Rajatarangini
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Stein_Kalhana%27s_Rajatarangini.jpg/220px-Stein_Kalhana%27s_Rajatarangini.jpg)
Rājataraṅgiṇī(Sanskrit:राजतरङ्गिणी,romanized:rājataraṅgiṇī,IPA:[ɾɑː.d͡ʑɐ.t̪ɐˈɾɐŋ.ɡi.ɳiː],"The River of Kings" ) is a metrical legendary and historicalchronicleof the north-western part ofIndian sub-continent,particularly thekingsofKashmir.It was written inSanskritby Kashmiri historianKalhanain the 12th century CE.[3]
List of kings
[edit]Book 1: Gonanda dynasty (I)
[edit]The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years.[4]
Ruler[4] | Notes |
---|---|
Gonanda I | Contemporary ofYudhishthira,a relative ofMagadha's rulerJarasandha(Jarasindhu) (I.59). He was killed byBalarama,the elder brother ofKrishna. |
Damodara I | Killed in a battle by Krishna. |
Yashovati | Wife of Damodara. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. |
Gonanda II | Son of Yashovati and Damodara. Ruled as a minor over Kashmir, during theKurukshetra War.Killed byParikshit.[5] |
35 kings (names lost) |
A manuscript titledRatnakar Puranasupposedly contained these names, and was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim rulerZain-ul-Abidin.The purported original manuscript as well as its translation are now lost. A Muslim historian named Hassan is said to have obtained a copy of the translation, and the later Muslim historians provided a fabricated list of 35 names ending in-Khan.[6]Some sources claim that after Gonanda II was killed, Parikshit handed over Kashmir to his second son Harnadeva. This gave rise to thePandava Dynastyof Kashmir. Harnadeva lost a succession war againstJanamejaya,and so he remained the King of Kashmir. The last ruler was Bhagavanta, who was defeated by Lava in 1752 BCE.[7] |
Lava | A descendant of Gonanda I, who belonged to the Naga Dynasty and defeated King Bhagavanta of the Pandava Dynasty of Kashmir in 1752 BCE. He laid the foundation of Kashmira Naga Dynasty, a sub-division of the Gonanda Dynasty (I). He established a city named Lolora (Lolab) in Kashmir. According to the Rajatarangini, there were 84 lakh stone-walled houses in it. |
Kusheshaya | Son of Lava |
Khagendra | Son of Kushyendra |
Surendra | Son of Khagendra. Surendra was the first Buddhist king of Kashmir who established the Buddhist culture of Saman culture in Kashmir. |
Godhara | Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95) |
Suvarna | Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani |
Janaka | Unsuccessfully invaded Persia |
Shachinara | Died childless |
Ashoka | Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-daySrinagar). In his days, the mlechchhas (foreigners) overran the country, and he tooksannyasa.According to Kalhana's account, this Ashoka would have ruled in the 2nd millennium BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine ofJina,constructedstupasand Shiva temples, and appeasedBhutesha(Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. Despite the discrepancies, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with theMauryanemperorAshoka,who adopted Buddhism.[8]Although "Jina" is a term generally associated withJainism,some ancient sources use it to refer to theBuddha.[9] |
Jalauka(Jaloka) | A staunchShaivite,who constructed severalShivatemples. He rid the country from themlechchhas(foreigners, possiblyGreco-Bactrians).[10] |
Damodara II | Devout Shaivite. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. |
Hushka, Jushka, and Kanishka | Buddhist kings of Turashka origin (according to Kalhana). The third king is identified withKanishkaof theKushan Empire.[11] |
Abhimanyu I | A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the ShaiviteNāgarites prescribed in the holy textNilamata Purana.This angered the Nāgas, who heavily persecuted the Buddhists. To avoid this disorder, the king retired. A Brahmin named Chandradeva restored Shaivite rites by worshipping Shiva. |
Gonanditya dynasty (I)
[edit]The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years.[4]
Ruler | Reign[4] | Ascension year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Gonanda III | 35 years | 1182 BCE | Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. (I.191) He belonged toRama's lineage, and restored the Nāga rites |
Vibhishana I | 53 years, 6 months | 1147 BCE | |
Indrajit | 35 years | 1094 BCE | |
Ravana | 30 years, 6 months | – | AShivalingaattributed to Ravana could still be seen at the time of Kalhana. |
Vibhishana II | 35 years, 6 months | 1058 BCE | |
Nara I (Kinnara) | 40 years, 9 months | 1023 BCE | His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. He tried to abduct a Nāga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. Because of this, the Nāga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. |
Siddha | 60 years | 983 BCE | Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nāga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. |
Utpalaksha | 30 years, 6 months | 923 BCE | Son of Siddha |
Hiranyaksha | 37 years, 7 months | 893 BCE | Son of Utpalaksha |
Hiranyakula | 60 years | 855 BCE | Son of Hiranyaksha |
Vasukula (Mukula) | 60 years | 795 BCE | Son of Hiranyakula. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possiblyHunas) overran Kashmir. |
Mihirakula | 70 years | 735 BCE | According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor wasToramana.Kalhana mentions a king called Toramana, but places him much later, in Book 3.[12]According to Kalhana, Mihirakula was a cruel ruler who ordered killings of a large number of people, including children, women and elders. He invaded theSinhala Kingdom,and replaced their king with a cruel man. As he passed throughChola,Karnataand other kingdoms on his way back to Kashmir, the rulers of these kingdoms fled their capitals and returned only after he had gone away. On his return to Kashmir, he ordered killings of 100 elephants, who had been startled by the cries of a fallen elephant. Once, Mihirakula dreamt that a particular stone could be moved only by a chaste woman. He put this to test: the women who were unable to move the stone were killed, along with their husbands, sons and brothers. He was supported by some immoral Brahmins. In his old age, the king committed self-immolation. |
Vaka (Baka) | 63 years, 18 days | 665 BCE | A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. |
Kshitinanda | 30 years | 602 BCE | The only surviving child of Vaka |
Vasunanda | 52 years, 2 months | 572 BCE | "Originator of the science of love" |
Nara II | 60 years | 520 BCE | Son of Vasunanda |
Aksha | 60 years | 460 BCE | Son of Nara II |
Gopaditya | 60 years, 6 days | 400 BCE | Son of Aksha. Gave lands to Brahmins. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-Sattvic diet); in their place, he brought others from foreign countries. |
Gokarna | 57 years, 11 months | 340 BCE | Son of Gopaditya |
Narendraditya I (Khingkhila) | 36 years, 3 months, 10 days | 282 BCE | Son of Gokarna |
Yudhisthira I | 34 years, 5 months, 1 day | 246 BCE | Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. |
Book 2: Other rulers
[edit]No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source.[12]These kings ruled Kashmir for 192 years.[4]
Ruler | Reign[4] | Ascension year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Pratapaditya I | 32 years | 167 BCE | Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). This Vikramaditya is not same as theVikramadityaof Ujjain, who is mentioned later as a patron of Matrigupta. |
Jalauka | 32 years | 135 BCE | Son of Pratapaditya |
Tungjina I | 36 years | 103 BCE | Shared the administration with his queen. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. After his death, the queen committedsati.The couple died childless. |
Vijaya | 8 years | 67 BCE | From a different dynasty than Tungjina. |
Jayendra | 37 years | 59 BCE | Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10 years. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. |
Sandhimati alias Aryaraja | 47 years | 22 BCE | Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. He filled his court withrishis(sages), and spent his time in forest retreats. Therefore, his ministers replaced him with Meghavahana, a descendant of Yudhishthira I. He willingly gave up the throne. |
Book 3: Restored Gonandiya dynasty
[edit]Ruler | Reign[4] | Ascension year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Meghavahana | 34 years | 25 CE | ![]() |
Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II) | 30 years | 59 CE | Son of Meghavahana |
Hiranya and co-regent Toramana |
30 years, 2 months | 89 CE |
![]() Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. Hiranya died childless. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. This king is identified by some withHunarulerToramana,although his successorMihirakulais placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12] |
Matrigupta | 4 years, 9 months, 1 day | 120 CE | According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) ofUjjayinidefeated theShakas,and made his friend and poet Matrigupta the ruler of Kashmir. After Vikramaditya's death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendaryVikramadityaof Ujjain with the Vardhana EmperorHarsha(c. 606–47 CE).[14]The latter is identified withShiladityamentioned inXuanzang's account. However, according to M. A. Stein, Kalhana's Vikramaditya is another Shiladitya mentioned in Xuanzang's account: a king of Malwa around 580 CE.[15] |
Pravarasena II | 60 years | 125 CE |
![]() |
Yudhishthira II | 39 years, 8 months | 185 CE | Son of Pravarasena |
Narendraditya I (Lakshmana) | 13 years | 206 CE | Son of Yudhishthira II and Padmavati |
Ranaditya I (Tungjina III) | 300 years | 219 CE |
![]() |
Vikramaditya | 42 years | 519 CE | Son of Ranaditya |
Baladitya | 36 years, 8 months | 561 CE | Younger brother of Vikramaditya. He subdued several enemies. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from AshvaghamaKayasthacaste. |
Book 4: Karkota dynasty
[edit]Ruler | Reign[4] | Ascension year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Durlabhavardhana(Prajnaditya) | 38 years | 598 CE | ![]() |
Durlabhaka (Pratapaditya II) | 60 years | 634 CE | Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. |
Chandrapida (Vajraditya I) | 8 years, 8 months | 694 CE | Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. |
Tarapida (Udayaditya) | 4 years, 24 days | 703 CE | Younger brother of Chandrapida. |
Muktapida(Lalitaditya I) | 36 years, 7 months, 11 days | 703 CE | Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during the 8th century. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating theKambojas,he immediately faced theTusharas.The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in westernTibetnorth of Kashmir, then the Daradas inKarakoram/Himalaya,the Valukambudhi and then he subdues Strirajya, theUttar Kuru/Western Chinaand thePragjyotisharespectively (IV.165–175). According to some historians, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Muktapida.[18][19] |
Kuvalayapida | 1 year, 15 days | 739 CE | Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. His short reign was marked by a succession struggle with his half-brother Vajraditya II. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. |
Vajraditya II(Bappiyaka / Vappiyaka / Lalitaditya II) | 7 years | 746 CE | ![]() |
Prithivyapida I | 4 years, 1 month | 750 CE | Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. |
Sangramapida I | 7 days | 750 CE | Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week. |
Jayapida (Vinayaditya); Jajja | 31 years; 3 years | 781 CE | Youngest son of Vajradjtya II. He erected a monument atPrayaga,which existed at Kalhana's time. His wife Kalyanadevi was the daughter of Jayanta, the kingPundravardhanainGauda region.Jayapida subdued five kings of Gauda, and made them vassals of his father-in-law. On his way back to Kashmir, he also defeated the king ofKanyakubja.While Jayapida was in Gauda, his brother-in-law usurped the throne in Kashmir. After three years of ruling Kashmir, Jajja was killed by Shrideva, a supporter of Jayapida. Jayapida became the king once again, and patronized scholars. He waged wars against Bhimasena of the East and Aramuri ofNepala.In both instances, he was first imprisoned by the enemy king, but managed to escape and defeated the enemy. During the last years of his reign, he imposed excessive taxes on advice of Kayasthas, and treated his subjects cruelly. He died because of a curse by a Brahmin. |
Lalitapida | 12 years | 793 CE | Son of Jayapida and Durgi. He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties. |
Sangramapida II (Prithivyapida II) | 7 years | 805 CE | Son of Jayapida and Kalyana. |
Chippatajayapida (Brhspati / Vrihaspati) | 12 years | 812 CE | Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. |
Ajitapida | 37 years | 830 CE | Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. |
Anangapida | 3 years | 867 CE | Son of Sangramapida II. Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. |
Utpalapida | 2 years | 870 CE | Son of Ajitapida. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. Deposed by the minister Shura. |
Book 5: Utpala dynasty (Part-I)
[edit]Ruler | Reign | Ascension year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Avantivarman | 855 CE | Son of Sukhavarman. Made king by the minister Shura. Established the city ofAvantipura | |
Shankaravarman | 883 CE | According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. | |
Gopalavarman | 2 years | 902 CE | Son of Shankaravarman; ruled with help of his mother Sugandha; Murdered |
Sankata | 10 days | 904 CE | Brother of Gopalavarman, died soon after ascending the throne |
Sugandha | 2 years | 904 CE | Became queen after the death of all male heirs. Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. |
Partha | 906 CE | 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins | |
Nirjitavarman | 921 CE | Half-brother of Avantivarman. | |
Chakravarman | 922 CE | Purchased the throne from the Tantrins | |
Shuravarman I | 1 year | 933 CE | Purchased the throne from the Tantrins |
Partha (2nd reign) | 934 CE | Purchased the throne from the Tantrins | |
Chakravarman (2nd reign) | 935 CE | Purchased the throne from the Tantrins | |
Shankaravardhana (or Shambhuvardhana) | 935 CE | Purchased the throne from the Tantrins | |
Chakravarman (3rd reign) | 936 CE | Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. An unpopular king, he was killed. | |
Unmattavanti ( "Mad Avanti" ) | 937 CE | Son of Partha. Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death. | |
Shuravarman II | 939 CE | Sonf of Unmattavanti |
Book 6: Utpala dynasty (Part-II)
[edit]Ruler | Ascension year | Notes |
---|---|---|
Yashaskara-deva | 939 CE | ![]() |
Varnata | 948 CE | |
Sangramadeva (Sanggrama I) | 948 CE | Murdered by thedivira(clerk or writer) Parvagupta, who had become a regent-minister |
Parvagupta | 948 CE | Strong but unpopular ruler |
Kshemagupta | 950 CE | Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of theLohara dynasty). Didda and/or her relatives ran the administration. |
Abhimanyu II | 958 CE | Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. Died young. |
Nandigupta | 972 CE | Didda's grandson, deposed by her |
Tribhuvanagupta | 973 CE | Didda's grandson, deposed by her |
Bhimagupta | 975 CE | Didda's grandson, deposed by her |
Didda | 980 CE | Wife of Kshemagupta
After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (980–1003 CE) placedSamgrāmarāja,son of her brother on the throne, starting theLohara dynasty. |
Book 7: First Lohara dynasty
[edit]Ruler | Reign[4] | Ascension year | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Sangramaraja (Samgramaraja / Kshamapati) | 1003 CE | Nephew of Didda. Ascended the throne after her death, beginningLohara dynasty's rule over Kashmir | |
Hariraja | 22 days | 1028 CE | |
Ananta-deva | 1028 CE | Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara | |
Kalasha (Ranaditya II) | 1063 CE | Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed bysati-suicide by his mother. His son Harsha revolted against him, and was imprisoned. | |
Utkarsha | 22 days | 1089 CE | Second son of Kalasha. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide |
Harsha | died in 1101 CE | ![]() |
Book 8: Second Lohara dynasty
[edit]Ruler[4] | Notes |
---|---|
Uchchala | Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. Murdered by Radda. |
Radda (Shankharaja) | Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara |
Salhana | Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. |
Sussala | Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support |
Bhikshachara | Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. Brought up byNaravarman,the king ofMalava.Deposed Sussala. |
Sussala (2nd reign) | Within 6 months of Bhikshachara's ascension, Sussala recovered his capital, leading to a civil war |
Jayasimha (Sinha-deva) | Sussala's son. In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. |
Evaluation
[edit]Literary
[edit]Kalhana was an educated and sophisticatedSanskritscholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style.[20]
Historical reliability
[edit]Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books ofRajatarangini.For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years.Toramanais clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier.[21]Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors.[22]
Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests ofLalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]
Sequels
[edit]- Rājataraṅgiṇīby Jonarāja
- During the reign of Zain-ul-Abidin,Jonarājaauthored a sequel by the same name. Also known asDvitīyā Rājataraṅgiṇī( "second Rajatarangini" ), it gives an account of Kashmir from c. 1148 CE to 1459 CE.[23]
- Jaina-Rājataraṅgiṇīby Śrīvara
- After Jonarāja's death in 1459, his discipleŚrīvara Paṇḍitacontinued his work. He titled his workJaina-Rājataraṅgiṇī,and it is also known asTṛtīyā Rājataraṅgiṇī( "third Rājataraṅgiṇī" ). It gives an account of Kashmir from 1451 CE to 1486 CE.[24]
- Rājāvalipatākāby Prājyabhaṭṭa
- Prājyabhaṭṭa'sRājāvalipatākāgave an account of Kashmir from 1486 to 1513. His work is lost.[25]
- Caturthī Rājataraṅgiṇīby Śuka
- Śuka continued Prājyabhaṭṭa's lost work, resulting in theCaturthī Rājataraṅgiṇī( "fourth Rājataraṅgiṇī" ). It begins after the end of Bhaṭṭa Prājya’s Rājāvalipatākā in 1513, while Fatḥ Šāh was still exercising his second reign, and ends in 1597 with the construction of the Naganagarī city fort just before Emperor Akbar’s third visit to Śrīnagara.[25]
Translations
[edit]APersiantranslationofRajataranginiwas commissioned byZain-ul-Abidin,who ruled Kashmir in the 15th century CE.
Horace Hayman Wilsonpartially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titledThe Hindu History of Kashmir(published inAsiatic ResearchesVolume 15). Subsequent English translations of Kalhana'sRajataranginiinclude:
- Rajatarangini: The Saga of the Kings of Kashmirby Ranjit Sitaram Pandit (The Indian Press, Allahabad; 1935)
- Kings of Kashmira(1879) by Jogesh Chandra Dutt
- Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of KaśmirbyMarc Aurel Stein
- In the Guise of Poetry — Kalhaṇa Reconsidered.In: Śāstrārambha. Inquiries into the Preamble in Sanskrit. Edited by Walter Slaje. Preface by Edwin Gerow. (AKM 62). Wiesbaden 2008: 207–244.
- Slaje, Walter (2014).Kingship in Kaśmīr (AD 1148–1459). From the Pen of Jonarāja, Court Paṇḍit to Sulṭān Zayn al-'Ābidīn(PDF).Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis. Vol. 7. University of Halle-Wittenberg.Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps.[1]
- Slaje, Walter (2022).Kaschmir unter den Šāhmīrīden. Śrīvaras Jaina- und Rājataraṅgiṇī, A.D. 1451–1486.Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis (in German). Vol. 20. University of Halle-Wittenberg.Four contemporary historical lives of rulers of an Indo-Persian sultanate. Newly published with annotated translation.[2]
- Slaje, Walter (2023).Kaschmir im 16. Jahrhundert. Vom unabhängigen Sultanat zur mogulischen Annexion (Śukas Rājataraṅgiṇī, A. D. 1513–1597)(PDF).Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis (in German). Vol. 27. University of Halle-Wittenberg.Republished with an annotated translation.[3]
Translations in other languages include:
- RajataranginiwithHindicommentary by Ramtej Shastri Pandey (Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 1985)
- Rajatarangini of Kalhana,edited by Vishwa Bandhu (1963–65); a later addition includes the texts of Jonaraja, Srivara and Suka (1966–67)
- Rajatarangini,Hindi translation by Pandit Gopi Krishna Shastri Dwivedi
- Histoire Des Rois Du Kachmir: Rajatarangini,Frenchtranslation by M. Anthony Troyer
- Rajatarangini,Urdutranslation by Pandit Thakar Acharchand Shahpuriah
- Rajatarangini,Telugutranslation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry
Adaptations
[edit]Several books containing legendary stories fromRajataranginihave been compiled by various authors. These include:
- S.L. Sadhu'sTales from the Rajatarangini(1967)[26]
- Devika Rangachari'sStories from Rajatarangini: Tales of Kashmir(2001)
- Anant Pai'sAmar Chitra Kathaseries:
- Chandrapeeda and other Tales of Kashmir(1984)
- The Legend of Lalitaditya: Retold from Kalhana's Rajatarangini(1999)
A television series based onRajatarangininamedMeerasbegan in 1986 inDoordarshan,Srinagar.
See also
[edit]- Chach Nama,similar treatise aboutSindh
Notes
[edit]- ^Obverse:ShivaPashupati( "Lord of the Beasts" ), making a mudra gesture with right hand and holding filleted trident; behind, a lioness or tiger. Trace of legendMeghana...in Brahmi.Reverse:Goddess seated facing on lotus, holding lotus in both hand,Kidaramonogram to left,Jayain Brahmi to right.
- ^Obverse:Standing king with two figured seated below. Name "Pravarasena".Reverse:goddess seated on a lion. Legend "Kidāra".
References
[edit]- ^Stein, Aurel (1900).Kalhana's Rajatarangini Vol 1.
- ^Stein, Aurel (1900).Kalhanas Rajatarangini,vol.2.Motilal Banarsidass.
- ^"Rajatarangini"Encyclopædia Britannica.Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 17 December 2011.
- ^abcdefghijStein 1979,pp. 133–138.
- ^"Gonanda Dynasty".Kashmir Through Ages.Retrieved15 January2024.
- ^Raina 2013,p. 260.
- ^"Pandav Dynasty".Kashmir Through Ages.Retrieved15 January2024.
- ^Guruge 1994,pp. 185–186.
- ^Lahiri 2015,pp. 378–380.
- ^Guruge 1994,p. 130.
- ^Pandit, Ranjit Sitaram (1935).River Of Kings (rajatarangini).p.23I68-.
- ^abcdStein 1979,p. 65.
- ^abcdCribb, Joe (2016)."Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage – A New Hoard and An Anomaly".Numismatic Digest.40.
- ^D. C. Sircar (1969).Ancient Malwa And The Vikramaditya Tradition.Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 111.ISBN978-8121503488.Archived fromthe originalon 17 June 2016.
- ^Stein 1979,p. 66.
- ^Stein 1989,pp. 439–441.
- ^Majumdar, R. C., ed. (1981).A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1. A.D. 300–985.People's Publishing House. p. 30.
The dynasty which he founded ruled for more than two centuries, from c. A.D. 625 to 855 (see Appendix I). Kalhaņa tells us little about Durlabha-vardhana except that he built a temple of Vishņu and granted two villages to Brāhmaṇas. (...) The mixed metal coins bearing the legend Sri Durlabha on the obverse and jayati Kidāra on the reverse, belong to this monarch.
- ^abChadurah 1991,p. 45.
- ^abHasan 1959,p. 54.
- ^Kalhana – Makers of Indian Literature.IDE087 by Somnath Dhar Paperback (Edition: 1998)
- ^A history of Sanskrit literaturebyArthur Berriedale Keith,Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1993;ISBN81-208-0979-3,ISBN978-81-208-0979-6
- ^Stein 1979,p. 69.
- ^Slaje 2014,p. 29.
- ^Slaje 2022.
- ^abSlaje 2023.
- ^Machwe, Prabhakar, and Samyukta. 1969.Indian Literature12 (2). Sahitya Akademi: 72–74.
Bibliography
[edit]- Dutt, Jogesh Chandra (1879).Kings of Káshmíra.Trübner & Co.
- Stein, Marc Aurel (1979) [1900]. "Chronological and Dynastic Tables of Kalhana's Record of Kasmir Kings".Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir.Vol. 1. Motilal Banarsidass.ISBN978-81-208-0368-8.
- Sharma, Tej Ram (2005).Historiography: A History of Historical Writing.Concept.ISBN978-81-8069-155-3.
- Hasan, Mohibbul (1959).Kashmir Under the Sultans.Aakar.ISBN9788187879497.
- Guruge, Ananda(1994). Nuradha Seneviratna (ed.).King Asoka and Buddhism: Historical and Literary Studies.Buddhist Publication Society.ISBN978-955-24-0065-0.
- Chadurah, Haidar Malik (1991).History of Kashmir.Bhavna Prakashan.
- Stein, Marc Aurel (1989).Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir.Motilal Banarsidass.ISBN978-81-208-0370-1.
- Raina, Mohini Qasba (2013).Kashur The Kashmiri Speaking People.Partridge.ISBN9781482899450.
- Lahiri, Nayanjot (2015).Ashoka in Ancient India.Harvard University Press.ISBN978-0-674-91525-1.
- Prithivi Nath Kaul Bamzai(1994).Culture and Political History of Kashmir: Medieval Kashmir.ISBN9788185880310.
External links
[edit]- Rajatarangini of Kalhana– English translation by Jogesh Chunder Dutt
- Rajatarangini: The Saga of The Kings of Kasmir– English translation by Ranjit Sitaram Pandit
- Rajatarangini and the Making of India's Past– Webcast of a talk by Chitralekha Zutshi