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Reformed Political Party

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Reformed Political Party
Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij
AbbreviationSGP
LeaderChris Stoffer
ChairmanDick van Meeuwen
Leader in theSenatePeter Schalk
Leader in theHouse of RepresentativesChris Stoffer
Leader in theEuropean ParliamentBert-Jan Ruissen
Founded24 April 1918
Split fromAnti-Revolutionary Party
HeadquartersBurgemeester van Reenensingel 101
Gouda
Youth wingReformed Political Party Youth
Think tankGuido de Brès Foundation
Membership(2024)Increase30,306[1]
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing[14]
ReligionCalvinism
Protestant fundamentalism[15]
European affiliationEuropean Christian Political Movement
European Parliament groupEuropean Conservatives and Reformists
ColoursOrange
Blue
Seats in theHouse of Representatives
3 / 150
Seats in theSenate
2 / 75
Seats inprovincial councils
15 / 570
Seats in theEuropean Parliament
1 / 31
King's Commissioners
0 / 12
Website
sgp.nl[a]

TheReformed Political Party(Dutch:Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij[ˌstaːtˈkʏndə(x)xəˌreːfɔrˈmeːrdəpɑrˈtɛi],SGP) is a conservativeCalvinist[16]political partyin theNetherlands.The termReformedis not a reference to political reform but is a synonym for Calvinism—a major branch ofProtestantism.The SGP is the oldest political party in the Netherlands existing in its present form, and has been in opposition for its entire existence. Since 1925, it has won between 1.6% and 2.5% of the votes in general elections. Owing to its orthodox political ideals and its traditional role in the opposition, the party has been called atestimonial party.Since thegeneral election of 2012,it has held three of the 150 seats of theHouse of Representatives.

Party history

[edit]

Foundation

[edit]

The SGP was founded on 24 April 1918, by several conservative members of the ProtestantAnti-Revolutionary Party(ARP). They did not supportfemale suffragewhich the ARP had made possible. Furthermore, they were against the alliance the ARP had formed with theGeneral League of Roman Catholic Caucuses.The leading figure in the party's foundation wasYersekepastorGerrit Hendrik Kersten,who envisioned a Netherlands "withoutcinema,sports,vaccinationandsocial security".[17]

1922–1945

[edit]

The party entered the1918 general elections,but was unable to win any seats. In the1922 election,the party entered Parliament when Kersten won a seat in theHouse of Representatives.In this period the SGP became most noted for proposing, during the annual parliamentary debate on the budget of the Foreign Affairs Ministry, to abolish Dutch representation to theHoly See.Each year, the ProtestantChristian Historical Union(CHU) also voted in favour of this motion. The CHU was in cabinet with the Catholic General League, but many of its members and supporters still had strong feelings against theCatholic Church.In 1925, the left-wing opposition (theFree-thinking Democratic LeagueandSocial Democratic Workers' Party) also voted in favour of the motion. They were indifferent to therepresentation at the Holy See,but saw the issue as an opportunity to divide theconfessional cabinet.The cabinet fell over this issue, in what is known as theNacht van Kersten( "Night of Kersten").

The party gained another seat in the1925 election,and a third seat in the1929 election.It retained three seats in the1933 election,but lost a seat in the1937 election,in which the ARP led by prime ministerHendrikus Colijnperformed particularly well. DuringWorld War II,Kersten cooperated with the German occupiers to allow his paper, theBanier,to be printed. He also condemned theDutch resistance,saying the German invasion was divine retribution for desecrating the Lord's Day. After the war, he was branded a collaborator and permanently stripped of his seat in the House of Representatives.

1945–present

[edit]
Kees van der Staaij,party leaderfrom 2010 to 2023
Logo from 2000 to 2016

Kersten was succeeded byPieter Zandt[nl],under whose leadership the SGP was very stable, continually getting 2% of votes.In the 1956 election,the SGP profited from the enlargement of Parliament, and entered theSenatefor the first time. It lost that seat in 1960, but regained it in 1971. In 1961 Zandt died and was succeeded byCor van Dis sr.[nl],a chemist. After ten years he stood down in favour of Reverend Hette Abma, who also stepped down after ten years, in favour of Henk van Rossum, a civil engineer. In the1984 European Parliament election,the SGP joined the two other orthodox Protestant parties, theReformatory Political Federation(RPF) and theReformed Political League(GPV). They won one seat in the European Parliament, which was taken by SGP memberLeen van der Waal,a mechanical engineer. In 1986, Van Rossum was succeeded byBas van der Vlies,who led the party till March 2010, when he was succeeded byKees van der Staaij.In the1994 electionthe party lost one seat in the House,regained it in 1998,andlost it again in 2002.After thegeneral election of 2003,theChristian Democratic Appeal(CDA) and thePeople's Party for Freedom and Democracy(VVD) held talks with the SGP — the first time that the SGP was seriously considered as a possible coalition partner. Ultimately, theDemocrats 66joined thesecond Balkenende cabinetinstead of the SGP, mostly because of the ideological differences between the VVD and the SGP.

On 7 September 2005, the district court of The Hague ruled that the party could no longer receive subsidies from the government because women were not allowed to hold positions in the party. This was found to be a violation of the 1981UN Treaty on Womenin which the Netherlands committed to fighting discrimination. It also was a violation of the first article of theDutch Constitution,the principle of non-discrimination. TheCouncil of Statenevertheless overturned the ruling, maintaining that a party's political philosophy takes precedence, and that women have the opportunity to join other political parties where they can obtain a leadership role.[18]Nevertheless, in two cassation cases brought by the State and the SGP, the Supreme Court confirmed the judgement of the district court on 9 April 2010.[19][20]The complaint lodged by the SGP against the ruling of the Supreme Court with theEuropean Court of Human Rightswas declared inadmissible in 2012. The Court considered further action against the SGP desirable, but could not rule on this, because this was not at issue in this case.[21]

Female members of theReformed Political Party Youth(SGPJ), which did allow female membership, said however that they did not feel discriminated against or repressed. During a party congress on 24 June 2006, the SGP lifted the ban on female membership. Political positions inside and outside the party are open to women. On 19 March 2014, the first female SGP delegate waselected to the municipal councilinVlissingen.[22]

Ideology and issues

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As aProtestant fundamentalistparty,[15]the SGP draws much from its ideology from theCalvinisttradition, specifically the ecclesiastical doctrinal standards known as theThree Forms of Unity,including an unamended version of theBelgic Confession(Nederlandse Geloofsbelijdenis). The latter text is explicitly mentioned in the first principle of the party,[23]where it is stated that the SGP strives towards a government totally based on the Bible. This first principle also states that the uncut version of the Belgic Confession is meant, which adds the task of opposing anti-Christian powers to the description of the government's roles and tasks.[24]The party is a strict defender of theseparation between church and state,[25]rejecting "both thestate churchand church state ". Both church and state are believed to have distinct roles in society, while working towards the same goal, but despite this, some accuse the SGP of advocating for theocracy.[26]The SGP opposesfreedom of religion,and advocatesfreedom of conscienceinstead, noting that "the obedience to the Law of God cannot be forced".[27]

The SGP opposesfeminismandLGBTrights, on Biblical grounds, thatmen and women are of equal value (gelijkwaardig) but inherently different (verschillend)and that marriage is only between a man and woman.[28]Men and women, so the party claims, have different places in society. This belief led to restricting party membership to men until 2006, when this restriction became subject to controversy[29]and was eventually removed.[30][page needed]It has traditionally opposeduniversal suffrage,seeking to replace this with a form of "organic suffrage" (Dutch:huismanskiesrecht,"suffrage of thepater familias") restricted to male heads of households.[31]In the2018 local elections,the party allowed some women to leadlists.[32]

In controversial discussions in the House of Representatives, the SGP often stresses the importance of therule of law,parliamentary procedureandrules of order,regardless of ideological agreement. The party favours the re-introduction of thedeath penaltyin the Netherlands. They base this on theBible,specifically onGenesis 9:6,"Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed: for in the image of God made he man", andExodus 21:12,"He that smiteth a man, so that he die, shall be surely put to death."

The party also supports a ban on theburqain certain public places, but argues this from a security rather than religious standpoint.[33]In foreign policy, the SGP calls for a radical reform of theEuropean Unionand opposes any further political or geographical expansion of the EU. It also calls for only the Dutch flag to be flown from official government buildings, a cut in Dutch financial contributions to the EU and opposes the potentialaccession of Turkey to the European Union.[34]The SGP has also called for European members ofNATOto significantly increase their defense spending.[35]

Election results

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House of Representatives

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Election Lead candidate Votes % Seats +/– Government
1918 Gerrit Hendrik Kersten 5,180 0.39
0 / 100
 New Opposition
1922 26,744 0.91
1 / 100
 Increase1 Opposition
1925 62,513 2.03
2 / 100
 Increase1 Opposition
1929 76,709 2.27
3 / 100
 Increase1 Opposition
1933 93,273 2.51
3 / 100
 Steady0 Opposition
1937 78,619 1.94
2 / 100
 Decrease1 Opposition
1946 Pieter Zandt 101,759 2.14
2 / 100
 Steady0 Opposition
1948 116,937 2.37
2 / 100
 Steady0 Opposition
1952 129,081 2.42
2 / 100
 Steady0 Opposition
1956 129,515 2.26
3 / 150
 Increase1 Opposition
1959 129,678 2.16
3 / 150
 Steady0 Opposition
1963 Cor van Dis Sr. 143,549 2.29
3 / 150
 Steady0 Opposition
1967 138,119 2.01
3 / 150
 Steady0 Opposition
1971 Hette Abma 148,221 2.35
3 / 150
 Steady0 Opposition
1972 163,114 2.21
3 / 150
 Steady0 Opposition
1977 177,010 2.13
3 / 150
 Steady0 Opposition
1981 Henk van Rossum 171,324 1.97
3 / 150
 Steady0 Opposition
1982 156,636 1.90
3 / 150
 Steady0 Opposition
1986 Bas van der Vlies 159,740 1.74
3 / 150
 Steady0 Opposition
1989 166,082 1.87
3 / 150
 Steady0 Opposition
1994 155,251 1.73
2 / 150
 Decrease1 Opposition
1998 153,583 1.78
3 / 150
 Increase1 Opposition
2002 163,562 1.72
2 / 150
 Decrease1 Opposition
2003 150,305 1.56
2 / 150
 Steady0 Opposition
2006 153,266 1.56
2 / 150
 Steady0 Opposition
2010 Kees van der Staaij 163,581 1.74
2 / 150
 Steady0 Opposition
2012 196,780 2.09
3 / 150
 Increase1 Opposition
2017 218,950 2.08
3 / 150
 Steady0 Opposition
2021 215,249 2.07 (#13)
3 / 150
 Steady0 Opposition
2023 Chris Stoffer 217,270 2.08 (#12)
3 / 150
 Steady0 Opposition

European Parliament

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Election List Votes % Seats +/– EP Group
1979 List 126,412 2.23 (#5)
0 / 25
 New –
1984[b] List 275,786 5.21 (#5)
1 / 25
 Increase1 NI
1989[b] List 309,060 5.90 (#6)
1 / 25
 Steady0
1994[b] List 322,793 7.91 (#5)
1 / 31
 Steady0 EN
1999[b] List 309,612 8.74 (#5)
1 / 31
 Steady0 EDD
2004[c] List 279,880 5.87 (#7)
1 / 27
 Steady0 IND/DEM
2009[c] List 310,540 6.82 (#8)
1 / 25
 Steady0 EFD
1 / 26
 Steady0
2014[c] List 364,843 7.67 (#7)
1 / 26
 Steady0 ECR
2019[c] List 375,660 6.83 (#7)
1 / 26
 Steady0
1 / 29
 Steady0
2024 List 228,036 3.66 (#10)
1 / 31
 Steady0
  1. ^Closed on Sundays
  2. ^abcdIn a joint list withReformed Political AllianceandReformatory Political Federation.
  3. ^abcdIn a joint list withChristian Union.

Provincial councils

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At the provincial level, the party participates in theprovincial executiveofZeeland.[36]There, the party is the strongest, with over 10% of the vote. It has 18 members ofprovincial councilindependently, while another two seats were won by combined lists with theChristian Union.

The table below shows the election results of the2023 provincial electionin each province. It shows the areas where the Reformed Political Party is strong, especially in theBible Belt,which is a string ofmunicipalitiesstretching from Zeeland, via parts of South Holland, Utrecht and Gelderland, up to Overijssel.

Province Votes (%) Result (seats)
Drenthe 0.99
0 / 43
Flevoland 4.19
2 / 41
Friesland Did not contest
Gelderland 5.06
3 / 55
Groningen 1.11
0 / 43
Limburg Did not contest
North Brabant* 1.59
1 / 55
North Holland Did not contest
Overijssel 3.66
2 / 47
South Holland 4.13
2 / 55
Utrecht 3.79
2 / 49
Zeeland 12.42
5 / 39

* result of a combinedCU-SGPlist.

Municipal government

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Six of the 342mayorsof the Netherlands are members of the SGP,[37]and the party participates in severalmunicipal executives,usually in municipalities located within the Bible Belt. The party has 40aldermenand 244 members ofmunicipal councils.In many municipalities where the SGP is weaker, it cooperates with theChristenUnie,presenting common lists.

Representation

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This is a list of representations of the Reformed Political Party in the Dutch parliament, as well as the provincial, municipal and European elections. The party'slead candidatehas been the same as theparliamentary leaderof that year in every election.

Leadership

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Main article:Leaders of the Reformed Political Party

House of Representatives

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The party has three representatives in theHouse of Representativeselected in the2023 Dutch general election:

Senate

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Since the2023 Senate elections,the party has had two representatives in theSenate:

European Parliament

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Since the1984 European Parliament electionthe party has had one elected representative in theEuropean Parliament.From 1984 to 1997Leen van der Waalwas the representative, from1999Bas Belderwas the party's representative, succeeded byBert-Jan Ruissenin the2019 European Parliament election.In European Parliament elections, the SGP formed one candidate list with theChristian Union,calledCU-SGP,until the2024 European Parliament election.Currently the SGP is a member of theEuropean Conservatives and Reformists(ECR) group in the European Parliament.

Electorate

[edit]
Areas where theDutch Christian rightReformed Political Party (SGP) received a significant number of votes in 2010, largely co-extensive with the Dutch Bible Belt.

The SGP has had a very stable electorate since first entering the States-General in 1922. Since winning a second seat in 1926, it has usually varied between two and three seats in the House of Representatives. The party has been called “an almost perfect illustration of Duverger's category of 'fossilised' minor party."[38]

Most of its electorate is formed by so-called "bevindelijk gereformeerden", Reformed Christians for whom personal religious experience is very important. This group is formed by several smaller churches such as theChristian Reformed Churches,Reformed Congregations,Restored Reformed Church,andOld-Reformed Congregations in the Netherlands,as well as the conservative wing of theProtestant Church in the Netherlands,theReformed Association.However, not all members of these churches / church wings vote SGP.

The SGP's support is concentrated geographically in theDutch Bible Belt,a band of strongly Reformed and mostly rural municipalities ranging fromZeelandin the South viaGoeree-Overflakkeeand theAlblasserwaardinSouth Hollandand theVeluweinGelderlandto the Western part ofOverijssel,aroundStaphorst.The SGP also performs well on the former islandUrkas well as inUddel;in both places it received an outright majority of the vote in 2017,[39]as well as in 2021.[40]

Organisation

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Organisational structure

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The highest organ of the SGP is the congress, which is formed by delegates from the municipal branches. It convenes once every year. It appoints the party board and decides the order of the Senate, House of Representatives, European Parliament candidates list and has the last say over the party program. The SGP chairman is always aminister.Since 2001 this position is ceremonial, as the general chair leads the party's organisation.

The party has 245 municipal branches and has a provincial federation in each province, except forLimburg.

Linked organisations

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The party publishes the Banner two-weekly since 1921. Its think tank was founded in 1974, and it was renamed after Walloon theologianGuido de Brèsin 1992. It publishes the quarterly magazine Zicht (Sight).[41]The youth organisation of the SGP is called theReformed Political Party Youth(SGPJ), which with its approximately 12,000 members is the largest political youth organization in the Netherlands.[citation needed]

The SGP participates in theNetherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy,a democracy assistance organisation of seven Dutch political parties.

Pillarised organisations

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The SGP has close links with several other orthodox Protestant organisations, such as several reformed churches and the newspaperReformatorisch Dagblad.Together they form a small but strong orthodox-reformedpillar.

Relationships to other parties

[edit]

Until 1963, the SGP was relatively isolated in parliament. The strongly antipapal SGP refused to cooperate with either theCatholic People's Partyor the secularPeople's Party for Freedom and Democracy(VVD) andLabour Party(PvdA). The also Protestant, largerAnti-Revolutionary Party(ARP) had some sympathy for the SGP, but cooperated more tightly with the KVP and the other Protestant party, theChristian Historical Union(CHU). In 1963 another orthodox Protestant party, theReformed Political League(GPV) entered parliament, in 1981 they were joined by theReformatory Political Federation(RPF). Together these three parties formed the "Small Christian parties". They shared the same orthodox Protestant political ideals and had the same political strategy, astestimonial parties.They cooperated in municipalities, both inmunicipal executives,where the parties were strong, as well as in common municipal parties, where the parties were weak. In the1984 European Parliamentary electionthe parties presented a common list and they won one seat in parliament. After 1993 the cooperation between the GPV and the RPF intensified, but the SGP's position at the time onfemale suffrageprevented the SGP joining this closer cooperation. However, in 2000 the GPV and RPF merged to form theChristianUnion(CU). Traditionally the SGP and the CU worked together closely as they were both based on Protestant Christianpolitics.Recently however, as the CU has moved more towards the centre-left,[citation needed]discernible differences of philosophy between the SGP and CU have caused the parties to not join in elections. The most notable example was the 2011 Senate election where the SGP and CU did not combine their votes.[42]

Prime MinisterMark Rutte'sfirst governmentdepended on the SGP's support in theSenateto pass legislation where it fell one seat short of a majority in the2011 provincial elections.[43]As a result, the party was able to achieve a number of its own political objectives: continuing child support for larger families,[44]and restricting business hours on Sundays.[45]As previously mentioned, it was seriously considered as a coalition partner in 2003. These are among the few times in recent memory that the SGP has had any national impact.

Notes

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  1. ^"Ledentallen Nederlandse politieke partijen per 1 januari 2024"[Membership of Dutch political parties as of 1 January 2024].University of Groningen(in Dutch). Documentation Centre Dutch Political Parties. 28 February 2024.Retrieved28 February2024.
  2. ^abNordsieck, Wolfram (2021)."Netherlands".Parties and Elections in Europe.Retrieved24 March2021.
  3. ^Wijbrandt van van Schuur; Gerrit Voerman (2010)."Democracy in Retreat? Decline in Political Party Membership: The Case of the Netherlands".In Barbara Wejnert (ed.).Democratic Paths and Trends.Emerald. p. 29.ISBN978-0-85724-091-0.Retrieved20 August2012.
  4. ^Jean-Yves Camus (2013)."The european extreme right and religious extremism".In Andrea Mammone; Emmanuel Godin; Brian Jenkins (eds.).Varieties of Right-Wing Extremism in Europe.Routledge. p. 111.ISBN978-1-136-16751-5.
  5. ^Brent F. Nelsen; James L. Guth (2015).Religion and the Struggle for European Union: Confessional Culture and the Limits of Integration.Georgetown University Press. p. 312.ISBN978-1-62616-070-5.
  6. ^Christoph Jedan (2013)."Overcoming the divide between religious and secular values: Introductory essay".In Christoph Jedan (ed.).Constellations of Value: European Perspectives on the Intersections of Religion, Politics and Society.LIT Verlag Münster. p. 14.ISBN978-3-643-90083-8.
  7. ^[3][4][5][6]
  8. ^Benjamin LeRuth; Yordan Kutiyski; André Krouwel; Nicholas J Startin (2017)."Does the Information Source Matter? Newspaper Readership, Political Preferences and Attitudes Toward the EU in the UK, France and the Netherlands".In Manuela Caiani; Simona Guerra (eds.).Euroscepticism, Democracy and the Media: Communicating Europe, Contesting Europe.Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 105.ISBN978-1-137-59643-7.
  9. ^"SGP in verkiezingsprogramma: euro is onhoudbaar, wel in EU blijven".nos.nl(in Dutch). 9 November 2020.Retrieved9 November2020.
  10. ^[8][9]
  11. ^Arthur S. Banks; Thomas C. Muller; William Overstreet; Sean M. Phelan; Hal Smith (2000).Political Handbook of the World 1999.Cq Pr. p. 696.ISBN978-0-933199-14-9.
  12. ^Nicola Maggini (2016).Young People's Voting Behaviour in Europe: A Comparative Perspective.Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 115.ISBN978-1-137-59243-9.
  13. ^Voerman, Gerrit; Lucardie, Paul (July 1992). "The extreme right in the Netherlands. The centrists and their radical rivals".European Journal of Political Research.22(1): 36, 51.doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1992.tb00304.x.
  14. ^[11][12][13]
  15. ^abAmir Abedi (2004).Anti-political Establishment Parties: A Comparative Analysis.Psychology Press. p. 62.ISBN978-0-415-31961-4.
  16. ^These sources describe the SGP as a Calvinist political party:
  17. ^(in Dutch)Parlement.com biography
  18. ^"SGP will get subsidy after all".Expatica. 5 December 2007.Retrieved5 December2007.[permanent dead link]
  19. ^Supreme Court of the Netherlands,9 April 2010,ECLI:NL:HR:2010:BK4547,Nederlandse Jurisprudentie2010/388, m.nt. E.A. Alkema.
  20. ^Supreme Court of the Netherlands,9 April 2010,ECLI:NL:HR:2010:BK4549,RvdW2010/506.
  21. ^European Court of Human Rights10 July 2012,ECLI:CE:ECHR:2012:0710DEC005836910(Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij/Nederland).
  22. ^"SGP-vrouw komt in raad Vlissingen".NOS. 20 March 2014.Retrieved2014-03-20.
  23. ^SGP 2003,p. 11.
  24. ^SGP 2003,p. 16.
  25. ^SGP 2003,p. 17.
  26. ^Dölle 2005,p. 104.
  27. ^SGP 2003,p. 27-28.
  28. ^SGP 2003,p. 37.
  29. ^"Party penalised for woman snub".BBC. 7 September 2005.Retrieved25 November2007.
  30. ^Davies 2006.
  31. ^Lucardie, Paul (2000).Right-Wing Extremism in the Netherlands: Why it is still a marginal phenomenon(PDF).Symp. Right-Wing Extremism in Europe.
  32. ^"Dit is de nieuwe, vrouwelijke lijsttrekker van de SGP".
  33. ^"Boerkaverbod".
  34. ^"Europese Unie".
  35. ^"NAVO".sgp.nl(in Dutch).Retrieved2023-03-23.
  36. ^College van Gedeputeerde Staten van Zeeland."Nieuwe Verbindingen"(PDF)(in Dutch). Provincie Zeeland. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 6 April 2008.Retrieved14 October2007.
  37. ^"Landelijk overzicht burgemeestersposten - 29 april 2015"(PDF)(in Dutch).Retrieved15 September2015.
  38. ^Bone, Robert C (Feb 1962), "The Dynamics of Dutch Politics",The Journal of Politics,24(1): 43,doi:10.2307/2126736,JSTOR2126736,S2CID154647228
  39. ^"Uitslagenkaart Tweede Kamerverkiezingen 2017 per stambureau".
  40. ^Kiesraad (2020-12-04)."Overzicht uitslagen per gemeente Tweede Kamerverkiezing 2021 - Verkiezingen - Kiesraad.nl".www.kiesraad.nl(in Dutch). Archived fromthe originalon 2021-04-10.Retrieved2021-04-10.
  41. ^Gunst, Jakko; Hermenet, Coen; Vroegindeweij, Gerard (18 March 2024)."De 'Guido de Brès' is geen luis in de pels van de SGP, wel een waakhond"[The 'Guido de Brès' is not a thorn in the flesh of the SGP, it is a watchdog].Reformatorisch Dagblad(in Dutch).Retrieved23 March2024.
  42. ^"ChristenUnie en SGP lastig door één deur".Nieuwslijn Magazine.26 May 2011. Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Archived fromthe originalon 8 December 2015.Retrieved8 December2015.
  43. ^"Netherlands: Caught between Geert Wilders and holy joes".EU:Presseurop. 2011-05-24. Archived fromthe originalon 2011-11-28.Retrieved2013-08-28.
  44. ^"Dutch government U-turn on child benefit".Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 2011-09-19. Archived fromthe originalon 2011-09-21.Retrieved2013-08-28.
  45. ^"Press Review".Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 22 April 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 15 July 2012.Retrieved2013-08-28.

References

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toStaatkundig Gereformeerde Partij.

Notes

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