Jump to content

Ratnasimha

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ratnasimha
Maharajakula
Rawal
King ofMewar
Reignc.1302–26 August 1303
PredecessorSamarasimha
SuccessorDevpal
SpouseNagmati
Padmini
(according toPadmavat)
DynastyGuhila
FatherSamarasimha
ReligionHinduism
Chittor Fortwas the capital of Mewar and is located in the present-day town of Chittorgarh

Ratnasimha(IAST:Ratna-Siṃha, r. c. 1302–03 CE) was a ruler of theKingdom of Mewarin present-dayRajasthan,India.He belonged to the Rawal branch of theGuhiladynasty, which ruled from the Chitrakuta fort (modernChittorgarh). The last ruler of this branch, he was defeated byAlauddin Khaljiduring theSiege of Chittorgarh in 1303CE.

The Rajasthani legends mention him as theRajputrulerRawalRatan Singh.A fictionalized version of him appears asRatan SeninMalik Muhammad Jayasi'sPadmavat.According to this poem, Alauddin Khalji attacked Chittorgarh to obtain his beautiful wifeRani Padmini;Alauddin captured the fort after Ratan Sen died in a combat with king Devpal ofKumbhalner;subsequently, Padmini and other women committedJauharto protect their honour. The historicity of this legend is disputed.

Ascension[edit]

Map
Delhi and Chittor in present-day India

Ratnasimha succeeded his fatherSamarasimhaas theGuhilaruler ofMewararound 1302 CE.[1]He belonged to the Rawal branch of the family, which ruled from Chitrakuta fort (now known asChittorgarh).[2]

Ratnasimha is attested by the 1302 CE (1359VS)Daribatemple inscription, which records a gift of 16drammas(coins) to the temple during his reign.[3][4]The inscription mentions his title asMaharajakula(which appears asMaharawalin colloquial literature).[5]

A few coins issued by Ratnasimha have also been discovered.[6]

Defeat against Alauddin Khalji[edit]

Main article:Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)
See also:List of wars between the Kingdom of Mewar and the Delhi Sultanate

In 1303,Alauddin Khalji,theSultan of Delhi,invaded Chittor. After reaching the foot of the Chittor hill, two wings of his army attacked the fort from two different sides. After two months of unsuccessful siege, the attackers pelted stones on the fort usingmanjaniqs (mangonels), but still failed to capture the fort. Finally, on 26 August 1303, the invaders managed to enter the fort.[7][8]

Fate after defeat[edit]

According toAmir Khusrau,who claims to have entered the fort with Alauddin, the ruler ( "Rai" ) of Chittor surrendered to Alauddin. The Delhi Sultan massacred 30,000 other Hindus, but pardoned the ruler and his family. He assigned the fort to his young son Khizr Khan with Malik Shahin as the actual administrator, renamed it to Khizrabad, and then returned to Delhi.[9]

On the day the yellow-faced Rai sought refuge in the red canopy from fear of the green swords, the great Emperor (May his prosperity continue!) was still crimson with rage. But when he saw the vegetarian Rai trembling with fear, like the trampled and withered grass under the Imperial tent — though the Rai was a rebel, yet the breeze of royal mercy did not allow any hot wind to blow upon him. All the storm of the Emperor's wrath vented itself against the other rebels. He ordered that wherever a green Hindu was found, he was to be cut down like dry grass. Owing to this stern order, thirty thousand Hindus were slain in one day. It seemed that the meadows of Khizrabad had grown men instead of grass.

Amir Khusrau'sKhazain ul-Futuh[10]

Khusrau's account is also corroborated by the 14th century Muslim chroniclersZiauddin BaraniandIsami.[11]HistorianBanarsi Prasad Saksenabelieves that Khusrau's account is correct.[9]Kishori Saran Lal,on the other hand, doubts this account, arguing that it seems improbable that Alauddin spared the life of Chittor's ruler while ordering a massacre of 30,000 other Hindus.[12]

The Jain writer Kakka Suri, in hisNabhinandana-Jinoddhara-Prabandha(1336 CE) states:[13]

He [Alauddin] captured the lord of Citrakūṭa fort, took away his property, and made him move like a monkey from one city to another.

Nabhi-nandana-jinoddhara-prabandhaby Kakka Suri (1336)

According to historianDasharatha Sharma,this suggests that the ruler of Chitrakuta (IAST:Citrakūṭa i.e. Chittor) survived the siege, and corroborates the accounts of the Muslim chroniclers.[13]

The earliest Hindu account of the event is theKumbhalgarhprashasti(eulogistic inscription) of 1460 CE.[14]This inscription was issued byKumbhakarnaof the Guhila family'sRana branch,who were a rival of Ratnasimha's Rawal branch. The inscription states:[7][15]

That ruler [Samarasiṃha] with all his sins removed by the worship ofMaheśabecame the lord ofsvarga,after entrusting the defence of Mount Chitrakuta to his son Ratnasiṃha. When he [Ratnasiṃha] had departed, Lakṣmasiṃha of the family of Khummana defended that excellent fort, (for) even though the established traditions of the family be forsaken by cowards, those who are valorous and steady do not give up their pursuit. Having thus destroyed his enemies in battle, he [Lakṣmasiṃha] died purified by weapons while defending Chitrakuta.

Kumbhalgarhinscription ofKumbhakarna

The inscription mentions the title of Ratnasimha and his predecessors as "Rāula",thus indicating that they belonged to the Rawal branch. However, Lakshmasimha (IAST:Lakṣmasiṃha) is explicitly called a "Mahārāṇā",thus indicating that he belonged to the Rana branch.[16]

The word "departed" (tasmin gateinSanskrit) in this verse has been variously interpreted as "died" or "deserted the defenders".[17]HistorianGaurishankar Hirachand Ojhainterpreted this verse to suggest that Ratnasimha bravely fought till death.[18]Some other scholars such as Kalika Ranjan Qanungo and R. B. Haldar also accepted Ojha's translation.[19]

However, according to other historians such as Akshay Kirti Vyas andR. C. Majumdar,the verse means that Ratnasimha cowardly fled from the battlefield.[18][20]Subimal Chandra Datta points out that while describing the death of Lakshmasimha, the inscription states that he "departed for heaven". But while describing Ratnasimha's departure, it simply mentions that he "departed". This, combined with the surrender of the "Rai" described in the Muslim accounts, suggests that Ratnasimha departed from the battlefield and surrendered to Alauddin.[19]

The 16th centuryPadmavatlegend claims that Ratnasimha ( "Ratan Sen" ) died in a combat with the ruler ofKumbhalner,before Alauddin's conquest of the fort.[21]The 17th century chroniclerMuhnot Nainsiin hisNainsi ri Khyat,who wrote under Rajput patronage, states that Ratnasimha ( "Ratan Singh" ) died on the battlefield.[12]

The legend of Padmini[edit]

Main article:Rani Padmini
Padmini's purported palace
An 1878 painting
A 2010 photograph

A legendary account of Ratan Singh (as Ratan Sen) appears inMalik Muhammad Jayasi's 16th century epic poemPadmavat.According to this account, he married theSinhalaprincessPadminiafter aquest.Alauddin Khalji invaded Chittor to obtain Padmini, after hearing of her beauty. Ratan Sen was captured by the Delhi forces, but his Rajput warriors rescued him on Padmini's request. While he was in captivity, his Rajput neighbour - Devpal ofKumbhalner- sent a marriage proposal to Padmini. Ratan Sen fought with Devpal to avenge this insult, and the two Rajput kings killed each other in asingle combat.Alauddin then invaded Chittor, but before he could capture the fort, Padmini (Padmavati) and other women immolated themselves.[22]

Several adaptions of thePadmavatlegend appeared in the later years.[23]The 16th century historiansFirishtaand Haji-ud-Dabir were among the earliest writers to mention Padmini as a historical figure, but their accounts differ with each other and with that of Jayasi. For example, according to Firishta, Padmini was a daughter (not wife) of Ratan Sen.[24]Some other medieval legends written under Rajput patronage state that the contemporary ruler of Chittor was Lakhamsi (Lakshmasimha), and Ratan Sen (Ratnasimha) was his younger brother. Another version, compiled byJames Tod,states that Padmini was the wife of Lakhamsi's uncle Bhimsi (Bhimasimha); this version does not mention Ratan Sen at all.[25]

Historicity[edit]

Historian Kalika Ranjan Qanungo, in hisA Critical Analysis of the Padmini Legend(1960), proposed that there were actually four distinct people with similar names. According to him, the medieval bards confused and linked these four individuals:[6][26]

  1. Ratnasimha, the Guhila ruler mentioned in the Kumbhalgarh inscription
  2. Ratnasen, mentioned as Ratan Sen inPadmavat;he was actually a ruler ofChitrakootin modern Uttar Pradesh, not Chittor in Rajasthan
  3. Ratna, the son of Kshema; he and another warrior named Bhimasimha were killed in a battle at the foot of the Chittor hill
  4. Ratnasimha, the son of theChahamanarulerHammira.Lakshmasimha, the ruler of Chittor, gave him shelter at Chittor, prompting Alauddin to attack Chittor

Other historians, such as Jogendra Prasad Singh (1964)[27]and Ram Vallabh Somani (1976)[26]have criticized Qanungo's theory based on the following points:

  • The Guhila king Ratnasimha and the Ratan Sen ofPadmavatcannot be different persons, given that both are described as kings of Chittor who were defeated by Alauddin Khalji. Jayasi names the father of Ratan Sen as a person other than Samarasimha, but according to Singh this is simply a mistake, resulting from the fact that Jayasi wrote over 200 years later.[28]
  • Ratan Sen ofPadmavatcould not have been a king of present-day Uttar Pradesh, because the text explicitly refers to Chittor of Mewar region, describing Kumbhalgarh as its neighbour.[26]
  • Ratna, the son of Kshema, could not have fought against Alauddin: his death is mentioned in a 1273 CE inscription, while Alauddin ascended the throne only in 1296 CE.[28]There is no evidence that Bhimasimha, the person who died fighting alongside him, is same as the Bhim Singh mentioned in the bardic legends.[28]
  • It is a mere conjecture that Alauddin attacked Chittor because Lakshmasimha sheltered Hammira's son Ratnasimha. The source for this claim is Surajmal'sVaṃśabhāskara,which is a 19th-century work based on historically unreliable bardic tales. None of the contemporary sources suggest that Hammira had a son named Ratnasimha.[29]Hammira Mahakavya,the earliest biography of Hammira, states that Hammira appointed his minister Jajadeva as the ruler of his kingdom before marching to the battle with Alauddin. If Hammira had a son, he would have appointed his own son (rather than Jajadeva) as his successor. Moreover, Hammira had invaded Chittor in the past, and the relations between the two kingdoms were not cordial enough for Chittor to grant shelter to Hammira's son.[30]

Most modern historians have rejected the authenticity of the Padmini legend.[31]

Regarding the historicity of Padmini's story, historian S. Roy wrote inThe History and Culture of the Indian Peoplethat "......Abu-'l Fazldefinitely says that he gives the story of Padminī from "ancient chronicles", which cannot obviously refer to thePadmāvat,an almost contemporary work....... it must be admitted that there is no inherent impossibility in the kernel of the story of Padminī devoid of all embellishments, and it should not be totally rejected off-hand as a myth. But it is impossible, at the present state of our knowledge, to regard it definitely as a historical fact. "[32]

In popular culture[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Upendra Nath Day 1978,p. 5: "He died in 1302 A.D. leaving Mewar to his son Ratnasimha (1302-1303 A.D.) to face the brunt of the Khalji attack."
  2. ^Dasharatha Sharma 1956,p. 97.
  3. ^P. K. Mishra 1996,p. 115: "The Dariba temple inscription, dated V.S. 1359 records the gift of 16 drammas to the temple when the Maharajakula Ratnasimha was ruling over Medapata."
  4. ^Manjit Singh Ahluwalia 1978,p. 93: "…his rule over Chitor is conclusively proved by the Darībā inscription of Māgh Sudī 5, 1359/1301 A.D., already noted, which designates him Medāpatmanḍale Mahārajākula Śri Ratna Siṃha kalyān vijay rājye…"
  5. ^Kalyan Kumar Ganguli 1983,p. 120: "...the ruling prince Ratna Simha is found to have been qualified in his inscription as a Maharajakula coloqualised as Maharawal."
  6. ^abJogendra Prasad Singh 1964,p. 95.
  7. ^abRajendra Singh Kushwaha 2003,p. 273.
  8. ^Subimal Chandra Datta 1931,pp. 291–292.
  9. ^abBanarsi Prasad Saksena 1992,p. 368.
  10. ^Mohammad Habib 1981,p. 189.
  11. ^Aditya Behl 2012,p. 177.
  12. ^abKishori Saran Lal 1950,p. 120.
  13. ^abDasharatha Sharma 1956,pp. 96–98.
  14. ^Subimal Chandra Datta 1931,p. 288.
  15. ^Manjit Singh Ahluwalia 1978,p. 96.
  16. ^Akshaya Keerty Vyas 1937,p. 313.
  17. ^Dasharatha Sharma 1970,pp. 39–40.
  18. ^abAkshaya Keerty Vyas 1937,pp. 313–314.
  19. ^abSubimal Chandra Datta 1931,p. 293.
  20. ^Ramesh Chandra Majumdar 1977,p. 343.
  21. ^Ramya Sreenivasan 2007,p. 209.
  22. ^Ramya Sreenivasan 2007,pp. 207–209.
  23. ^Ramya Sreenivasan 2007,p. 2-3.
  24. ^Syama Prasad Basu 1963,p. 139-141.
  25. ^Ramya Sreenivasan 2007,pp. 139–140.
  26. ^abcRam Vallabh Somani 1976,p. 94.
  27. ^Jogendra Prasad Singh 1964,pp. 95–96.
  28. ^abcJogendra Prasad Singh 1964,p. 96.
  29. ^Jogendra Prasad Singh 1964,p. 99.
  30. ^Jogendra Prasad Singh 1964,p. 100.
  31. ^Satish Chandra 2004,p. 89.
  32. ^R. C. Majumdar;A. D. Pusalker; A. K. Majumdar, eds. (1967).History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06,The Delhi Sultanate.Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 26–27.Retrieved15 November2021.
  33. ^Guy, Randor (13 June 2015)."Chitoor Rani Padmini (1963)".The Hindu.Retrieved23 November2017.
  34. ^Khateeb, Almas (21 November 2017)."Shyam Benegal on How He Shot 'Padmavati' for 'Bharat Ek Khoj'".TheQuint.Retrieved22 April2022.
  35. ^Shah, Shravan (25 September 2017)."Rohit Bakshi who played Raja Ratan Singh before Shahid reacts to the new Padmavati poster".TimesNow.Retrieved8 January2018.
  36. ^Palat, Lakshana N (21 November 2017)."Padmavati row: Who was Rani Padmavati's husband Maharawal Ratan Singh?".India Today.Retrieved24 January2018.

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ratnasimha&oldid=1234335940"