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Record Plant

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Record Plant
The Plant
The former Record Plant studio inSausalito,California
Address1032 N. Sycamore Ave, Los Angeles, California 90038
321 W 44th St, New York City, New York 10036
2200 Bridgeway, Sausalito, California 94965
LocationNew York City,New York,US (1968–1987)
Los Angeles,California,US (1969–present)
Sausalito,California,US (1972–2008)
TypeRecording studio

TheRecord Plantis arecording studioestablished inNew York Cityin 1968 and currently operating inLos Angeles,California.Known for innovations in the recording artists' workspace, it has produced highly influential albums, including theNew York Dolls'New York Dolls,Bruce Springsteen'sBorn To Run,Blondie'sParallel Lines,Metallica'sLoadandReload,the Eagles'Hotel California,Fleetwood Mac'sRumours,Eminem'sThe Marshall Mathers LP,Guns N' Roses'Appetite for Destruction,andKanye West'sThe College Dropout.More recent albums with songs recorded at Record Plant includeLady Gaga'sARTPOP,D'Angelo'sBlack Messiah,Justin Bieber'sPurpose,Beyoncé'sLemonade,andAriana Grande'sThank U, Next.

The studio was founded in 1968 in New York City byGary KellgrenandChris Stone,who opened a Los Angeles branch the following year and aSausalito, California,location in 1972. During the 1980s, they sold the New York and Sausalito studios; the former closed in 1987, the latter in 2008. The Los Angeles studio remains in operation. As of 2024, the Sausalito recording site operates as "2200 Studios".

The Record Plant in New York was the first studio to give recording artists a comfortable, casual environment rather than the clinical setting that was normal practice through the 1960s. Kellgren and Stone brought this same vision to their Los Angeles and Sausalito properties, adding aJacuzziandbilliard table.Stone later said of Kellgren, "He single-handedly was responsible for changing studios from what they were—fluorescent lights, white walls and hardwood floors—to the living rooms that they are today."[1]The Los Angeles location has since added VIP lounges.

New York[edit]

In 1967,Gary Kellgrenwas a recording engineer working at several New York City studios, includingMayfair Studioson 701Seventh Avenueat the edge ofTimes Square,a drab upstairs office, a single room which held the only professional8-trackrecording system in New York.[2]There, Kellgren worked with artists such asthe Velvet Underground,who recorded "Sunday Morning"in November 1966;Frank Zappa;andJimi Hendrix,engineering their recordings and also sweeping the floors. In late 1967, Chris Stone was introduced to Kellgren because Kellgren's wife, Marta, was seven months pregnant and scared of the upcoming birth and Stone's wife, Gloria, had just given birth. Mutual friends thought that the two couples could talk about being parents and ease Marta's worry.[3][4]

Though they were "diametrically opposed" in nature (with Stone all business and Kellgren very creative), the two quickly became friends.[5]Seeing him at work, Stone determined that Kellgren was not making full use of his genius for making recordings. Stone noticed that the small studio was charging its clients $5,000 per week, but Kellgren was making $200 per week.[6]Stone suggested Kellgren ask for a raise and soon he was making $1,000 per week.[4]

Stone held anMBAfrom theUCLA Anderson School of Managementand was employed as the national sales representative ofRevloncosmetics. Stone convinced Kellgren that the two of them, with $100,000[4]borrowed from Johanna C.C. "Ancky" Revson Johnson, could start a new recording studio with a better atmosphere for creativity. Johnson was a former model and the second wife of Revlon founderCharles Revson.She divorced Revson and married Ben Johnson, a model 21 years her junior.[7]

In early 1968, Kellgren and Stone began building a new studio at 321 West 44th Street, creating aliving roomtype of environment for the musicians. It initially used an unusual and innovative12-trackmachine built byScully Recording Instrumentsand opened on March 13, 1968.[6]As the studio was nearing completion, record producerTom Wilsonpersuaded Hendrix producerChas Chandlerto book the Record Plant from April 18 to early July 1968 for the recording of the albumElectric Ladyland.In early April, just prior to the start of the Hendrix session, the bandSoft Machinespent four days recordingThe Soft Machine,their debut album produced by Wilson and Chandler with Kellgren engineering.[8]Whenthe Jimi Hendrix Experiencearrived at the studio, Kellgren engineered the first few dates untilEddie Kramer,the band's familiar engineer, flew in from London.[9]During the production ofElectric Ladylandthe studio added a new 16-track machine.

In 1969, Kellgren and Stone sold the New York operation to TeleVision Communications (TVC), a cable television company that was broadening its portfolio.[10]The purpose of the sale was to gain cash for expansion into Los Angeles with a second studio.

The next big mixing assignment that the studio accepted was to mix the tracks recorded at theWoodstock Festival.[4]These took more than a month to sort out in the studio, as recording conditions had been primitive and some tracks contained both voice and instruments, preventing separate processing for each.[11]

In 1970, Studio A became the first recording studio designed for mixingquadraphonic sound.[5]

On August 1, 1971, the studio made its firstremote recordingsatThe Concert for BangladeshatMadison Square Garden.[4]

During the 1970s, house engineersShelly YakusandRoy Cicalaalso gave many local bands their start by donating session time and materials, engineering and producing their demo tapes.

In January 1972, Warner Communications bought the facility from TVC. Head engineer Cicala bought it from Warner.[10]

In April 1973, theNew York Dollsrecorded their debut album there, produced byTodd Rundgren.

In late 1973,Aerosmithbegan recordingGet Your Wings,their second album.Bob Ezrin,known for producing hits forAlice Cooper,was put in charge, but engineerJack Douglasput so much into the project that he was called the sixth member of the band. (Douglas's career had started very humbly as janitor at the studio.) The song "Lord of the Thighs"was written and recorded inside the Record Plant's Studio C during an all-night session after the band realized they needed one more song for the album. When Aerosmith returned to the Record Plant in early 1975 to recordToys in the Attic,they named Douglas as sole producer.[12]

The song "Walk This Way"was written after Douglas and the band, withoutSteven Tyler,went out to see the filmYoung Frankensteinand were struck by a humorous line spoken byMarty Feldmanplaying a hunchback. They returned to the studio to tell Tyler what the song's title must be, and Tyler wrote the words on the walls of the stairwell at the Record Plant.[12]For the recording ofDraw the Linein 1977, Douglas brought a truckload of Record Plant remote recording equipment to the Cenacle, a 300-room former convent inArmonk, New York.[13]

In 1978, David Hewitt (Dir. of Remote Recording) and crew of John Venable, Phil Gitomer, Robert "Kooster" McAllister and Dave "DB" Brown built the Black Truck, a state of the art mobile studio. They recorded everyone fromAretha FranklintoFrank Zappa,also expanding the Record Plant's client list in live radio, television and films. Among these recorded performances were the first live MTV concert, theTony Awards,theGrammy Awards,Live from the Met Operaand the filmsHail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll,the Rolling Stones'Let's Spend the Night Together,Neil Young'sRust Never Sleeps,No NukesandQueen Rock Montreal.

John Lennonwas recording "Walking on Thin Ice"at the Record Plant on December 8, 1980, the dayhe was shot and killed.Willie Nilewas also recordingGolden Downat the Record Plant the night Lennon was killed.[14]

American pop singerCyndi Lauperrecorded her debut studio albumShe's So Unusual,one of the most iconic pop albums of the 1980s, at the Record Plant between December 1, 1982, and June 30, 1983.

In 1987, the New York studio was sold toGeorge Martinand closed soon afterward.

Los Angeles[edit]

The opening celebration in Los Angeles, December 4, 1969. Pictured L to R: Attorney Tom Butler, producerTom Wilson,investors Ben Johnson and Ancky Johnson (cutting cake), foundersChris StoneandGary Kellgren.

Seeing the early success of the New York studio, Kellgren and Stone decided to move to theWest Coastand open another studio in Los Angeles. To design the studio, they contracted withTom Hidley,who had builtTTG Studiosin 1965 and was becoming known in L.A. for answering the high-decibel needs of rock music.[15]Hidley was brought on board as the "third musketeer", according to Stone.[16]One of the first employees of this studio was Chris Stone's nephew, Mike D. Stone, who would also work as a recording engineer.

On December 4, 1969, the new studio opened its doors on 8456West Third Streetnear La Cienega Boulevard. Sometimes known as "Record Plant West",the new studio held a 16-track recorder, larger than the 12-track system in New York (occasionally called"Record Plant East"), and studio time was 20 to 25 percent less expensive than typical studios in New York.[15]In 1970, to stay innovative and retain the prestige of an industry leader, the Record Plant installed a 24-track tape recorder. It was a very large machine assembled by Hidley at the cost of $42,000, but in the next three years it was used on only a few sessions.[5]

Stone and Kellgren had profited enough to buy back their studio from Warner Communications and expand into Sausalito.[10]They expanded with remote recording dates in 1973, including performances byAlice Cooper,Vikki Carr,Sly Stone,Todd Rundgren,Joe WalshandRod Stewart.[17]At the same time, the studio worked on projects bythe Gap BandforShelter Records;Mary McCreary,a singer being produced by her husbandLeon Russell;andthe Partridge Family,in production forBell Recordsunder producerWes Farrell.[17]

Jim Keltner Fan Club[edit]

Letting off steam in 1974.Gary Kellgren,second from right, mugs for the camera.

In March 1973, when a third studio—Studio C—was installed at Third Street, Kellgren initiated a series of Sunday nightjam sessionshosted by the Record Plant, featuring well-known studio drummerJim Keltner,a good friend of Kellgren. The jams were known as the Jim Keltner Fan Club Hour. Famous musicians would show up to play along with Keltner included[5]Pete Townshend,Ronnie Wood,Billy Preston,Mick JaggerandGeorge Harrison.Harrison jokingly referred to the sessions on the back cover of his albumLiving in the Material World.As a jab atPaul McCartney's self-promotion on the back of the albumRed Rose Speedway,where it said "for more information on the Wings' Fun Club send a stamped self-addressed envelope...", Harrison wrote on his own album regarding the "Jim Keltner Fun Club", "send a stamped undressed elephant..."[18]

KeyboardistWilliam "Smitty" Smithsaid that there were regular jam sessions of musicians at Clover Studios on Santa Monica Boulevard nearVine Streetin Hollywood, but that the increasing number of musicians outgrew the place and the group moved to the Record Plant for more space. Smith was a regular at the Studio C jams, but one Sunday he could not make it and he sent his friend,David Foster,to play keyboards. Foster was so well received by other musicians that he and three others—Paul Stallworth on bass,Danny Kortchmaron guitar and Keltner on drums—formed the bandAttitudes.[19][self-published source?]

One of the Keltner jam sessions in late December 1973 became known later as "Too Many Cooks". Under the leadership ofJohn Lennon,an all-star lineup performed an extended version of the blues song "Too Many Cooks (Spoil the Soup)", with Mick Jagger on lead vocals, Keltner on drums, Kortchmar andJesse Ed Davison guitars,Al Kooperon keyboards,Bobby Keysplaying tenor saxophone, Trevor Lawrence on baritone saxophone,Jack Bruceon bass andHarry Nilssonsinging background vocals.[20]

Jagger was uncomfortable stretching to reach the top of his vocal range and he grew unhappy with the progress being made on the song. JournalistLucian Truscott IVwrote in 1977 that Kellgren told Jagger to "sit on it", ending the complaints.[21]After Lennon's personal assistant and lover,May Pang,brought the master tapes to light, the track "Too Many Cooks" was released in 2007 on Mick Jagger's albumVery Best Of....[20]Musician and journalistSteven Van Zandtdescribed Jagger's vocals as "ragged but still in control" and the song as "amazing", with "a painful soulfulness [that] hits you and stays with you".[20]

In March 1974, to celebrate the first anniversary of the Jim Keltner Fan Club Hour jam series,Ringo Starrand Moose Johnson joined Keltner on drums; Lennon,Marc Bennoand Davis played guitar,Ric Grechplayed bass, Keys played sax,Gene Clarkvocalized,Joe Vitaleplayed flute andMal Evanssupported the large group on percussion.[22]Keltner was working on a solo project by Jack Bruce, formerly ofCream,laying down tracks forOut of the Stormunder the direction of engineer and producerAndy Johns;Steve Hunterplayed guitar.[22]

Also in the building wasStevie Wonder,shaping the mixes forFulfillingness' First Finale,[22]using Studio B, which was built specifically for him.[21]Jack Bruce first met drummerBruce Gary(later ofthe Knackfame) when he showed up at one of the jams hoping to play. Bruce described Gary as a "wannabe drummer", but befriended him and hired him when they were both back in England.[23]

At Burbank Studios on March 28, 1974, a few weeks after the anniversary jam, some of those celebrating at the Record Plant came together again for another jam, also called "the Jim Keltner Fan Club Hour", though it was not hosted or organized by Kellgren, nor was Keltner in attendance. Lennon played with Keys, Davis and Wonder, among others, and McCartney joined in part way through. The raw recordings with their uneven performances were issued as a bootleg album calledA Toot and a Snore in '74,the final time that Lennon played with McCartney.[24]

1977 and beyond[edit]

In July 1977, Kellgren drowned in the swimming pool at his Hollywood home. A business associate of Kellgren was in the house at the time; he called police and reported that Kellgren had recently been in surgery and that he had been swimming in the deep end of the pool. Kellgren's girlfriend and secretary, Kristianne Gaines, also drowned. Gaines, 34, a resident of Los Angeles, was last seen alive sitting on a raft in the pool because she could not swim.[25]GuitaristRonnie Woodwrote that Kellgren probably died ofelectric shockwhile trying to fix some underwater speakers in his pool and that Gaines drowned trying to help him.[26]

The loss of his friend and business partner hit Stone hard. Stone was suddenly responsible for keeping all three studios operating, but he concentrated his attention on Los Angeles and slowly began to lose interest in the Sausalito location.[3]

Studio C was destroyed by fire in January 1978.

Studio C was destroyed in an electrical fire on January 10, 1978. At the time, rockerMarshall Chapmanwas working with producer Al Kooper and bassist Tom Comet in Studio B on her albumJaded Virginand helped other musicians and engineers carry priceless master recordings to safety outside the building. She said, "We might as well have been rescuing Rembrandts from the Louvre...I remember seeing'Hotel California'[marked] on one, and 'John Lennon' on another. I nearly fainted when I saw I was holding a box containing the master tape from Stevie Wonder'sSongs in the Key of Life."[27]

During the next 13 months, Studio C was rebuilt and fitted with radical new gear. In February 1979,Stephen Stillsbecame the first major-label American artist to record ondigital recordingand mastering equipment, a3Msystem installed to replace the previous analog system.[28]With engineer Michael Braunstein at the controls, Stills recorded a new version of the song "Cherokee", previously released on his first solo albumStephen Stills.

The L.A. operation expanded further in the early 1980s by equipping more remote recording trucks. In 1982, Stone leased sound stages M and L at theParamount Picturesstudio lot for film sound recordings. Soundtracks that the Record Plant tracked and mixed there includedStar Trek II: The Wrath of Khan,Annie,48 Hrs.,andAn Officer and a Gentleman.The studio was outgrowing its Third Street location.[29]

In 1985, the Record Plant's Third Street facility closed with hundreds of its customers and staff taking part in "The Last Jam".[29]In January 1986, the Record Plant reopened at 1032 Sycamore Avenue in Hollywood in the former Radio Recorders "Annex", a historic studio whereElvis PresleyandLouis Armstrongrecorded.[29]

On December 8, 1987, Stone sold 50% plus one share of the Los Angeles studio toChrysalis RecordsunderGeorge Martin,with Stone continuing to manage the facility.[29]In 1989, Stone sold the remainder and left it under Chrysalis management.[29]In 1991, Rick Stevens, ex-president of Summa Music Group publishing, bought the Record Plant; he refurbished it in 1993. Stevens added private lounges and an atrium with a jacuzzi and abilliard tablelit by skylight.[29]

The studio's control room in 1988

In 2002, hip-hop artistKanye Westrecorded his song "Through the Wire"at Record Plant, two weeks after a widely publicized car accident in which he was also driving home from the studio. The title and content of the song is a reference to the personal journey he faced after the accident, as well as the fact that he performed his lyrics with his jaw wired shut. The album the song was featured on,The College Dropout,as well as his next two albums,Late RegistrationandGraduationwere also recorded at Record Plant.[30][31]

In 2006, American artistBeyoncérecorded the songs "Green Light"and"Kitty Kat",in addition to parts of the song"Déjà Vu",from her second albumB'Dayat the Plant.[citation needed]In 2010, Beyoncé recorded parts of her4album at Record Plant. In 2013, although no songs recorded at Record Plant made it onto herself-titled album,she recorded the song "7/11"at the Plant, which she later released onBeyoncé: Platinum Edition.In 2015, Beyoncé recorded parts of herLemonadealbum at Record Plant, including the songs "Hold Up"(which she later released as the album's third single) and"6 Inch"featuringthe Weeknd.[32]

Sausalito[edit]

On October 28, 1972, Kellgren and Stone opened theNorthern Californialocation in Sausalito, throwing a Halloween party to celebrate Studio A going online. Ginger Mews, ex-manager ofWally Heider Studios,was named studio manager of Record Plant, and construction continued on the similarly equipped Studio B with completion expected in February 1973.[10]The 10,700-square-foot (990 m2) building was a former office suite covered with diagonal redwood siding in an industrial park near Sausalito's harbor facilities.[33]The legal corporation was namedSausalito Music Factory,doing business in Los Angeles and Sausalito as the Record Plant.

Kellgren worked with Hidley to design Studio A and Studio B to have the same size and the same "dead" acoustics and both were fitted with Hidley-designed Westlake monitors.[3]Studio A was decorated with a sunburst pattern on the wall and white fabric draped from the ceiling. Studio B was more vibrant to the eye, having many multi-colored fabric layers on the ceiling and swirls of color on the walls.[3]Kellgren and Stone sent party invitations out on slabs of redwood; among the guests were John Lennon andYoko Ono,who both showed up dressed as trees.[34]

The first recording was under producerAl Schmitt,who brought inMike Finniganand Jerry Wood as Finnigan & Wood, recording the albumCrazed Hipsters.[3]When Studio B went online, engineer Tom Flye went to California from New York and ran the room; his first customer wasNew Riders of the Purple Sage,who recordedThe Adventures of Panama Red.Flye also helpedSly and the Family Stonemake their albumFresh.[3]

GuitaristBob Welchand producerJimmy Robinsonat the Record Plant in 1979

The expansion into Sausalito was the result of drummerBuddy Milesand radio pioneerTom "Big Daddy" Donahueasking Kellgren and Stone to put a studio in theSan Francisco Bay Area.The intention was to have a getaway studio far from the pressures of the big city music industry.[35]Miles and Donahue promised that their recording business would go to the new studio and that it would be promoted with a live radio show. "Live From the Plant", the resulting radio show, was broadcast on Donahue's album-oriented rock station KSAN from time to time over the next two years, primarily on Sunday nights, and featured various artists such as theGrateful Dead,Jerry Garcia,the Tubes,Peter Frampton,Bob Marley and the Wailers,Pablo Cruise,Rory Gallagher,the Marshall Tucker Band,Jimmy Buffett,Bonnie Raitt,Link Wray,Linda RonstadtandFleetwood Mac.[34][36]

KSAN,known as "Jive 95", was the most popular radio station for Bay Area listeners from 18 to 34 years old and the Record Plant broadcasts were widely heard. Donahue died in April 1975 after which fewer concerts were broadcast. A notable later radio show was byNils Lofgrenand his band with a guest appearance by Al Kooper; they performed at the Record Plant's Halloween party in 1975.[37]

Detail of the front door, showing whimsical animal musicians

The Record Plant in Sausalito soon became known as one of the top four recording studios in the San Francisco Bay Area, the other three being the CBS/Automatt(now defunct),Wally Heider Studios(now Hyde Street Studios) andFantasy Studiosin Berkeley.[38]In the first year, the studio worked on projects by Buddy Miles, theGrateful Dead(who booked the whole building in August 1973 to recordWake of the Flood), and onGregg Allman's first solo album,Laid Back.[17]

The quirkiness of the studio extended in many directions. For transporting musicians, Stone owned a limousine with the custom license plateDEDUCT,while Kellgren kept a purple Rolls-Royce displayingGREEDon the license plate.[3]As in Los Angeles, the studio contained ajacuzzi,but Sausalito's conference room had awaterbedfloor.[33]For the musicians' meals, there were chefs ready to cook organic food; for their sleeping quarters, there were two guesthouses next to each other five minutes away inMill Valley.[3]In back, there was abasketballhoop and in the nearby harbor, aspeedboatwas kept ready.[3][33]

The studio obtained industrial-gradenitrous oxide—pure, not mixed with oxygen as it is for dental anesthesia—from a local chemical supply company under the pretext that the gas was critical to the recording process, and fresh tanks were delivered weekly.[39]The Grateful Dead and their engineer,Dan Healy,reportedly made use of this feature.[3]

Al Kooper wrote that during the few days that he was helping Lofgren lay down tracks forCry Tough,Kooper was so taken with the novel drug experience that he wheeled one of the tanks around and kept it next to him for refreshment between takes.[39]He breathed in so much of it that acid collected in his stomach, aggravating his ulcers, and for a few days he was too sick to work. Kooper said that the studio's fun with nitrous oxide was stopped forever when a friend of Kellgren was found dead fromasphyxiaunder one of the tanks, the tube still in his mouth.[39]

The Pit[edit]

Jimmy Robinson and Gary Kellgren in the "Pit" in 1975

To satisfy the wishes of Sly Stone, one of the office spaces at the studio was turned into an unusual recording studio dubbed "the Pit".[3]The Pit was a 140-square-foot (13 m2) acoustically dead room that had the engineer's controls sunk 10 feet (3.0 m) into the foundation of the building, surrounded on all sides by a ground level area intended for the musicians. Its appearance was futuristic, with bright maroon plush carpet on the floors, walls, ceiling and stairs.[3]Psychedelic murals and embroidery added to the visual atmosphere.[3]

There were no windows between the control room and the main studio area, previously considered a fundamental method of sound separation; instead, there was a partial cowling circling the control pit, also carpeted.[3]Abunk bedwas accessible from the perimeter of the Pit, reached only by climbing through a giant pair of red lips.[33]At the head of the bed, audio jacks allowed for microphones to be connected to the console in the Pit so that an artist could vocalize from under the covers. GuitaristBob Welchwrote that "it really was the height of '70s 'over-the-top-ness'."[40]

Al Kooper said "it looked like something out ofThunderdome."[39]Jack Bruce thought it was decorated to look like a human heart, "with all kinds of red, synthetic fur on the walls."[23]Stone recorded in it from time to time, but mostly it remained an unused curiosity, a "white elephant" according to producerJimmy Robinson,a room that new arrivals were shown to elicit an "oh wow, what a trip" response.[21]The separation between engineer and musician frustrated Stone and he recorded as much as possible down in the actual pit next to the engineers, lowering aHammond B3 organinto the pit for his own use or positioning the members of a horn section there.[3]

Kellgren said it was like aFerrariin that you had to know what you were doing in order to drive it.[21]In late August 1975, Kellgren flew up from L.A. with bassistBill Wyman,who had just finished a major tour withthe Rolling Stones.In the Pit, Wyman jammed withVan Morrison,who played saxophone; guitaristJoe Walsh;formerCSNYdrummerDallas Taylor;pianistLeon Russell;and theTower of Powerhorn section. Some of the tracks contributed to Wyman's solo albumStone Alone.[41]Wyman laid down his vocal tracks from a lying-down position, a bottle of brandy in his hand.[3]

Mid- to late-1970s[edit]

In 1975, the Record Plant's hourly rate was $120.[41]Stevie Wonder worked onSongs in the Key of Lifein Record Plant Sausalito;Sammy Hagarused the Pit to record tracks his debut solo albumNine on a Ten Scale,and the Tower of Power cutIn the Slot.[41]Pure Prairie Leaguerecorded; Bob Welch's band,Paris,madeParis;andAmericaproducedHearts.[41]Remote recordings were made by Record Plant crews and gear forDan Fogelberg,Sly Stone, Joe Walsh and the New Riders of the Purple Sage.[41]

In February 1976, for the album that becameRumours,Fleetwood Mac blocked time at the studio to lay down tracks, bringing in engineersKen CaillatandRichard Dashut.Caillat was responsible for most of the tracking and took a leave of absence fromWally Heider Studiosin L.A. on the premise that Fleetwood Mac would use their facilities for mixing.[42]Most band members complained about the windowless studio and wanted to record at their homes, butMick Fleetwoodblocked this. The band used Studio B with its3M24-track tape machine,various studio microphones and anAPImixing consolewith 550A equalizers. Although Caillat was impressed with the setup, he felt that the room lacked ambiance because of its "very dead speakers" and large amounts ofsoundproofing.[42]Fleetwood remarked of his time at the studio that his band did not go into the Pit, as it was usually occupied by strangers who were chopping powdered drugs into lines with razors.[43]

In late 1977, 19-year-oldPrincerecorded his debut album,For You,in Record Plant Sausalito while renting a home nearby. He performed every instrument, every track and produced the album. He spent three times his allotted budget to make this first record,[44]and responded defensively when more experienced producers made suggestions in the studio. At the Record Plant, he met Stone,Chaka KhanandCarlos Santana,three musicians he greatly admired.For Youwas criticized as over-produced and did not sell well.[45]

Fleetwood Mac'sRumourswentplatinumin 1977. The bandPablo Cruiserecorded two platinum-certified albums at the Record Plant,A Place in the Sun(1977) andWorlds Away(1978).[46]Cory Lerios,keyboardist and vocalist for Pablo Cruise, said that in recording "the better part of four albums" at the Record Plant, drug use enabled jam sessions that could last up to 36 hours. "It was a great time, no question," Lerios said.[3][47]Another platinum album that came out of Record Plant Sausalito in 1978 was Dan Fogelberg'sTwin Sons of Different Mothers,a collaboration withTim Weisbergon flute.[46]Other albums did less well:Jimmy Clifflaid down the tracks forGive Thankxin Jamaica, but he came to Record Plant Sausalito to polish it up, with producersBob Johnstonand John Stronach giving guidance. Cliff loved the studio's laid-back atmosphere[33]and saidGive Thankxwas his best work yet. The album did not chart.[48]

1980s[edit]

Singer, composer and producerRick Jamesbecame a fixture at the Record Plant beginning in mid-1981. He recorded all ofStreet Songsin Studios A and B and it went multiple platinum, driven by its hit songs "Super Freak"and"Give It to Me Baby".[49]James was known both for his quick work to create songs in the studio and his high level of cocaine consumption.[33]For a time, James lived in the conference room with the waterbed floor.[3]

Jim Gaines said that with James in residence, "bands that weren't even recording would come by just to see who was there and say 'hi'."[33]James was known for walking through other artists' recording sessions wearing only a towel and sometimes dropping the towel for effect "in front of all the women," according to Gaines.[3]Studio manager Shiloh Hobel said that Sly Stone made an appearance, meeting James for the first time. She said, "It was such an incredible moment, these two fabulous forces in music...Each of them was really taken with the other."[33]

In 1981, Chris Stone sold the Record Plant Sausalito studio to Laurie Necochea.[34]Necochea was a music fan who, as a teenager in 1978, received a $5.6 million malpractice settlement for being radiated too much during treatment for thyroid cancer, causing paralysis and quadriplegia.[50]Stone said of the sale, "she bought Record Plant Sausalito because if she owned the studio she could go backstage at concerts."[34]

The Record Plant Sausalito studio was managed by Steve Malcolm and Bob Hodas until 1982.[51]The studio business became known as "The Plant Studios"or simply"The Plant".In 1982, Necochea funded two newTrident TSMmixing consoles for Studios A and B. In order to accommodate the hard rock band 707, studio manager and chief technician Terry Delsing redesigned and ordered extensive acoustic modifications to Studio A. This included adding louvered ceiling panels to control the reverberation characteristics.[34][49]Studio B's control room was enlarged from 1,500 to 1,850 square feet (139 to 172 m2) and a newstudio monitoringsystem was installed, theMeyer Sound LaboratoriesACD,John Meyer's first loudspeaker product.[49]Rick James was the first artist to use the refurbished Studio B.[49]Huey Lewis and the Newsmade their hugely successful albumSportsprimarily at the Plant.[33]

Changes in ownership and management[edit]

In early 1984, the Necochea Trust determined that the money going to the Plant was being mishandled and they sold the property to Stanley Jacox.[34][52]Necochea died a year later at age 23.[53]Jacox selected Jim Gaines as general manager; Gaines was aStax/Voltveteran and a past manager ofthe Automatt.[34]The small rehearsal room that had been the Pit was turned into Studio C, first used byJohn Fogertyto recordCenterfield.[34]Some of the tracks forAretha Franklin'sWho's Zoomin' Who?were laid down at the Plant under the direction ofNarada Michael Walden.Engineer Maureen Droney said that "there was an aura of magic and fun that came from the people who recorded there before."[33]

Accompanying famous artists, a series of experienced engineers and producers came through the Plant:Tom Dowd,Bill Schnee,Alan Parsons,Ron Nevison,Mike ClinkandTed Templeman.In 1985, with projects in progress byHeart,Journey,StarshipandHuey Lewis,[34]the studio was seized by government agents based on an affidavit accusing Jacox of manufacturingmethamphetaminesat his home inAuburnand investing drug money in the studio.[54]

After Jacox's arrest, the Record Plant Sausalito studio was owned by the federal government, who ran it with a skeleton crew for 14 months. Some observers jokingly called it "Club Fed" during this time,[53]and among the recordings are unreleased tapes made by Buddy Miles known as the Club Fed Sessions. The government sold the studio (not the building or property) at auction to recording engineer Bob Skye in 1986,[55]effective on the first day of 1987.[34]In 1988, Skye recruited recording engineer Arne Frager as a partner and Frager bought him out in late 1993.[34]Frager remodeled Studio A forMetallicaand producerBob Rockin 1993–1995, raising the roof from 14 to 32 feet (4.3 to 9.8 m) high for a bigger drum sound. The remodeling included the installation of anSSL 4000 G seriesconsole. He gave Studio B a vintage desk, aNeve 8068with 64 inputs andGML Automation,purchased from the L.A. Record Plant.[34]

The former Pit/Studio C, renamed Mix 1, was given an SSL 8000 G series board for stereo and surround sound mixes.[34]The sunken control area that had been created for the Pit was fitted with custom subwoofers. Mix 1 was eventually renamed "the Garden", an oval-shaped mix room designed by Frager and Manny LaCarruba. The Garden was a reverse-design studio where the larger tracking room was the new control room and the old control room was used for overdubs. Metallica'sS&Mwas mixed in the Garden.[citation needed]Recording artists who worked at the Plant during this period includeSammy Hagar,Kenny G,Mariah Carey,Michael Bolton,Luther Vandross,Jerry Harrison,Chris Isaak,theDave Matthews Band,Papa Wheelie,DeftonesandBooker T. Jones.[53]Santana's huge comeback album,Supernatural,was made at the Plant and released in 1999.[33]In 2007, Journey returned to the Plant with a new singer,Arnel Pineda,to createRevelation,their biggest album in over two decades.[33]

In 2005, vintage guitar collector Michael Indelicato bought the building, with Frager continuing to run the studios, but large recording studios were no longer profiting from 1970s- and 1980s-era recording budgets. Bob Welch once observed, "You had to have a major-label budget to afford places like the Record Plant, with all of the perks – the Jacuzzi, the decor, the psychedelic atmosphere".[3]

By the 2000s, bands were using their smaller budgets to buy their own recording gear. Metallica, formerly an important client, built their own recording studio and did not book any time at the Plant. Frager asked Indelicato to invest in what he saw as a much-needed rejuvenation of the building, but Indelicato was overextended in his finances and could not help. Indelicato shut the doors in March 2008 afterthe Frayfinished recording in studio B.[citation needed]Shortly thereafter, Indelicato's $5.5 million home inTiburonwas reclaimed by his mortgage company and he used the Plant as his residence.[33]

In March 2020, the Record Plant, Sausalito was purchased by a group of investors, spearheaded byKen Caillat,the co-producer of Fleetwood Mac'sRumoursat the Record Plant.[56]On June 19, 2021, the Record Plant Sausalito's soft launch, its name was officially changed to the Record Factory.[57]

As of 2024, the site is open for business as recording studios under the name "2200 Studios".[58]

Selected list of albums recorded at Record Plant New York (by year)[edit]

Producers and engineers associated with Record Plant New York[edit]

  • Gary Kellgren(co-founder, producer and engineer)
  • Carmine Rubino (lead engineer)
  • Shelly Yakus(house engineer)
  • Roy Cicala(house engineer)
  • Ray Colcord(producer)
  • Jack Douglas(producer)
  • Harry Maslin(record producer, house engineer)
  • Jimmy Iovine(engineer and producer)
  • Sandy Stone(house engineer and maintenance)
  • Tony Bongiovi(house engineer)
  • Jay Messina (engineer)
  • Jimmy Robinson(producer and engineer)
  • Sam Ginsberg (house engineer)
  • Ron Nevison(senior staff engineer (1974–1977), producer – Los Angeles/Sausalito)
  • Lillian Davis Douma (house engineer (a.k.a. Llyllianne Douma) New York/Los Angeles)
  • David Hewitt (remote engineer, director of remote recording, 1972–1985)
  • Mike D. Stone(engineer (Chris Stone's nephew) New York/Los Angeles)
  • David Hewitt, record plant remote truck, chief engineer
  • Norman Mershon, remote truck engineer
  • John L. Venable, remote truck engineer
  • Phil Gitomer, remote truck engineer

Selected list of albums recorded at Record Plant Los Angeles (by year)[edit]

Selected list of albums recorded at Record Plant Sausalito (by year)[edit]

Side door, opens onto Marinship Way, across from theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers Bay Model

Some notable albums recorded and/or mixed at the Plant Studios include:

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

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