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Renault Espace

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Renault Espace
Overview
ManufacturerRenault
Production1984–present
Body and chassis
Class
Body style
  • 5-doorMPV(1984–2023)
  • 5-doorSUV(2023–present)

TheRenault Espaceis a series of automobiles manufactured byRenaultsince 1984. For its first five generations, the Espace was amulti-purpose vehicle/MPV(M-segment), but it has been redesigned as a mid-sizecrossover SUVfor its sixth generation.[3][4]

The first three generations of the Espace were amongst the first contemporary minivans or MPVs, and were manufactured byMatrafor Renault. The fourth generation, also an MPV, was manufactured by Renault. TheRenault Grand Espaceis a long wheelbase (LWB) version with increased rear leg room and boot size. The fifth generation is introduced with acrossover SUV-styled while keeping itsMPVclassification and body style. Renault described the fifth generation Espace as a 'crossover-style MPV' which combines elements of saloon, SUV and MPV, while retaining interior space and practicality of the latter.[4]The sixth generation debuted in 2023 as a 7-seater SUV based on theAustral.[1]

The name "espace"means" space "in French. In February 2012, the Espace was retired in the United Kingdom, as part of a cost-cutting plan.[5]

First generation (J11; 1984)

[edit]
Espace I
1987 Espace TSE 2.0
Overview
Production1984–1991
AssemblyFrance:Romorantin(Matra)
DesignerFergus Pollock
Antonis Volanis
Body and chassis
LayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-drive/four-wheel-drive
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission5-speedNG3manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,580 mm (101.6 in)
Length4,250 mm (167.3 in) (petrol)
Width1,777 mm (70.0 in)
Height1,660 mm (65.4 in)
Matra P18 prototype, which would later be developed into the Renault Espace

The Espace concept was originally conceived in the 1970s by the British designerFergus Pollock,who was working forChrysler UK,at itsdesign centre at WhitleyinCoventry.[6]Matra,spearheaded byGreekdesignerAntonis Volanis,developed the design forSimca,the thenFrenchsubsidiary of Chrysler, with the intent of marketing the vehicle as aTalbot.[7]It would replace theMatra Rancholeisure activity vehicleon the Matra production lines. Early prototypes used Simca parts, and hence featured a grille reminiscent of theSimca 1307(Chrysler Alpine).

In 1978, six years before the Espace went into production, Chrysler UK and Simca were sold to the French companyPSA Peugeot Citroën,which phased out Simca within a decade because of falling sales. PSA decided the Espace was too expensive and too risky a design to put into production, preferring to focus on nursing Talbot back to financial health.[7]The design was returned to Matra, who called it the Matra P23 and took the idea to Renault.

Renault adopted the Matra concept as project J11, which was then given the name "Espace."[7]One restraint was that Renault used longitudinally mounted engines whereas the P23 had been designed with the more efficienttransverse layoutin mind. The design ended up using the longitudinal layout, which allowed for more flexibility in engine fitment and also made developing a four-wheel-drive version easier.[8]Installing thePRV V6had been considered from early on but ended up having to wait until the introduction of the second generation. To make the engine installation as short as possible, the radiator was placed to the left in the engine compartment, with the engine reaching the grille.[9]The compact installation necessitated an extended front end for turbodiesel models as this engine was longer; these have a protruding grille and a correspondingly larger front bumper. Renault improved on Matra's original design by insisting on an entirely flat floor in the entire area behind the front seats.[10]

The design featured a body offibreglass,mounted on awarm-galvanisedsteelmonocoquespaceframe,using the same technique and assembly line at the factory as theTalbot Matra Murena.The galvanization process increasedtorsional rigidityby 60 per cent and bending resistance by 20 per cent, at a cost of a 30 kg (66 lb) weight gain.[7]Weight distribution was rather front heavy, with 62.9 per cent of the weight being over the front wheels (original petrol version).[11]

The Espace was eventually launched by Renault in July 1984. After a slow start, a mere nine Espaces were sold in the first month,[12]consumers realised the benefits of theMPVconcept and the Espace became popular. The introduction of the Espace required the relatively small Matra factory to cease production of the Murena to make room for the Espace. It was sold in theUnited Kingdomfrom August 1985. In October 1984 the turbodiesel versions Turbo D and Turbo DX arrived.[9]

In 1984,American Motors Corporation(AMC) announced it would begin to market the front wheel drive Espace in the United States.[13][14]The minivan was exhibited to consumers at the 1985Chicago Auto Show,but AMC's negotiations withMatracontinued over the vehicle's import pricing.[15]Plans for the Espace to be launched in the United States ended with the purchase of AMC by Chrysler.

Pre-facelift Renault Espace
Phase I turbodiesel, showing the larger front grille

In 2004,BBC's motoring showTop Gearset up a race between two Espaces, aToyota Previa,aToyota MasterAce,aMitsubishi Space Wagon,and aNissan Serena.The Espaces came first and second - although as Jeremy Clarkson pointed out, Richard Hammond was driving a V6 Espace, giving him a performance advantage over the other vehicles.[16]

Facelift

[edit]
Renault Espace (facelift)
Renault Espace (facelift)

Building upon its success, the Espace was revamped in 1988, with most of the remaining Talbot/Simca content being replaced by equivalent Renault parts. The chassis and mechanical components of the car remained largely unchanged.

The most obvious cosmetic exterior difference, between the very first Espaces and the revamped post 1988 models, were the changed headlights: the forward-slanting lights with orange indicator casing of the original Espace were replaced with backward-slanting lights, with a clear indicator casing.

Along with the changes in design, a four-wheel-drive version called Quadra was also introduced.[17]

Grancar Futura

[edit]

Brazilian Ford Concessionaire Grancar, in cooperation with Toni Bianco, developed a faithful copy of the original Espace in Brazil in 1990. Called theGrancar Futura,it was powered by four-cylinder engines (AP1800/AP2000) fromFord/Volkswagen'slocal lineup, while using the dashboard from theFord Del Reyand theEscort's fuel tank.

With Renault upset about intellectual property infringement and market liberalization undercutting the car'sraison d'être,the Futura came to an end in the end of 1991, after 159 cars had been built.[18]

Second generation (J63; 1991)

[edit]
Espace II
Overview
Also calledRenault Univers (China)
Production1991–1996 (F)
1994–1999 (PRC)
Assembly
Body and chassis
LayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-drive/four-wheel-drive
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission5-speedmanual
4-speedautomatic
Renault Espace (rear)

A heavily revised Espace was launched in January 1991, adopting the Renault family look, to replace theTalbotthemed styling of the original. This was essentially a reskin of the original car, with a new dashboard and other interior improvements. The chassis was left unchanged. Matra's facilities still limited production and deliveries were highly allocated during the first few years.[19]New was the option of a V6 engine, the company's 2,849-cc PRV V6 with 153 PS (113 kW). Four-wheel-drive ( "Quadra" ) was only available with the 2.2-litre petrol four; an automatic transmission was initially not offered.[20]

The second generation saw mostly minor changes during its lifespan. A four-speed automatic option was added to the V6. In 1995 a version of the turbodiesel with a variable vane turbocharger was added to the lineup; thanks to this, power increased from 88 to 92 PS (65 to 68 kW). Production ceased in October 1996, after 316,419 examples had been built. This generation Espace was also "assembled" in China, where Sanjiang Renault Automobile received nearly complete Espaces and sold them as locally assembled product thanks to loopholes in the ChineseCKDregulations.[21]

Espace Biturbo Quadra

[edit]

A high performance prototype (P46) called the Espace Biturbo Quadra was also proposed by Matra in 1990, before the second generation Espace entered production. It was to use the same engine that was later installed in theSafrane Biturbo,which produced around 270 PS (199 kW).

However, it never entered production due to the concern of its stability, and only a single prototype remains today. The estimated performance figures of it were: 0 to 100 km/h around 7.5 seconds, top speed above 230 km/h.

Espace F1

[edit]
Renault Espace F1 at the Rétromobile 2014

In 1995, Renault displayed a show car called the Espace F1, which was created by Matra to celebrate both the tenth anniversary of the Espace and Renault's involvement in Formula One racing. Though it resembled an Espace with substantial bodywork changes, the vehicle had more in common with aFormula Onecar.

The vehicle used a lightweightcarbon fibreF1 style chassis in combination with a carbon fibre reinforced Espace J63 series body (as opposed tofibreglasson the standard model). Powering the Espace F1 was an 800 PS (588 kW; 789 hp) (upgraded from its original rating of 700 PS (515 kW; 690 hp)) 3.5 litre, forty valve Renault RS5V10 engine,as used in the 1993Williams-Renault FW15C.

As with an F1 car, the V10 engine wasmid engined(as opposed to the conventionalfront-engined layout) and the power was transmitted to the rear wheels via a six speed semi automatic gearbox, also used in the Williams FW15C.

The engine and transmission allowed the Espace F1 to accelerate from 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) in 2.8 seconds, 0–200 km/h (0–124 mph) in 6.9 seconds and carry on accelerating to a top speed of 312 km/h (194 mph).

With the use of carbon ceramic brakes, the Espace F1's deceleration was no less impressive than its acceleration, and could accelerate from 0–270 km/h (0–168 mph) and brake to a complete halt in under 600 metres (1,969 ft).

This version of the Espace was featured in driving simulator gameGran Turismo 2.Frank Williamswas a noted passenger of the Espace F1, chauffeured by Williams driverDavid Coulthard.[22]The Espace F1 currently resides in theMatraMuseum in France.[23]

Third generation (JE0; 1996)

[edit]
Espace III
Overview
Also calledEnviro 2000 (Malaysia)
Production1996–2002
Assembly
Body and chassis
RelatedRenault Avantime
Powertrain
Engine
Dimensions
Length4,517 mm (177.8 in)
4,787 mm (188.5 in) (Grand Espace)
Width1,810 mm (71.3 in)
2,070 mm (81.5 in) (Grand Espace)
Height1,690 mm (66.5 in)
1,700 mm (66.9 in) (Grand Espace)
Renault Espace (short wheelbase)

The third generation Espace arrived in December 1996, with the long wheelbase Grand Espace coming to market in the beginning of 1998. The most notable feature of the Espace III was the radically futuristic interior (including an elongated and centrally mounted dashboard, digital speedometer and radio/CD display). Once again, the Espace III featured a plastic (GRP) body over a galvanised independent steel chassis. The Espace III received a facelift in September 2000.

Powertrain

[edit]

In November 1999, a smaller, 1.9-litre turbodiesel had been added to the lineup. The Espace III shared much of its running gear with theLagunaof the same era. Although Renault-badged, the Espace III continued to be built byMatra.

A number of third generation Espaces were used as bases forNGVand taxi conversions for theKuala Lumpur International Airportand theKuala Lumpur Sentraltransportation hub inMalaysia,rebranded as Enviro 2000s.

[edit]
Renault Grand Espace, the long wheelbase version (1998–2002)

The third generation Espace was the last Espace to be built byMatra(the short livedAvantimewas subsequently produced on the same production line). During 2001,MatraandMG Roverdiscussed a possible deal to build reskinned Espaces, as well as market them. However, the deal failed to happen.[24][25]

Production ended in September 2002, with the final production number being 357,120.

Sanjiang Espace
Enviro 2000 in Malaysia

Fourth generation (J81; 2002)

[edit]
Espace IV
Overview
Production2002–2015[26][27][28][29]
AssemblyFrance:Sandouville(Sandouville Factory)[26][28][29]
Body and chassis
LayoutFront-engine, front-wheel drive
Powertrain
EnginePetrol:
2.0I4
2.0TI4
3.5V6
Diesel:
1.9I4
2.0I4
2.2I4
3.0V6
Transmission6-speedmanual
5-speedautomatic
6-speed automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,803 mm (110.4 in) (Espace)[30]
2,868 mm (112.9 in) (Grand Espace)[31]
Length4,661 mm (183.5 in) (Espace)[30]
4,859 mm (191.3 in) (Grand Espace)[31]
Width1,859 mm (73.2 in)[30][31]
Height1,730 mm (68.1 in) (Espace)[30]
1,750 mm (68.9 in) (Grand Espace)[31]

The fourth generation Espace arrived in November 2002, being the first entirely Renault developed and produced model. This model is 90% recyclable, and contains numerous weight reducing materials, thus cutting fuel consumption. The aluminium doors and bonnet are 20 kg (44 lb) lighter than steel equivalents.

Its styling was reflective of a new design direction at Renault, symbolised by the radicalVel SatisandAvantimemodels, marking a major departure from the previous model, which also saw the range moved upmarket.

In 2006, the Espace received a thorough facelift (Phase II) and added new 2.0 litre and 3.0 litre dCi engines.[32]In October 2010, a slight redesign was unveiled at theParis Motor Show(Phase III), with minor cosmetic changes,LEDlights and improved equipment.[33]

In 2002, Renault goals were to deliver 450,000 units of the Espace IV before 2009, which would account for 20% of the European market for an MPV. The fourth generation Espace came third from the bottom in theTop GearSatisfaction Survey 2005.

  • Renault Espace (facelift)
    Renault Espace (facelift)
  • Renault Espace (pre-facelift)
    Renault Espace (pre-facelift)
  • Renault Espace (pre-facelift)
    Renault Espace (pre-facelift)
  • Interior
    Interior

Phase 4

[edit]
2012 facelift Renault Espace

On 22 June 2012, Renault announced a restyling of the Espace (Phase IV), the second important after 2006,[34][35][36]incorporating the "family feeling" design concept ofLaurens van den Acker.Also, it introduced new 2.0 dCi (M9R) engines, in order to meet the French regulations regarding the limitations onCO2emissions.[34]The car continued in production until the launch of a new generation.[35]

Safety

[edit]

The Espace IV passed theEuro NCAPcar safety tests with following ratings:[37]

Adult Occupant:
Pedestrian:

The 2003 Espace featured in British motoring television showFifth Geartwice, once when it was crashed into a J63 Espace, and again when it was crashed into a 1990s Land Rover Discovery, both at 64 km/h (40 mph). The passenger compartment in the Espace was kept fairly intact both times, but the dummies in the older Espace and the Discovery were smashed between the seats and the dashboard, leaving no survival possibilities.

Reviews

[edit]

The Renault Espace IV has received decent to good reviews from motoring journalists and is often cited as one of the best vehicles in the large MPV class.

  • The AA[38]
    'The [Espace] is the MPV to beat all MPVs; it's spacious, luxurious and drives well for a car this size. And there's no question of it being mistaken for anything else on the road.'
  • Autocar[39]
    'The interior is well executed, but even the Grand Espace isn't that spacious with seven on board. Build quality is impressive, as are the diesels, but avoid petrol power.'
  • Auto Express[40]
    'The restyle hasn't dented the visual appeal of the Espace. Yet although the interior is more practical, it's simply not as versatile as the cabins of rivals such as the new Ford Galaxy, or upmarket competitors like Land Rover's Discovery.'
  • Car[41]
    For: Gigantic
    Against: A bit unwieldy
  • Parker's[42]
    Pros: Masses of cabin room, superb long distance cruiser, strong dCi engines
    Cons: Can be expensive to buy, seats don't fold flat, sheer size makes it tricky to manoeuvre
  • Top Gear[43]
    'The last word in MPVs, the Renault Espace is simply vast, but manages to be stylish and unconventional at the same time. Available in regulation and Behemoth 'Grand' guises, either is the ultimate solution for those with a distrust of birth control.'
  • What Car?[44]
    'Decent space for people, if not their luggage. The Espace offers a refined drive and some refined engines, but some rivals are cheaper and more versatile.'

Fifth generation (JFC; 2015)

[edit]
Espace V
Overview
Production2015–2023
AssemblyFrance:Douai(Douai Renault Factory)
Body and chassis
LayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-drive
PlatformRenault CMF platform(CMF-CD)
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,884 mm (113.5 in)
Length4,878 mm (192.0 in)
Width1,888 mm (74.3 in)
Height1,675 mm (65.9 in)
Rear view (pre-facelift)
Interior (pre-facelift)

The fifth-generation Espace was unveiled at the2014 Paris Motor Showin October 2014. It abandons the conventional large MPV design of previous generations, instead havingcrossover SUVstyling. The car is based on theRenault–Nissan Common Module Familyarchitecture developed by bothRenaultandNissan.[4]

The Renault Espace hasradaradaptive cruise controlas an option, andactive emergency braking.[45]

It is offered with the latest version of Renault's R Link 2 information system (voice control, navigation, Bluetooth and radio), engine stop start, emergency brake assist, lane departure warning and road sign recognition with speed limit alerts, 360 degree sensors, reversing camera and a hands free parking system.

The Espace V is only available in markets withLHD,withRHDvehicles not built nor sold, as with theRenault Talisman.[46]

In June 2017, the 1.6-liter petrol engine was replaced by the larger 1.8 TCe. In September 2018, both of the 1.6-liter R-type diesel engines were replaced by larger, more powerful 2.0-liter engines from Nissan'sMR engine family.

An updated Renault Espace was commercialized from Summer 2020.[47]This update comprises a new interior, additions to assisted driving options, an updated EasyLink infotainment system and a new dashboard. The petrol-engined models were taken out of production in October 2020, leaving only two-liter diesels. The lower powered diesel was discontinued in January 2022 and currently the Espace is only offered with the Blue dCi 190 EDC engine with 189 PS (139 kW).

Vehicle production of this model was halted in March 2023.[48]

Engine specifications

[edit]
Petrol engines
Model Year(s) Displacement Fuel Type Power Torque 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) CO2Emissions
TCe 200 EDC7[49] 03/2015–06/2017 1,618 cc (98.7 cu in) Petrol 200 PS (147 kW; 197 bhp) 260 N⋅m (192 lb⋅ft) 8.5 s 140 g/km
Energy TCe 225 EDC7[50] 07/2017–10/2020 1,798 cc (109.7 cu in) Petrol 225 PS (165 kW; 222 bhp) 300 N⋅m (221 lb⋅ft) 7.6 s 152 g/km[51]
Diesel engines
Model Year(s) Displacement Fuel Type Power Torque 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) CO2Emissions
dCi 130[52] 03/2015–08/2018 1,598 cc (97.5 cu in) Turbodiesel 131 PS (96 kW; 129 bhp) 320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft) 10.8 s 119 g/km
dCi Twin Turbo 160 EDC6[53] Twin-turbodiesel 160 PS (118 kW; 158 bhp) 380 N⋅m (280 lb⋅ft) 9.7 s 123 g/km
2.0 Blue dCi 160 EDC 09/2018–01/2022 1,997 cc (121.9 cu in) Turbodiesel 160 PS (118 kW; 158 bhp) 360 N⋅m (266 lb⋅ft) 10.5–11.0 s 147–152 g/km
2.0 Blue dCi 190 EDC 10/2020–current 189 PS (139 kW; 186 bhp) 400 N⋅m (295 lb⋅ft) 10.6 s
2.0 Blue dCi 200 EDC 09/2018–10/2020 200 PS (147 kW; 197 bhp) 9.1 s 148 g/km

Initiale Paris

[edit]
Renault Initiale Paris
The Renault Initiale Paris Concept
Overview
ManufacturerRenault
Production2013
Body and chassis
ClassConcept car
Body style5-doorMPV
LayoutFront-engine,front-wheel-drive
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,884 mm (113.5 in)
Chronology
PredecessorRenault Egeus
Renault Ondelios

The fifth-generation Espace was preceded by the Initiale Parisconcept car,which is similar to the production version. The concept was unveiled in September 2013 at theFrankfurt Motor Show.It hascrossover SUVstyling and various luxury elements,[54]previewing also the new Renault's Initiale Paris luxury sub-marque.[55]

The car incorporates an aluminium–poly(methyl methacrylate)roof, which has a map ofParis.[56]

The engine is a 1.6 litre diesel unit.[54]The Initiale Paris is the final installment ofLaurens van den Acker's "cycle of life" six-concept series, with each one representing, according to Renault, a lifetime moment: "love" (Renault DeZir), "explore" (Renault Captur), "family" (Renault R-Space), "work" (Renault Frendzy), "play" (Renaults Twin'Z and Twin'Run) and "wisdom" (Renault Initiale Paris).[57]

Sixth generation (2023)

[edit]
Main article:Renault Austral § Espace
Espace VI
Overview
Production2023–present
AssemblySpain:Palencia(Renault Spain)
Body and chassis
PlatformRenault–Nissan CMF-CD
Related
Powertrain
Engine
Electric motor67 hp (68 PS; 50 kW) (E-Tech Hybrid)
Transmission
Hybrid drivetrain
Battery
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,738 mm (107.8 in)
Length4,722 mm (185.9 in)[58]
Width1,843 mm (72.6 in)
Height1,645 mm (64.8 in)
Kerb weight1,587–1,698 kg (3,499–3,743 lb)
Chronology
PredecessorRenault Koleos[59]

Unveiled on 28 March 2023, the sixth-generation Espace is heavily based on theAustral,sharing most of the body panels including the front end.[1]

  • Rear view
    Rear view
  • Interior
    Interior

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcPappas, Thanos (28 March 2023)."New Renault Espace Debuts As A Longer Austral SUV With Seven Seats".Carscoops.
  2. ^"Nouveau Renault ESPACE".www.renault.fr(in French).Retrieved5 December2020.
  3. ^Diem, William (3 October 2014)."Renault's Reinvented Espace CUV steals show in Paris".Wards Auto. Archived fromthe originalon 15 October 2015.Retrieved7 October2014.
  4. ^abc"Reinvented Renault Espace revealed".Autocar.2 October 2014.Retrieved6 October2014.
  5. ^"Renault to cut five UK models".telegraph.co.uk. 19 December 2011.
  6. ^Lewin, Tony (2003).How to Design Cars Like a Pro: A Complete Guide to Car Design from the Top Professionals.Motorbooks International.ISBN0-7603-1641-4.
  7. ^abcdDe Leener, Philippe (7 February 1985). "Gedetailleerde Wegtest: Renault Espace" [Detailed Road Test].De AutoGids(in Flemish). Vol. 6, no. 140. Brussels, Belgium: Uitgeverij Auto-Magazine. p. 141.
  8. ^De Leener,p. 142
  9. ^abDe Leener,p. 143
  10. ^De Leener,p. 149
  11. ^De Leener,p. 144
  12. ^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VJDIeeSdAETop Gear- Historic People Carrier Racing - official Top Gear YouTube channel provided legally by BBC
  13. ^Stepler, Richard (February 1985)."New generation minivans".Popular Science.226(2): 74–75.Retrieved7 September2014.
  14. ^"A.M.C. to Import Renault Mini-Van".The New York Times.3 October 1984.Retrieved7 September2014.
  15. ^Mateja, James (13 March 1985)."AMC Will Not Import New, Larger Alliance".Chicago Tribune.Retrieved6 September2014.
  16. ^Historic People Car Racing,series 5, episode 5:
    • Clarkson: "Can I just ask - did yours have the V6 engine?"
    • Hammond: (laughing) "You noticed that did you? My car wassomuch faster than them that it was a bit embarrassing! "
  17. ^"Impressions; Renault Espace Quadra".Motor Sport Magazine.7 July 2014.
  18. ^Nunes, Anderson (23 November 2016)."Grandes Brasileiros: Grancar Futura"[Great Brazilians: the Grancar Futura].Quatro Rodas(in Portuguese).
  19. ^Collin, Robert (13 June 1991). "Plats för förnuft" [Room for rationality].Teknikens Värld(in Swedish). Vol. 43, no. 12. Stockholm, Sweden: Specialtidningsförlaget AB. p. 10.
  20. ^Collin 1991,p. 11.
  21. ^Clément-Collin, Paul (4 September 2016)."Sanjiang-Renault Espace et Trafic: les inconnues chinoises (ou presque)".Boîtier Rouge(in French). Archived from the original on 15 December 2016.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  22. ^"Matra Williams Renault Espace F1".Williamsdb.com. 17 December 2012.Retrieved7 September2014.
  23. ^"Le Musée"(in French). Musée Matra.Retrieved7 September2014.
  24. ^Simeli, Asopèe."L'affaire Renault".Austin-rover.co.uk. Archived fromthe originalon 7 November 2007.Retrieved7 September2014.
  25. ^"New Rover 45 delayed one more time".autocar.co.uk.Retrieved14 May2015.
  26. ^ab"Renault Atlas (May 2012)"(PDF).Renault. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 8 August 2012.Retrieved3 August2012.
  27. ^"Renault reveals 2013 Espace Minivan: Sales commence in July (Photos)".Rushlane.com. 24 June 2012.Retrieved4 August2012.
  28. ^ab"Guide to assembly plants in Europe 2012"(PDF).Autonews.com.Retrieved4 August2012.
  29. ^ab"Alpine Factory (Dieppe)".Renault Sport Media Website. 12 March 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 16 August 2017.Retrieved4 August2012.
  30. ^abcdSerban, Tudor."RENAULT Espace Specs & Photos - 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014".autoevolution.Archived fromthe originalon 13 November 2010.
  31. ^abcdSerban, Tudor."RENAULT Grand Espace Specs & Photos - 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014".autoevolution.Archived fromthe originalon 2 February 2014.
  32. ^"Renault Espace Gets Another Facelift"(Press release). Worldcarfans.com. 8 February 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 23 September 2014.Retrieved7 September2014.
  33. ^"Renault Espace: isn't space the ultimate luxury?".Renault Motor Shows blog. 13 October 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 13 December 2010.Retrieved7 September2014.
  34. ^ab"New Renault Espace: continuing to define luxury…".Renault. 22 June 2012.Retrieved5 August2012.
  35. ^ab"New Renault Espace facelift previewed".Worldcarfans.com.Retrieved5 August2012.
  36. ^Radu, Mihnea (15 May 2012)."Renault Espace Gets Another Facelift".Autoevolution.com.Retrieved5 August2012.
  37. ^"Renault Espace | Euro NCAP - For safer cars crash test safety rating".Euro NCAP.Retrieved2 December2010.
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  41. ^"Renault Grand Espace - 2.0 dCi Dynamique (150bhp) 5d Auto - Car Data".Parkers.co.uk. Archived fromthe originalon 16 July 2011.Retrieved2 December2010.
  42. ^"New Renault Grand Espace Car Review - Parker's".Parkers.co.uk. Archived fromthe originalon 24 October 2010.Retrieved2 December2010.
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  44. ^"Renault Espace MPV - Summary - New Car Review - What Car?".Whatcar.com. Archived fromthe originalon 28 May 2010.Retrieved2 December2010.
  45. ^"Connected vehicle for a smarter mobility".www.renaultgroup.com.
  46. ^"Renault Espace News & Reviews".
  47. ^"Essai Renault Espace restylé (2020): vaisseau fantôme".Auto moto(in French). 21 July 2020.Retrieved5 January2021.
  48. ^"Essai Renault Espace (2023): dernier voyage en monospace".www.largus.fr.Retrieved5 February2023.
  49. ^"2015 Renault Espace 5 Zen TCe 200 EDC7 Technical Specifications".ultimatespecs.com.
  50. ^"Renault ESPACE: performances".www.renault.fr.
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Further reading

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