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Coordinates:19°03′S169°51′W/ 19.050°S 169.850°W/-19.050; -169.850
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Niue
Niuē(Niuean)
Motto:"Atua, Niue Tukulagi" (Niuean)
"God, Niue Eternally"
Anthem:"Ko e Iki he Lagi"(Niuean)
"The Lord in Heaven"

[1]

Location of Niue
The location of Niue in the West Pacific
The location of Niue in the WestPacific
Capital
and largest village
Alofi
19°03′14″S169°55′12″W/ 19.05389°S 169.92000°W/-19.05389; -169.92000
Official languages
Ethnic groups
  • 66.5% Niuean
  • 13.4% Part-Niuean
  • 20.1% Other
Religion
  • 96.4% Christianity
  • 3.3%None
  • 0.3% Others[2]
Demonym(s)Niuean
GovernmentUnitarynon-partisanparliamentaryconstitutional monarchy
Charles III
DameCindy Kiro
Dalton Tagelagi
LegislatureNiue Assembly
Associated stateof New Zealand
19 October 1974
• Independence in foreign relations recognised by the UN[4][5]
1994
Area
• Total
261.46[6]km2(100.95 sq mi)
• Water (%)
negligible
Population
• 2021 estimate
1,937[7][8](not ranked)
• 2022 census
1,681[9]
• Density
6.71/km2(17.4/sq mi) (not ranked)
GDP(PPP)2003 estimate
• Total
$10.0 million[10](228th)
• Per capita
$5,800[11](164th)
GDP(nominal)2021 estimate
• Total
IncreaseUS$38,000,000[12]
CurrencyNew Zealand dollar[a](NZD)
Time zoneUTC−11
Drives onleft
Calling code+683
ISO 3166 codeNU
Internet TLD.nu
  1. ^TheNiue dollar,pegged withthe New Zealand dollar at par, is also official legal tender, although is mainly used for issuingcollector's coinsanddoes not circulate widely.

Niue(/ˈnjuːeɪ/,[13]/niːˈjuːeɪ/;Niuean:Niuē) is a self-governingisland countryinfree associationwithNew Zealand.It is situated in theSouth Pacific Oceanand is part ofPolynesia,and predominantly inhabited byPolynesians.The island is commonly referred to as "The Rock", which comes from the traditional name "Rock of Polynesia".[14]

Niue's position is inside a triangle drawn betweenTonga,Samoa,and theCook Islands.It is 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) northeast of New Zealand, and 604 kilometres (375 mi) northeast of Tonga. Niue's land area is about 261.46 square kilometres (100.95 sq mi)[6]and its population was 1,689 at the Census in 2022. Niue is one of the world's largestcoral islands.The terrain of the island has two noticeable levels. The higher level is made up of alimestonecliff running along the coast, with a plateau in the centre of the island reaching approximately 60 metres (200 ft) above sea level. The lower level is a coastal terrace approximately 0.5 km (0.3 miles) wide and about 25–27 metres (80–90 feet) high, which slopes down and meets the sea in small cliffs. Acoral reefsurrounds the island, with the only major break in the reef being in the central western coast, close to the capital,Alofi.Niue issubdivided into 14villages(municipalities). Each village has a council that elects its chairperson. The villages are at the same time electoral districts; each village sends an assemblyperson to theNiue Assembly(parliament).[15]

As part of theRealm of New Zealand,New Zealand conducts most diplomatic relations on behalf of Niue. Niueans are citizens of New Zealand andCharles IIIis Niue'shead of statein his capacity asKing of New Zealand.Between 90% and 95% of Niuean people live in New Zealand,[16]along with about 70% of the speakers of theNiuean language.[17]Niue is abilingual country,with 30% of the population speaking both Niuean and English. The percentage of monolingual English-speaking people is 11%, while 46% are monolingual Niuean speakers.

Niue is aparliamentary democracy,withlegislative electionsevery three years. Niue is not a member of the United Nations (UN), but UN organisations have accepted its status as a freely associated state as equivalent to independence for the purposes of international law.[18]As such, Niue is a member of someUN specialised agencies(such asUNESCO[19]and theWHO),[20]and is invited, alongside the other non-UN member state, theCook Islands,to attend United Nations conferences open to "all states".[21]Niue has been a member of thePacific Communitysince 1980.

History

[edit]
Main articles:History of NiueandBritish Western Pacific Territories

PolynesiansfromSamoasettled Niue around 900 AD. Further settlers arrived fromTongain the 16th century.[22]

Until the beginning of the 18th century, Niue appears to have had no national government or national leader; chiefs and heads of families exercised authority over segments of the population.A succession ofpatu-iki(kings) ruled,beginning with Puni-mata. Tui-toga, who reigned from 1875 to 1887, was the first of the country's kings to adopt Christianity.[23]

A 1932 stamp of Niue inscribed "Cook Islands Niue"

The first Europeans to sight Niue sailed under CaptainJames Cookin 1774. Cook made three attempts to land, but the inhabitants refused to grant permission to do so. He named the island "Savage Island" because, as legend has it, the natives who "greeted" him were painted in what appeared to be blood. The substance on their teeth was hulahula, a native redfe'i banana.[24]For the next couple of centuries, Niue was known as Savage Island until its original name, "Niue", which translates as "behold the coconut",[25]regained use.

Whaling vessels were some of the most regular visitors to the island in the nineteenth century. The first on record was theFannyin February 1824. The last known whaler to visit was theAlbatrossin November 1899.[26]

The next notable European visitors represented theLondon Missionary Society;they arrived on theMessenger of Peace.After many years of trying to land a European missionary, they abducted a Niuean namedNukai Peniaminaand trained him as a pastor at theMaluaTheological College in Samoa.[27]Peniamina returned in 1846 on theJohn Williamsas a missionary with the help of Toimata Fakafitifonua. He was finally allowed to land in UluvehiMutalauafter a number of attempts in other villages had failed. The chiefs of Mutalau village allowed him to land and protected him day and night at the fort in Fupiu.[28]

Prime Minister of New ZealandRichard Seddonand the King of Niue,c. 1900

In July 1849,Captain John Erskinevisited the island inHMSHavannah.[29]

Christianity was first taught to the Mutalau people before it spread to all the villages. Originally other major villages opposed the introduction of Christianity and had sought to kill Peniamina.[citation needed]The people from the village of Hakupu, although the last village to receive Christianity, came and asked for a "word of God"; hence, their village was renamed "Ha Kupu Atua" meaning "any word of God", or "Hakupu" for short.[citation needed]

In 1889, the chiefs and rulers of Niue, in a letter toQueen Victoria,asked her "to stretch out towards us your mighty hand, that Niue may hide herself in it and be safe".[30]After expressing anxiety lest some other nation should take possession of the island, the letter continued: "We leave it with you to do as seems best to you. If you send the flag of Britain that is well; or if you send a Commissioner to reside among us, that will be well".[30]The British did not initially take up the offer. In 1900 a petition by the Cook Islanders asking for annexation included Niue "if possible".[30]In a document dated 19 October 1900, the "King" and Chiefs of Niue consented to "Queen Victoria taking possession of this island". A despatch to theSecretary of State for the Coloniesfrom theGovernor of New Zealandreferred to the views expressed by the Chiefs in favour of "annexation" and to this document as "the deed of cession". A British Protectorate was declared, but it remained short-lived. Niue was brought within the boundaries of New Zealand on 11 June 1901 by the same Order and Proclamation as the Cook Islands. The Order limited the islands to which it related by reference to an area in the Pacific described by co-ordinates, and Niue, at 19.02 S., 169.55 W, lies within that area.[30]

Niue International Airportwas established in 1970 and opened to commercial flight passengers in November 1971.

TheNew Zealand Parliamentrestored self-government in Niue with the 1974Niue Constitution Act,following the1974 Niuean constitutional referendumin which Niueans had three options: independence, self-government, or continuation as a New Zealand territory. The majority selected self-government, and Niue's written constitution[31] was promulgated as supreme law.Robert Rex,ethnically part European, part native, was elected by theNiue Assemblyas the firstPremier of Niue,a position he held until his death 18 years later. In 1984, Rex became the first Niuean to receive a knighthood.

In January 2004,Cyclone Hetahit Niue, killing one person and causing extensive damage to the entire island, including wiping out most of the south of the capital, Alofi.[32]

On March 7, 2020, theInternational Dark-Sky Associationannounced that Niue had become the first entire country to be designated an International Dark Sky Sanctuary.[33]On 29 September 2022, PresidentJoe Bidenannounced that the United States would recognise Niue as a sovereign nation.[34]On 25 September 2023, recognition was declared by President Biden and diplomatic relations were established.[35]

Geography

[edit]
Main article:Geography of Niue
See also:List of villages in Niue
Detailed map of Niue
Satellite image of Niue in the Pacific Ocean

Niue is a 261.46 km2(100.95 sq mi)raised coral atollin the southern Pacific Ocean, east of Tonga.[36]There are three outlyingcoralreefswithin theexclusive economic zone,with no land area:

  1. Beveridge Reef,240 km (150 mi) southeast, submergedatolldrying during low tide, 9.5 km (5.9 mi) north-south, 7.5 km (4.7 mi) East-West, total area 56 km2(22 sq mi), no land area, lagoon 11 metres (36 ft) deep.
  2. Antiope Reef, 180 km (110 mi) northeast, a circular plateau approximately 400 metres (1,300 ft) in diameter, with a least depth of 9.5 metres (31 ft).
  3. Haran Reef (also known as Harans Reef), 294 km (183 mi) southeast.

Besides these, Albert Meyer Reef, (almost 5 km (3.1 mi) long and wide, least depth 3 m (9.8 ft), 326 km (203 mi) southwest) is not officially claimed by Niue, and the existence ofHaymet Rocks(1,273 km (791 mi) east-southeast) is in doubt.

Niue is one of the world's largestcoralislands. The terrain consists of steeplimestonecliffs along the coast with a centralplateaurising to about 60 metres (200 ft) above sea level. Acoral reefsurrounds the island, with the only major break in the reef being in the central western coast, close to the capital, Alofi. A number of limestone caves occur near the coast.

The island is roughly oval in shape (with adiameterof about 18 kilometres (11 mi)), with two large bays indenting the western coast, Alofi Bay in the centre andAvateleBay in the south. Between these is the promontory of Halagigie Point. A small peninsula, TePā Point (Blowhole Point), is close to the settlement of Avatele in the southwest. Most of the population resides close to the west coast, around the capital, and in the northwest.

Some of the soils are geochemically very unusual. They are extremely weathered tropical soils, with high levels of iron and aluminium oxides (oxisol) and mercury, and they contain high levels ofnatural radioactivity.There is almost nouranium,but the radionucleidesTh-230andPa-231head thedecay chains.This is the same distribution of elements as found naturally on very deep seabeds, but the geochemical evidence suggests that the origin of these elements is extremeweatheringof coral and brief sea submergence120,000 years ago.Endothermal upwelling, by which mild volcanic heat draws deep seawater up through the porous coral, almost certainly contributes.[37]

No adverse health effects from the radioactivity or the other trace elements have been demonstrated, and calculations show that the level of radioactivity is probably much too low to be detected in the population. These unusual soils are very rich inphosphate,but it is not accessible to plants, being in the very insoluble form ofiron phosphate,or crandallite. It is thought that similar radioactive soils may exist onLifouandMarenearNew Caledonia,andRennellin theSolomon Islands,but no other locations are known.

According to the World Health Organization, residents are evidently very susceptible to skin cancer. In 2002 Niue reported skin cancer deaths at a rate of 2,482 per 100,000 people – far higher than any other country.[38]

Niue is separated from New Zealand by theInternational Date Line.The time difference is 23 hours during the Southern Hemisphere winter and 24 hours when New Zealand uses Daylight Saving Time.

  • Coral chasm
    Coral chasm
  • Niue's coastline
    Niue's coastline
  • Natural stone arch
    Natural stone arch

Climate

[edit]

The island has atropical rainforest climate(Af) according to theKöppen climate classificationwith high temperatures and rainfall throughout the year. Although there are no true wet or dry seasons, there is a noticeably wetter stretch from October to May.

Climate data for Alofi
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 38
(100) 		38
(100) 		32
(90) 		36
(97) 		30
(86) 		32
(90) 		35
(95) 		37
(99) 		36
(97) 		31
(88) 		37
(99) 		36
(97) 		38
(100)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28
(82) 		29
(84) 		28
(82) 		27
(81) 		26
(79) 		26
(79) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		26
(79) 		26
(79) 		27
(81) 		28
(82) 		27
(81)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26
(79) 		27
(81) 		26
(79) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		23
(73) 		22
(72) 		23
(73) 		23
(73) 		24
(75) 		25
(77) 		26
(79) 		25
(77)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 23
(73) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		22
(72) 		21
(70) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		21
(70) 		21
(70) 		22
(72) 		23
(73) 		22
(72)
Record low °C (°F) 20
(68) 		20
(68) 		20
(68) 		14
(57) 		15
(59) 		13
(55) 		11
(52) 		11
(52) 		15
(59) 		15
(59) 		11
(52) 		17
(63) 		11
(52)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 261.6
(10.30) 		253.6
(9.98) 		305.6
(12.03) 		202.6
(7.98) 		138.2
(5.44) 		88.9
(3.50) 		96.4
(3.80) 		105.8
(4.17) 		102.4
(4.03) 		123.8
(4.87) 		145.5
(5.73) 		196.2
(7.72) 		2,018.4
(79.46)
Source: Weatherbase[39]

Environment

[edit]

A leader ingreen growth,Niue is also focusing on solar power provision, with help from the European Union.[40][41]However, Niue currently deals with one of the highest rates ofgreenhouse gas production per capitain the world.[42]This must be considered however in the context of the small population, and the installed generating capacity of between 833 kW to 1MW. Niue aims to become 80% renewable by 2025.[43][44][45]The Niue Island Organic Farmers Association is currently paving way to aMultilateral Environmental Agreement(MEA) committed to making Niue the world's first fullyorganicnation by 2020.[46][47][48]

In July 2009, asolar panelsystem was installed, injecting about 50 kW into the Niue national power grid. This is nominally 6% of the average 833 kW electricity production. The solar panels are atNiue High School(20 kW),Niue Power Corporationoffice, (1.7 kW)[49]and theNiue Foou Hospital(30 kW). The EU-funded grid-connectedphotovoltaic systemsare supplied under the REP-5 programme and were installed recently by the Niue Power Corporation on the roofs of the high school and the power station office and on ground-mounted support structures in front of the hospital. They will be monitored and maintained by the NPC.[50]In 2014, two additional solar power installations were added to the Niue national power grid, one funded underPALM5of Japan is located outside the Tuila power station – so far only this has battery storage, the other under European Union funding is located opposite theNiue International AirportTerminal.

In 2023, the governments of Niue and other island states at risk from climate change (Fiji,theSolomon Islands,Tuvalu,TongaandVanuatu) launched the "Port Vila Call for a Just Transition to a Fossil Fuel Free Pacific", calling for the phasing out offossil fuels;a "rapid andjust transition"torenewable energy;and a strengthening ofenvironmental law,including introducing the crime ofecocide.[51][52][53]

In 2022, Niue declared its entire EEZ to be a marine park, though enforcement of that declaration would be a challenge. The entire Fisheries Division was reported to have only five staff and there were no locally based patrol boats. Enforcement would depend on stronger support from the New Zealand Defence Forces, though its ability to maintain a continuous presence was limited (see above).[54]

Flora and fauna

[edit]
See also:Niue Nukutuluea

Niue is part of theTongan tropical moist foreststerrestrial ecoregion.[55]The island is home to approximately 60 native or pre-European plants, and approximately 160 naturalised flowering plant species.[56]Compared to other Polynesian islands, Niue has sparse documentation for what plants were traditionally found on the island (almost no records are found between the documentation by James Cook's crew in 1774, andTruman G. Yuncker's botanical survey of the island in 1940).[56]

Pandanus

TheHuvalu Forest Conservation Areais a 5,400 hectare (20 sq. mi.) site on the eastern side of the island. It was established in 1992 and protects the largest area ofprimary forestin Niue.[57]It has been designated anImportant Bird Area(IBA) byBirdLife Internationalbecause it supports populations ofcrimson-crowned fruit doves,blue-crowned lorikeets,Polynesian trillersandPolynesian starlings.[58]

Government and politics

[edit]
Main article:Politics of Niue
Prime MinisterDalton Tagelagi

TheNiue Constitution Actof 1974 vests executive authority inHis Majesty the King in Right of New Zealandand in theGovernor-General of New Zealand.[59]The Constitution specifies that everyday practice involves the exercise of sovereignty byCabinet,composed of thePrime Minister(currentlyDalton Tagelagisince 11 June 2020) and of three other ministers. The Prime Minister and ministers are members of theNiue Assembly,the nation's parliament.

The Assembly consists of 20 members, 14 of them elected by the electors of each villageconstituency,and six by all registered voters in all constituencies.[60]Electors must be New Zealand citizens, resident for at least three months, and candidates must be electors and resident for 12 months. Everyone born in Niue must register on the electoral roll.[61]

Niue has no political parties;all Assembly members areindependents.The onlyNiuean political partyto have ever existed, theNiue People's Party(1987–2003),won once(in 2002) before disbanding the following year.[62]

The Legislative Assembly elects a Speaker as its first official in the first sitting of the Assembly following an election. The speaker calls for nominations for prime minister; the candidate with the most votes from the 20 members is elected. The prime minister selects three other members to form a Cabinet, the executive arm of government.[63]General electionstake place every three years, most recently on 29 April 2023.

The judiciary, independent of the executive and the legislature, includes aHigh Courtand aCourt of Appeal,with appeals to theJudicial Committee of the Privy Councilin London.[64]

Defence and foreign affairs

[edit]
Main article:Foreign relations of Niue
See also:Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue

Niue has operated as aself-governingstate infree associationwith New Zealand since 3 September 1974, when the people endorsed the Constitution in a plebiscite.[65][66]Niue is fully responsible for its internal affairs. Niue's position concerning its external relations is less clear-cut. Section 6 of theNiue Constitution Actprovides that: "Nothing in this Act or in the Constitution shall affect the responsibilities of Her Majesty the Queen in right of New Zealand for the external affairs and defence of Niue." Section 8 elaborates but still leaves the position unclear:

Effect shall be given to the provisions of sections 6 and 7 [concerning external affairs and defence and economic and administrative assistance respectively] of this Act, and to any other aspect of the relationship between New Zealand and Niue which may from time to time call for positive co-operation between New Zealand and Niue after consultation between the Prime Minister of New Zealand and thePrime Minister of Niue,and in accordance with the policies of their respective Governments; and, if it appears desirable that any provision be made in the law of Niue to carry out these policies, that provision may be made in the manner prescribed in the Constitution, but not otherwise. "

Niue has a representative mission (High Commission) inWellington,New Zealand.[67]

Initially, Niue's foreign relations and defence were the responsibility of New Zealand.[68]: 207 However, Niue gradually began to develop its own foreign relations, independent of New Zealand.[68]: 208 It is a member of thePacific Islands Forumand of a number of regional and international agencies. It is not a member of the United Nations, but is a state party to theUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,theUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,theOttawa Treatyand theTreaty of Rarotonga.The country became a member state ofUNESCOon 26 October 1993.[69]It established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China on 12 December 2007.[70]The joint communique signed by Niue and China differs in its treatment of theTaiwan questionfrom that agreed by New Zealand and China. New Zealand "acknowledged" China's position onTaiwanbut has never expressly agreed with it, but Niue "recognises that there is only one China in the world, the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government representing the whole of China and Taiwan is an inalienable part of the territory of China."[70]Niue established diplomatic relations with India on 30 August 2012.[71]On 10 June 2014, the Government of Niue announced that Niue had established diplomatic relations with Turkey. The Honourable Minister of InfrastructureDalton Tagelagiformalised the agreement at the Pacific Small Island States Foreign Ministers meeting in Istanbul, Turkey.[72]

People of Niue have fought as part of the New Zealand military. DuringWorld War I(1914–1918), Niue sent about 200 soldiers as part of theNew Zealand (Māori) Pioneer Battalionin the New Zealand forces.[73]

Niue is not a republic, but for a number of years the ISO list of country names (ISO 3166-1) listed its full name as "the Republic of Niue". In its newsletter of 14 July 2011, the ISO acknowledged that this was a mistake and the words "the Republic of" were deleted from the ISO list of country names.[74]

Niue has no regular indigenous military forces; defence is the responsibility of New Zealand.[75]TheNew Zealand Defence Forcehas responsibilities for protecting the territory as well as its offshore exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The total offshore EEZ is about 317,500 square kilometres (122,600 sq mi).[76]Vessels of theRoyal New Zealand Navycan be employed for this task including itsProtector-class offshore patrol vessels.[77]These naval forces may also be supported byRoyal New Zealand Air Forceaircraft, includingP-8 Poseidons.[78]New Zealand forces also provide additional logistics and specialized support for Niue.[79]

However, these forces are limited in size with, for instance, only infrequent air force overflights of the EEZ.[54]In 2023 New Zealand's forces were described by the Government as "not in a fit state" to respond to regional challenges.[80][81]New Zealand's subsequently announced "Defence Policy and Strategy Statement" noted that shaping the security environment, "focusing in particular on supporting security in and for the Pacific" would receive enhanced attention.[82]

Niue has its own customs regulations.[83]

Economy

[edit]
Main article:Economy of Niue
Alofi,the capital of Niue

Niue's gross domestic product (GDP) was NZ$17 million in 2003,[84]or US$10 million atpurchasing power parity.[85]Its GDP had increased to US$24.9 million by 2016.[86]Niue uses the New Zealand dollar.

TheNiue Integrated Strategic Plan(NISP) is the national development plan, setting national priorities for development.Cyclone Hetaset the island back about two years from its planned timeline to implement the NISP, since national efforts concentrated on recovery efforts. In 2008, Niue had yet to fully recover. After Heta, the government made a major commitment to rehabilitate and develop the private sector.[87]In 2004, the New Zealand government allocated $1 million for the private sector,[88]and spent it on helping businesses devastated by the cyclone, and on construction of the Fonuakula Industrial Park.[citation needed]Thisindustrial parkis now completed and some businesses are already operating from there. The Fonuakula Industrial Park is managed by the Niue Chamber of Commerce, a not-for-profit organisation providing advisory services to businesses.[citation needed]

Joint ventures

The government and the Reef Group from New Zealand started two joint ventures in 2003 and 2004 to develop fisheries and a 120-hectare (300 acre)nonijuice operation.[89]Noni fruit comes fromMorinda citrifolia,a small tree with edible fruit. Niue Fish Processors Ltd (NFP) is a joint venture company processing fresh fish, mainly tuna (yellowfin, big eye and albacore), for export to overseas markets. NFP operates out of a fish plant in Amanau Alofi South, completed and opened in October 2004.[90]

Trade

Niue is negotiatingfree trade agreementswith other Pacific countries,PICTATrade in Services (PICTA TIS),Economic Partnership Agreementswith the European Union, andPACERPluswith Australia and New Zealand. TheOffice of the Chief Trade Adviser(OCTA) has been set up to assist Niue and other Pacific countries in the negotiation of the PACERPlus.

Mining

In August 2005, an Australian mining company, Yamarna Goldfields, suggested that Niue might have the world's largest deposit of uranium. By early September these hopes were seen as overoptimistic,[91]and in late October the company cancelled its plans, announcing that exploratory drilling had identified nothing of commercial value.[92]TheAustralian Securities and Investments Commissionfiled charges in January 2007 against two directors of the company, now called Mining Projects Group Ltd, alleging that their conduct had been deceptive and that they engaged ininsider trading.[93]This case was settled out of court in July 2008, both sides withdrawing their claims.[94]

Revenue

[edit]

Remittancesfrom expatriates were a major source of foreign exchange in the 1970s and early 1980s. Continuousmigrationto New Zealand has shifted most members of nuclear andextended familiesthere, removing the need to send remittances back home. In the late 1990s, PFTAC conducted studies on thebalance of payments,[95]which confirmed that Niueans are receiving few remittances but are sending more money overseas.

Foreign aid

[edit]

Foreign aid is a significant source of income, accounting for approximately a third of Niue's annual government revenue.[96]Most aid comes from New Zealand,[85]which has a legal obligation to provide economic and administrative assistance.[97]Other sources of revenue for the government are taxation and trading activities, such as philatelic services and the lease of phone lines.[98]

Offshore banking

[edit]

The government briefly considered offshore banking. Under pressure from theUS Treasury,Niue agreed to end its support for schemes designed to minimise tax in countries like New Zealand. Niue provides automated Companies Registration, administered by theNew Zealand Ministry of Economic Development.TheNiue Legislative Assemblypassed theNiue Consumption TaxAct in the first week of February 2009, and the 12.5% tax on goods and services was expected to take effect on 1 April 2009. Income tax has been lowered, and import tax may be reset to zero except for "sin" items like tobacco, alcohol and soft drinks. Tax on secondary income has been lowered from 35% to 10%, with the stated goal of fostering increased labour productivity.[99]

Internet

[edit]

In 1997, theInternet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA), under contract with the US Department of Commerce, assigned the Internet Users Society-Niue (IUS-N), a private nonprofit, as manager of the.nutop-level domainon the Internet. IUS-N's charitable purpose was – and continues to be – to use revenue from the registration of.nu domain names to fund low-cost or free Internet services for the people of Niue. In a letter toICANNin 2007, IUS-N's independent auditors reported IUS-N had invested US$3 million for Internet services in Niue between 1999 and 2005 from.nu domain name registration revenue during that period. In 1999, IUS-N and the Government of Niue signed an agreement whereby the Government recognised that IUS-N managed the.nu ccTLD under IANA's authority and IUS-N committed to provide free Internet services to government departments as well as to Niue's private citizens. A newly elected government later disputed that agreement and attempted to assert a claim on the domain name, including a requirement for IUS-N to make direct payments of compensation to the government.[100]In 2005, a Government-appointed Commission of Inquiry into the dispute released its report, which found no merit in the government's claims; the government subsequently dismissed the claims in 2007.[101]Starting in 2003, IUS-N began installingWi-Ficonnections throughout the capital village ofAlofiand in several nearby villages and schools, and has been expanding Wi-Fi coverage into the outer villages since then, making Niue the first Wi-Fi nation.[102]To assure security for government departments, IUS-N provides the government with a secure DSL connection to IUS-N's satellite Internet link, at no cost.

On Dec 16, 2020, the Government of Niue commenced an action to "redelegate" its national webspace,.nu, from the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the supranational non-profit that coordinates top-level domains to ensure the stable operation of the internet, to assign control of the.nu domain to the Government of Niue.[103]

Agriculture

[edit]

Agriculture is very important to the lifestyle of Niueans and the economy, and around 204 square kilometres of the land area are available for agriculture.[104]Subsistence agricultureis very much part of Niue's culture, where nearly all the households have plantations oftaro.[105]Taro is astaple food,and the pink taro now dominant in the taro markets in New Zealand and Australia is a product of Niue. This is one of the naturally occurring taro varieties on Niue, and has a strong resistance to pests. The Niuetarois known in Samoa as "talo Niue" and in international markets as pink taro. Niue exports taro to New Zealand. Tapiocaor cassava,yamsandkumaraalso grow very well,[85]as do different varieties of bananas.Coconut meat,passionfruitandlimesdominated exports in the 1970s, but in 2008vanilla,noniand taro were the main export crops.

Most families grow their own food crops for subsistence and sell their surplus at the Niue Makete in Alofi, or export to New Zealand.[106]Coconut crab,or uga, is also part of thefood chain;it lives in the forest and coastal areas.[107]

Taro crop

In 2003, the government made a commitment to develop and expandvanillaproduction with the support ofNZAID.Vanilla has grown wild on Niue for a long time. The industry was devastated byCyclone Hetain early 2004, but has since recovered.[108]

The last agricultural census was in 1989.[109]

Tourism

[edit]
AvateleBeach

Tourism is one of the three priorityeconomic sectors(the other two are fisheries and agriculture) for economic development. In 2006, estimated visitor expenditure reachedUS$1.6 million(equivalent to about $2M in 2023) making tourism a major industry for Niue. Niue will continue to receive direct support from the government and overseas donor agencies. The only airport isNiue International Airport.Air New Zealandis the sole airline, flying twice a week fromAuckland.[110][111]In the early 1990s Niue International Airport was served by a local airline,Niue Airlines,but it closed in 1992.

There is a tourism development strategy to increase the number of rooms available to tourists at a sustainable level. Niue is trying to attract foreign investors to invest in the tourism industry by offering import and company tax concessions as incentives. New Zealand businessmanEarl Hagaman,founder of Scenic Hotel Group, was awarded a contract in 2014 to manage the Matavai Resort in Niue after he made a $101,000 political donation to theNew Zealand National Party,which at that time led a minority government in New Zealand. The resort is subsidized by New Zealand, which wants to bolster tourism there. In 2015, New Zealand announced $7.5m in additional funding for expansion of the resort. The selection of the Matavai contractor was made by the Niue Tourism Property Trust, whose trustees are appointed by New Zealand Foreign Affairs ministerMurray McCully.Prime MinisterJohn Keysaid he did not handle campaign donations, and that Niue premierToke Talagihas long pursued tourism as a growth strategy. McCully denied any link between the donation, the foreign aid and the contractor selection.[112]

Niue became the world's firstdark sky countryin March2020.The entire island maintains standards of light development and keeps light pollution limited. Visitors will be able to enjoy guided Astro-tours led by trained Niuean community members. Viewing sites which are used for whale-watching and accessing the sea, as well as the roads that cross the island, make ideal viewing locations.[113]

The sailing season begins in May. Alofi Bay has many mooring buoys and yacht crews can lodge at Niue Backpackers.[114]The anchorage in Niue is one of the least protected in the South Pacific. Other challenges of the anchorage are a primarily coral bottom and many deep spots.[115]Mooring buoys are attached to seine floats that support the mooring lines away from seabed obstructions.[116]

Debt

[edit]

On 27 October 2016, Niue officially declared that all itsnational debtwas paid off.[117]The government plans to spend money saved from servicing loans on increasing pensions and offering incentives to lure expatriates back home. However, Niue is not entirely independent. New Zealand pays $14 million in aid each year and Niue still depends on New Zealand economically. Premier Toke Talagi said Niue managed to pay off US$4 million of debt and had "no interest" in borrowing again, particularly from huge powers such as China.[117]

Information technology

[edit]
Students using theirOLPClaptops in the school yard.

The Census of Households and Population in 1986 was the first to be processed using a personal computer with the assistance of David Marshall, FAO Adviser on Agricultural Statistics, advisingUNFPADemographer Dr Lawrence Lewis and Niue Government StatisticianBill Vakaafi Motufoouto switch from using manual tabulation cards. In 1987, Statistics Niue got its new personal computer NEC PC AT use for processing the 1986 census data; personnel were sent on training in Japan and New Zealand to use the new computer. The first Computer Policy was developed and adopted in 1988.[118]

In 2003, Niue became the first country in the world to provide state-fundedwireless internetto all inhabitants.[119][120]

In August 2008, it has been reported that all school students have what is known as theOLPC XO-1,a specialised laptop by theOne Laptop per Childproject designed for children in the developing world.[121][122]Niue was also a location of tests for theOpenBTSproject, which aims to deliver low-costGSMbase stationsbuilt withopen source software.[123] In July 2011, Telecom Niue launched pre-paid mobile services (Voice/EDGE – 2.5G) as Rokcell Mobile based on the commercial GSM product of vendor Lemko.[citation needed]Three BTS sites will cover the nation. International roaming is not currently available.

In January 2015, Telecom Niue completed the laying of the fibre optic cable around Niue connecting all the 14 villages, making land line phones and ADSL internet connection available to households.[citation needed]

Niue was connected to theManatua Fibre Cablein 2021.[124]

Demographics

[edit]

The following demographic statistics are from the official figures from Niue Statistics at the relevant censuses.[125]

Population

[edit]
Year Population Day and month
of Census
1900 4,015
1902 4,074 June
1906 3,822 1 June
1911 3,943 17 November
1916 3,880 15 October
1921 3,750 17 April
1926 3,795 20 April
1931 3,797 31 December
1936 4,104 24 March
1945 4,253 25 September
1951 4,553 27 September
1956 4,707 25 September
1961 4,864 25 September
1966 5,194 28 September
1971 4,990 28 September
1974 3,992
1976 3,842 28 September
1979 3,578 10 March
1981 3,281 28 September
1984 2,887 1 October
1986 2,531 29 September
1989 2,267 1 October
1991 2,239 3 November
1994 2,300 4 October
1996 2,089 October
1997 2,088 17 August
1999 1,913 9 August
2000 1,857 11 December
2001 1,788 8 September
2004 1,761 7 September
2006 1,625 8 September
2011 1,611 9 September
2017 1,719 10 March
2022 1,681 11 November

Structure of the population

[edit]
Population by Sex and Age Group, Census 09.III.2017 (Usual resident population):[126]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 762 829 1 591 100
0–4 68 67 135 8.49
5–9 83 85 168 10.56
10–14 66 78 144 9.05
15–19 52 53 95 5.97
20–24 35 30 65 4.09
25–29 50 57 107 6.73
30–34 51 62 113 7.10
35–39 44 49 93 5.85
40–44 43 46 89 5.59
45–49 52 39 91 5.72
50–54 49 52 101 6.35
55–59 45 47 92 5.78
60–64 43 43 86 5.41
65–69 25 31 56 3.52
70–74 30 28 58 3.65
75–79 23 27 50 3.14
80–84 8 26 34 2.14
85–89 4 5 9 0.57
90–94 1 3 4 0.25
95–99 0 1 1 0.06
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 217 230 447 28.10
15–64 454 478 932 58.58
65+ 91 121 212 13.32

Population growth rate

[edit]
  • −0.03%

Nationality

[edit]
  • Niuean(s) (noun)
  • Niuean (adjective)

Ethnic groups

[edit]

Religions

[edit]

Languages

[edit]

Culture

[edit]
See also:Music of Niue
Niuean dancers at thePasifika Festival

Niue is the birthplace of New Zealand artist and writerJohn Pule.Author ofThe Shark That Ate the Sun,he also paintstapa clothinspired designs on canvas.[127]In 2005, he co-wroteHiapo: Past and Present in Niuean Barkcloth,a study of a traditional Niuean artform, with Australian writer and anthropologist Nicholas Thomas.[128]Matafetu Smithfounded the first Niuean women's weaving group in Auckland.[129][130]

Taoga Niueis a new Government Department responsible for the preservation of culture, tradition and heritage. Recognising its importance, the Government has added Taoga Niue as the sixth pillar of theNiue Integrated Strategic Plan(NISP).[131]

Media

[edit]

Niue has two broadcast outlets,Television NiueandRadio Sunshine,managed and operated by theBroadcasting Corporation of Niue,and one newspaper, theNiue Star.[132]

Museums

[edit]

In 2004,Cyclone Hetadestroyed theHuanaki Cultural Centre & Museum.The damage resulted in the destruction of the buildings, but also the loss of over 90% of the museum's collections.[133][134][135]In 2018Fale Tau Tāoga Museumopened, a new national museum for Niue.[136]

Cuisine

[edit]

Due to the island location and the fact that the Niue produce a significant array of fruits and vegetables, natural local produce, especially coconut, features in many of the dishes of the islands, as does fresh seafood.Takihi,the national dish, is made from coconut cream and thinly slicedtaroandpapaya.[citation needed]

Sport

[edit]
See also:Rugby union in Niue
The Niue sevens team performing atakalo

Despite being a small country, a number of sports are popular.Rugby unionis the most popular sport, played by both men and women; Niue was the 2008FORU Oceania Cupchampions.[137]Netballis played only by women. There is a nine-holegolf courseat Fonuakula and a single lawnbowling green.[138]Association football is a popular sport, as evidenced by theNiue Soccer Tournament,though theNiue national football teamhas played onlytwo matches.Rugby leagueis also a popular sport.

Niue participates in theCommonwealth Games,but unlike theCook Islands,it is not a member of theInternational Olympic Committee(IOC) and does not compete in theOlympic Games.[139]Per IOC rules, participation in the Olympics requires being "an independent State recognised by the international community".[140]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The King in right of New Zealand is represented by the Governor-General of New Zealand in relation to Niue.[3]

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  140. ^"127th IOC Session comes to close in Monaco".International Olympic Committee. 9 December 2014.Retrieved6 August2016.The NOC of Kosovo met the requirements for recognition as outlined in the Olympic Charter. These include the sport and technical requirements as well as the definition of "country" as defined in Rule 30.1 – "an independent State recognised by the international community". Kosovo is recognised as a country by 108 of the 193 UN Member States.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Niue, the Pacific island struggling to cope as its population plummets
  • Chapman, Terry M. (1976) –The Decolonisation of Niue.
  • Hekau, Maihetoe & al.,Niue: A History of the Island,Suva:Institute of Pacific Studies (USP) & the government of Niue, 1982 [no ISBN]
  • Loeb, Edwin M. (1926) –History and Traditions of Niue.
  • Painter, Margaret and Kalaisi Folau (2000) –Tagi Tote e Loto Haaku, My Heart Is Crying a Little: Niue Island Involvement in the Great War, 1914–1918.
  • Smith, Percy –Niue-fekai (or Savage) Island and its People.
  • Sperlich, Wolfgang B. (2012) –Tohi Vagahau Niue/Niue Language Dictionary: Niuean-English, with English-Niuean Finderlist.
  • Thomson, Basil C. (2012) –Savage Island: An Account of a Sojourn in Niue and Tonga.
  • James P Terry and Warwick E Murray (edited by) –Niue Island: Geographical Perspectives on the Rock of PolynesiaInternational Scientific Council for Island Development (INSULA), UNESCO,ISBN9299002304.
  • SPREP, Rod Hay and Ralph Powlesland, Compiled by Joanna Sim –Guide to Birds of Niue
  • Tregear, Edward,"Niue: or Savage Island",The Journal of thePolynesian Society,vol.2, March 1893, pp. 11–16
  • W R Sykes –Contributions to the Flora of Niue
  • Dick Scott (1993) –Would a Good Man Die
[edit]
Government
General information
Travel

19°03′S169°51′W/ 19.050°S 169.850°W/-19.050; -169.850

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