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Rejang people

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Rejang people
Tun Hejang / Tun Jang
A group of dancing virgins at Curup, Rejang Lebong, Bengkulu, Indonesia in 1939.
Total population
Approximately 1.2 million (2016 estimate)[citation needed]
Regions with significant populations
Indonesia1.5 - 2 million[1]
Bengkulu,1.1 million[citation needed]
South Sumatra30,000[citation needed]
Others70,000[citation needed]
Languages
Rejang,Indonesian
Religion
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Lembak people,Serawai people,Lintang people,Basemah people,Bengkulu people,Kerinci people,Bidayuh(linguistic)

Rejang people(Rejang:Tun HejangorTun Jang) are anAustronesianethnolinguistic group, native to the some parts ofBengkulu ProvinceandSouth Sumatera Provincein the southwestern part ofSumatera Island,Indonesia. They occupied some area in a cool mountain slopes of theBarisan mountain rangein both sides ofBengkuluandSouth Sumatra.With approximately more than 1,3 million people, they form the largest ethnic group in Bengkulu Province. Rejang people predominantly live as a majority in 5 out 10 regencies and city of Bengkulu Province, while the rest of them who lives in South Sumatera resides at 7 villages in the district called as Bermani Ulu Rawas. The Rejangs are predominantly an Islam adherent group with small numbers following a religion other than Islam. According to research, Rejang people are the descendants of the Bukar-Sadong people who migrated from Northern Borneo (Sarawak).

Etymology[edit]

The etymology of the name of Rejang or inRejang languageitself as Jang is remains unclear.[2]It is not clearly known when the name Rejang people was used or when did they first regard themselves as Rejang. Another question that is yet to be certain if the name Rejang itself is a term or reference name that was given by other neighboring ethnic groups. According to the locals ofLebong Regency,it is believed that the wordRejangmeans "to cross over". This belief if based on a widely spread myth among the Rejang community in Tapus, which is believed to be the oldest Rejang settlement. The belief mentions that the ancestors of the Rejang people came from a distant land where its exact location is unknown. Hence, some scholars believe that the term Jang or Rejang has a correlation with the possibility of Rejang people in ancient time did not reside in Sumatra.

On the basis of that belief, therefore according to Professor Richard McGinn's observation that presents a theory or hypothesis that the ancestors of the Rejang people originate from a region in the northern part of West Borneo that is known asSarawaktoday, from which the ancestors of the Rejang people crossed over theKarimata StraitfromBorneotoSumatrawith unclear reason. The term Jang or the verb Merejang means "passed" (specifically means "passed the strait" ) or "traveling not on land".[3]However, the meaning of Jang word which is the native term used by Rejang people to describe themselves as a single entity remains unclear. The usage of that word also limited just for describing the entity of Jang and uncommon in the daily conversation. Upon their arrival at the estuary of theMusi River,they went upwardsMusi RiverandRawas Rivertowards the upstream to the place where majority of the Rejang settlements are today in the interior ofBengkulu Province.[4]The term Rejang is also the same as theRejang RiverinSarawak,Malaysia,the place where it is thought to be the land of origin of the Rejang people before settling inSumatra.[5]

Apart from that among the community of Taba Anyar Village, there is a story that the term Rejang and Lebong are correlated and is used as the name forRejang Lebong Regencycame from the common practice ofmerajang rebung(meaning "chopping bamboo shoots" ) in the Rejang community that is still seen today. Bamboo shoots have long been consumed as a food source in the interior ofBengkulu Province.From the common practice of chopping bamboo shoots, then came the term Rejang and Lebong. Nevertheless, this one story is doubted by many parties due to the impression of simply rhyme matching the terms alone.

Population[edit]

The population is not well measured, with estimates from 250,000 to a million. The 2000 Indonesian census estimated the population at around 350,000.[6]

Distribution[edit]

Rejang village heads inCurup,Bengkulu,South Sumatra,Indonesia,circa 1939.

InBengkulu Province,the Rejang people are prevalent inRejang Lebong Regency(districts of Lebong Utara, Lebong Selatan, Curup andKepahiang), inNorth Bengkulu Regency(districts of Taba Penanjung, Pondok Kelapa, Kerkap, Arga Makmur and Lais),[7]inKepahiang Regency,[8]inLebong Regencyand inCentral Bengkulu Regency.[9]Majority of them lived in along the slopes ofBukit Barisanmountain range.

History[edit]

Ancestors of Rejang people are ancientAustronesian peoples.Their migration toSumatraoccurred as a result of several waves of migration 1,200 years ago fromTonkin,IndochinathroughBorneo.[10]Some linguist argue on the basis of the analysis ofRejang language,that the main role in the formation of Rejang people was played by settlers from the island ofKalimantan.

In the first half of the 19th century, the lands of Rejang people were captured by the Dutch colonialists (the Dutch were in power along the coastal areas ofBengkuluwas officially established on April 6, 1825,[11]but many internal areas were not colonized until the 1860s). According to reports of Dutch officials inBengkulu,the Rejang was divided into 5 linguistic and tribal groups, each of which was subject to a separate leader. The traditional culture of Rejang people was badly affected, when at the end of the 19th century, gold was found in their lands and a large number of miners who did not belong to their people went to this region.[12]The rapid spread of monetary relations led to the decline of local traditional way of life, but the natives retained their customary law, dancing and singing. In 1945 the lands of Rejang people became part of Indonesia.

Ethnic groups relations[edit]

Neighboring ethnics includes the Serawai people, Bengkulu's Malay people (Melayu Bengkulu), Kerinci people, Pasemah people, and Lembak people. Rejang people had always been sharing some vocabularies with these people because of the proximity between them. In this common era, there are many inter-ethnic marriage between Rejang with its neighboring ethnic groups.

Suggested relation with ethnics from Borneo includesBidayuh,Bukar, and Sadong.[5]

Language[edit]

Main article:Rejang language

The Rejang people have a language of their own with the same name. The Rejang language is the main language used to carry out conversations at home or among the extended families. While in public places or while conversing with non-Rejang people, the language that is used is theBengkulu language.The Bengkulu language at this moment is seen as a lingua franca to carry out communication between the native Rejang people and the non-native ethnic people. Bengkulu is a variant of theMalay languagewith its own native speakers inBengkulu Province.The Bengkulu language is known for sharing similarities withMinangkabau languageandPalembang Malay.

Linguist Richard McGinn suggests that the Rejang people originate from outside ofSumatraand migrated there for reason yet to be known.Sarawakis the region where it is said to be the birthplace of the Rejang people before migrating to Sumatra. According to McGinn, Rejang does not have a single related language inSumatra.Based on his observations the closest language to the Rejang language is theBukar Sadong languagein Sarawak that is classified under theBidayuhpeople or previously known as "Land Dayak" people.[13][14]However, the language of the Rejang people are quite different from theRejang-Baram languages ofBorneo.[15]

As the Rejang language belongs to theMalayo-Polynesian languagesgroup of theAustronesian languagesfamily,[15]this language possesses a number of similar vocabularies with a variety of other indigenous languages and spoken in farther locations in Indonesia.

The Rejang language consists of five major dialects[15]with distinct variations and differences among the dialects itself in various degrees. Four of the five dialects are used inBengkulu Provinceand the other one is used inNorth Musi Rawas Regency,South Sumatra Province.The five dialects are:-

Speakers of these various Rejang dialects are able to mutually understand each other with the level of understanding of above 80%, except for Rawas dialect. Rawas dialect is almost unrecognizable when spoken to speakers of other dialects.

Script[edit]

Main article:Rejang script

Before the 20th century, the Rejang people have used their own written script in official correspondence, a script that is known asBuak Rikung.[19]Today, the Rikung script is commonly known as Kaganga alphabets,[19]and it is taught in schools inRejang Lebong RegencyandNorth Bengkulu Regency.This script is a type ofabugidaand is a developed fromIndian scripts.The main characteristics of the script are the sharp and bold straight lines in contrary toJavanese scriptandBalinese scriptthat are more wavy. The evolution of theRejang scriptthat led to its sharp, straight and bold lines is said to be the consequences of the adaption of writing on wood, bones, bark cloth, bamboo, buffalo horn and (now lost) copper plates.[20]It is harder to make curvy lines on materials of hard surface, as a result curvy lines evolved into straight and sharp lines.

The termrikungin theRejang languagebears the meaning to scythe or to mow grass or at a cornering angle. According to folk tales, theRejang scriptwas first written with sharp tools including sickle which produces sharp lines. According to other tales,Rejang scriptis referred to asrikungdue to its cornering angles. There are 19 main consonants (buak tuai) inRejang script,changes in vowel sound (tando sa'ei) and 9 doubling consonants (buak ngimbang).[21]These 28 alphabets are assigned single or doublediacriticmarks to produce sounds other than "a" and also producediphthongs.[22]

Religion[edit]

Folk religion[edit]

Not much is known about the religion or the beliefs that is practiced by the ancestors of the Rejang people. The most clearest and important relics that exist today that states about the spiritual or religious experiences of the old Rejang society are thepunjungandkedurai agungtradition. Both of these traditions are inseparable from each other.Punjungis a pile of land produce or food and cakes[23]that are arranged in a similar manner. Its height could reach up to 2 meters. Allegedly,punjungsymbolises the shape of a mountain, Kaba Mountain specifically for Rejang around Ulu Musi which viewed the mountain as an important place in their spiritual world.Punjungis carried out during a procession or akedurai agung(meaning, "big feast" ) ritual.[24]Punjungis the offering for the gods that are worshiped through thekedurai agung.[25]

The belief of the Rejang people in the supernatural powers in their surrounding environment has created a dichotomy betweendiwoandnyangwithsmat.Diworefers to "gods" andnyangrefers to "goddess". The names of the gods and goddesses of the folk belief of the Rejang people are almost unknown. However, the most well known is the Goddess of Paddy or Goddess of Fertility that is known as Nyang Serai. Nyang Serai is the Rejang people's version of Javanese Goddess of Paddy,Dewi Sri.[26]In honor of the goddess, people in the past would make offerings of sacrificial animals, burn incense or deliverapempancake. One of the most famous places to carry out the offerings ritual is Bingin Kuning District inLebong Regency.[27]

There is also a term used for hermitage or prayer to the deities inRejang languagethat is calledbetarak.One of the main locations tobetarakis inMount Kaba.Mount Kabais actually opened to the public. This area is a conservation area and permission from the officers at the entrance is required and it is an obligation to report the number of hikers. Nevertheless, based on the tale of Muning Raib, Rejang people fromCurupare forbidden to enterMount Kabato avoid misfortune or calamity.[28]

In contrast to thediwoornyangthat is worshiped by the community, thesmatgroup on the other hand are feared; be it of its nature to consume its victim nor to dwell in certain locations in the lands of the Rejang people. In order to avoidsmat,prayer and seeking permission must be done before entering a place or taking something from nature. Seeking a permission is done by saying, "stabik nik, keme nupang melitas",which means" excuse me, granny, we're passing by ". Types ofsmatthat the Rejang people believe are such assebei sebkeu,si'amang bi'oa,sumeiandsmat la'ut.There are somesmatsthat are positioned as guards ortunggauin certain places. The most well knowntunggauamong the Rejang people is the Dung Ulau Tujuak or the Seven Headed Snake that inhabits thesrawungor underwater cave beneath theTes Lake,Lebong Regency.

The old Rejang society regard the jungle as a gift by God and as the source of life. The jungle are the source of timber, honey and animal game. When clearing the jungle, thetabeusritual is carried out to seek permission from the ancestral guardian of the jungle before the clearing of the jungle is carried out.[29]Just as in other society, the jungle orimboare usually inhabited by mystical animals such asimeuor tiger. For the Rejang community, the tiger is seen as an ancestral incarnation, sacred and should not be hurt or killed. Tigers are seen as old relatives addressed asdatuk,ninikorpuyang.

Present day beliefs[edit]

Islam first appeared in the area through theBanten Sultanate.[30][31]Later contact with Aceh and West Sumatra helped establish the presence of Islam in the region.[30]Conversion was mainly due to three factors: marriage with external and converted Muslims, the growth of trade, and the adoption of cultural traits from Muslim communities.[30]After first contact with Islam, Muslims from Java and other parts of already Islamized Sumatra settled and began setting up Islamic schools and other institutions.[30]The Islamization of the Rejang people took place much later than other Indonesian peoples, and was still under way long into the Dutch era, who actively supported it.[32]

At present, many of the Rejang people embraceIslam.Currently, there are no official statistics on the number of religious beliefs in the Rejang community. It is estimated that nearly 100% of the Rejang people practiceIslam.[33]Most of the Rejang people are not associated with any specificbranches of Islam.However, just as other Muslim communities in theMalay Archipelago,the Rejang people are adherents of theShafi'ischool inSunni Islam.[34]The main Islamic organization are theMuhammadiyahandNahdlatul Ulama.The minority Islamic organization such as Naqsyabandiyah are often frowned upon assulupare found in Suka Datang village, North Curup District,Rejang Lebong Regencynearby theMusi River.[35]

The existence of Hindus or Buddhists and Christians in the settlements of the Rejang people is generally related to the non-indigenous communities that lies behind it. Hindus in the Rejang customary region are generallyBalinese people,Buddhists are mainlyChinese Indonesians,and Christians are partBatakandJavanese people.Islamis considered as part of the religion of the community and part of which is inseparable from the culture today.Islaminfluences the funeral procedures, the use ofhalalfood, as well as cultivating the culture of praying andTahlilain mosque.Islamis estimated to have entered the lands of the Rejang people in the 16th century.[30]Islamwas introduced by theMinangkabau people,Bantenese peopleandAcehnese people,whom had already experiencedIslamizationearlier.[30]Before the arrival ofIslam,it is said that the Rejang people had already knownHinduismthat were introduced by the Four Monks fromJava.

Culture[edit]

Local foods at a market inCurup,Bengkulu,Indonesia.
Umeak Potong Jang,the traditional house of Rejang people

Rejang people usually live in the valleys ofmountain riverarea that is known as in the upper of Ketahun River region inLebong Regency.[36]The main livelihood is agriculture especially as rice cultivators,[37]although they are also considered good fishermen and hunters, and today they also often seek out work as hired workers on plantations and in forestry. The introduction of monetary relations at the end of the 19th century led to large losses of traditional material culture and lifestyle assimilation of other ethnic groups. Today, the Rejang people would even buy clothing from other neighboring people groups. However, the culture of the Rejang people is considered slightly maladaptive, because they miss out on many of the benefits of modern civilization and they treat foreigners with disdain.[38]

The main social structure is made up of ruralhamlet(talang), consisting of 10 to 15 houses.[39]Traditional families are usually large and extended. The kinship is counted only on the patriarchal lineage. Children from the intermarriage of Rejang women with other ethnicity receive a lower status in the community than pure blooded Rejang children. Noble families ofkutei(meaning, "community" )[40]are distinguished, who are considered to be the founders of the village or the whole populated area. Leaders are chosen from their noble class to form a leadership system called,tui kuteiortuei kuteiortuwi kutei.[41]Rejang people have a common law for all customary matters;[40]which differs significantly from both state legislation and the norms of Islam. The leaders have long lost the possibility of absolute rule over their fellow society, but retained their functions as judges.

Rejang people are known for their song and dance art, including popular female dances. In Rejang society, women do occupy high position. In their customary law, severe penalties such as adultery are provided; which is in line with Islamic laws that makes it easier for the Rejang people and also one of the earliest people group to convert to Islam.[40]In the present era, despite a number of them still adhere to traditional cultural practices, many Rejang people have received higher education and have been represented in various modern skilled professions or as government employees.

Festivals[edit]

There are a few festivals that are celebrated by the Rejang people especially,RayoorIdulfitri,Rayo AjaiorIduladha,annual celebration of each Regencies as well asIndonesian Independence Dayin every August.RayoandRayo Ajaiare the two biggest celebrations for the Rejang people. These two religious holidays ofIslam;that is already considered as the people's religion, is the time for people to return to their hometown, visit families, vacationing with family members and to build close bonds with one another. The night in celebratingRayoas well asRayo Ajai,parade, processions and small scale fireworks can be seen. In the 27th day ofRamadantowardsRayo,the Rejang people observe theOpoi Malem Likuatradition where they would light up wooden poles of coconut husks in front of their houses for the spirit of their ancestors to be able to find their way back to their homes for theRayocelebration.[42]

Annual Regency Day andIndonesian Independence Dayare two festivals that are celebrated by the Rejang people are not related to any religion. During the Annual Regency Day, exhibition by the relevantSmall and medium-sized enterprisesof the Regency, along with musical performances of artists that were invited from various places.[43]The largest Annual Regency Day is carried out in May annually inCurup,Rejang Lebong Regency.While theIndonesian Independence Daycelebrated in August annually is enliven with street contest and other typical independence day competitions such as climbingAreca nut palm,sack racing, tug of war, street marching[44]and others.

Martial arts[edit]

Pencak Silatis one of the many kind of Rejang culture. The Pencak Silat that originate from Rejang land is well known as Silat Jang Pat Petulai.[45]

Traditional weapons[edit]

Most of the traditional Rejang weapons are bladed weapons. These traditional weapons in everyday practicability were metamorphosed into various tools that are needed for everyday usage. Traditional Rejang weapons includes the spear which is referred to askujuaorkujuh,theparangthat is calledpitat,[46]thebadikorbadek,thekrisorke-isand a curvedbadikin a shape of a tiger's claw is calledbadek slon imeu.

The usage of theparangis seen as a compulsory tool to bring along when working on the field. Theparangis used for land clearing, to make pathways, to cut wood and to split open coconuts. The use of spear is becoming lesser these days. Generally, it was used for traditionally catching fish in the clear river waters.[47]Krisis generally used in martial arts or as amulets to be kept in homes.

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Further reading[edit]

  • Rois Leonard Arios (2011),Sistem Pewarisan Suku Bangsa Rejang,BPSNT Padang, Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata,ISBN978-602-8742-35-1

External links[edit]

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