almaș, p. 78; Anghelescu, p. XII; Fotino, pp. 4–5; Nițulescu, p. 162
  22. ^abNițulescu, p. 162
  23. ^Pănoiu, pp. 58–61
  24. ^Anghelescu, p. XII. See also Iorga (1906), pp. 37, 38, 40, 41, 42; Nițulescu, p. 162; Potra, p. 126; Vintilă-Ghițulescu, p. 266
  25. ^abPotra, p. 126
  26. ^Zamani, p. 202
  27. ^Nicolae Iorga,Ceva despre ocupațiunea austriacă în anii 1789—1791,p. 221. Bucharest etc.:Librăriile Socec & Comp.etc., 1911
  28. ^Urechia, pp. 33–35
  29. ^Urechia, pp. 635–636
  30. ^Urechia, p. 754
  31. ^Urechia, pp. 748–749
  32. ^Urechia, p. 637
  33. ^Urechia, pp. 387–388
  34. ^abNițulescu, p. 159
  35. ^Urechia, pp. 724, 730. See also Anghelescu, p. XIII
  36. ^Potra, p. 118
  37. ^Iorga (1906), pp. XXXVIII–XXIX
  38. ^Iorga (1906), pp. XXIX, XLVIII
  39. ^Angelescu, pp. 38–40
  40. ^abNovac, pp. 486–487
  41. ^Anastase Hâciu,Aromânii: Comerț, Industrie, Arte, Expansiune, Civilizație,p. 468. Focșani: Tipografia Cartea Putnei, 1936
  42. ^abAnghelescu, p. XII; Gane, pp. 157–158
  43. ^abcAnghelescu, p. XII
  44. ^abAnghelescu, p. XIII
  45. ^Novac, p. 475
  46. ^Iorga (1939), p. 78
  47. ^Nițulescu, pp. 159, 162–163. See also Novac, p. 487; Potra, p. 126
  48. ^Potra, p. 180
  49. ^Novac, p. 487
  50. ^abAnghelescu, pp. XI, XIII
  51. ^abAnghelescu, pp. XIV, XVIII
  52. ^Anghelescu, p. XV
  53. ^Almaș, pp. 78, 80
  54. ^Anghelescu, pp. XV–XIX. See also Almaș, p. 80; Crutzescu & Teodorescu, p. 300; Novac, p. 474
  55. ^Ilie Corfus, "Însemnările cronicarului Gr. Andronescu despre vechea gospodărire a Bucureștilor", inBucurești. Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie,Vol. VI, 1968, pp. 132–133
  56. ^Rosetti, pp. 191, 199, 201
  57. ^Iorga (1906), p. 126
  58. ^Pompei Samarian,Istoria orașului Călărași (Ialomița). Dela origine până la anul 1852,pp. 39–40. Bucharest: Institutul de Arte Grafice E. Marvan, 1931.OCLC935464269
  59. ^Rosetti, pp. 297–298
  60. ^Rosetti, p. 199
  61. ^Rosetti, pp. 201, 263
  62. ^Iorga (1939), p. 82
  63. ^Rosetti, p. 269
  64. ^Almaș, pp. 79–80. See also Novac, p. 476–477
  65. ^Novac, p. 475–476
  66. ^abMircea Iorgulescu,"Tudor Vladimirescu și Dinicu Golescu", inRomânia Literară,Issue 50/1978, p. 13
  67. ^Gane, p. 288
  68. ^Gane, p. 290
  69. ^Angelescu, pp. 43–44
  70. ^Crutzescu & Teodorescu, p. 156
  71. ^Ion Nistor,"Ravagiile epidemiilor de ciumă și holeră și instituirea cordonului carantinal la Dunăre", inAnalele Academiei Române. Memoriile Secțiunii Istorice,Vol. XXVII, 1944–1945, p. 367
  72. ^abIoan C. Filitti,"Banii și Caimacamii Craiovei", inArhivele Olteniei,Vol. III, Issue 13, May–June 1924, p. 216
  73. ^"59. 8 iulie 1815", inAndrei Oțeteaet al.(eds.),Documente privind istoria Romîniei. Răscoala din 1821. Vol. I. Documente interne,p. 100. Bucharest:Editura Academiei,1959
  74. ^Ionașcu, p. 59
  75. ^Nicolae Stoicescu, notes toDionisie Eclesiarhul,Hronograf (1764-1815). (Cronicile medievale ale României, X),p. 170. Bucharest:Editura Academiei,1987
  76. ^Columbeanu, p. 580
  77. ^Columbeanu, p. 582
  78. ^Potra, p. 40
  79. ^Ionașcu, p. 66
  80. ^Florian Georgescu, "Regimul construcțiilor în București în deceniile IV–V din sec. al XIX-lea", inBucurești. Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie,Vol. V, 1967, p. 41
  81. ^Crutzescu & Teodorescu, p. 184
  82. ^Crutzescu & Teodorescu, p. 37
  83. ^Anghelescu, pp. XIII–XIV
  84. ^Anghelescu, p. XIII; Manea, pp. 137–138, 141
  85. ^Matei Cazacu, "Droit de patronat et généalogie: le cas de la famille Florescu (XVIe–XIXe siècles)", inHrisovul. Anuarul Facultății de Arhivistică,Vol. XV, 2009, p. 53
  86. ^Gh. N. C., "Monumente istorice. Mănăstirea Arnota zidită de Mateiu Basarab", inViitorul,29 June 1912, p. 1
  87. ^Nițulescu, p. 163
  88. ^abAnghelescu, p. XIV
  89. ^Ionașcu, pp. 77–78
  90. ^Fotino, pp. 5–6
  91. ^Ionașcu, p. 81
  92. ^Anghelescu, p. XIII. See also Almaș, pp. 78–79
  93. ^Almaș, p. 79; Anghelescu, p. XIII; Fotino, p. 5
  94. ^Vintilă-Ghițulescu, p. 60
  95. ^Novac, pp. 474, 487. See also Nițulescu, pp. 163–164; Zamani, pp. 202–203
  96. ^Fotino, pp. 5–7
  97. ^Anghelescu, pp. XIV, XIX; Fotino, p. 11
  98. ^Fotino, pp. 6, 10–11
  99. ^Potra, pp. 34, 126–127
  100. ^Zamani, pp. 202–204. See also Potra, pp. 126–127
  101. ^Anghelescu, p. XIV. See also Fotino, pp. 22–23
  102. ^Vintilă-Ghițulescu, p. 61
  103. ^Novac, pp. 475, 485; Rădulescu, p. 210
  104. ^Almaș, pp. 80, 81; Crutzescu & Teodorescu, pp. 190, 508; Iorga (1906), p. XLIX
  105. ^Rădulescu, pp. 210–211, 217
  106. ^Almaș, p. 81; Crutzescu & Teodorescu, pp. 190, 301; Fotino, pp. 9, 14–17; Vintilă-Ghițulescu, pp. 89–90, 98–99, 112
  107. ^Boțoghină, p. 328
  108. ^Vintilă-Ghițulescu, p. 112
  109. ^Boțoghină, pp. 327–328, 333
  110. ^Fotino, pp. 9–13, 18
  111. ^Fotino,passim
  112. ^Pănoiu, pp. 60–61
  113. ^Nițulescu, pp. 163–164
  114. ^Zamani, pp. 204–207. See also Potra, p. 128

References

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