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René Préval

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René Préval
Préval in 2006
41stPresident of Haiti
In office
14 May 2006 – 14 May 2011
Prime MinisterJacques-Édouard Alexis
Michèle Pierre-Louis
Jean-Max Bellerive
Preceded byBoniface Alexandre
Succeeded byMichel Martelly
In office
7 February 1996 – 7 February 2001
Prime MinisterClaudette Werleigh
Rosny Smarth
Jacques-Édouard Alexis
Preceded byJean-Bertrand Aristide
Succeeded byJean-Bertrand Aristide
2ndPrime Minister of Haiti
In office
13 February 1991 – 11 October 1991
PresidentJean-Bertrand Aristide
Preceded byMartial Célestin
Succeeded byJean-Jacques Honorat
Minister of Interior and National Defence
In office
19 February 1991 – 11 October 1991
PresidentJean-Bertrand Aristide
Preceded byJoseph Maxi (Interior)
Jean Thomas (National Defence)
Succeeded byGracia Jean
Personal details
Born
René Garcia Préval

(1943-01-17)17 January 1943
Port-au-Prince,Haiti
Died3 March 2017(2017-03-03)(aged 74)
Port-au-Prince,Haiti
Resting placeMarmelade,Haiti
Political partyLespwa(2006–2009)
Patriotic Unity(2009–2015)
Plateforme Vérité(2015–2017)
Other political
affiliations		Fanmi Lavalas(1996–2006)
Spouse(s)Solange Lafontant (Divorced in 1997)
Geri Benoit (Divorced in 2009)
Elisabeth Delatour(2009–2017;his death)
Alma materCollege of Gembloux
Catholic University of Leuven
University of Pisa
ProfessionAgronomist

René Garcia Préval(French pronunciation:[ʁəneɡaʁsjapʁeval];17 January 1943 – 3 March 2017)[1]was a Haitianpoliticianandagronomistwho twice wasPresident of Haiti,from early 1996 to early 2001, and again from mid-2006 to mid-2011. He was alsoPrime Ministerfrom early to late 1991 under the presidency ofJean-Bertrand Aristide.

In addition to being the first elected head of state since independence to serve a full term, the first to be elected to full terms of office without succeeding, the first to peacefully transfer power, and the first former prime minister to be elected president, Préval was also the first elected head of state in Haitian history to do so.

Préval promoted privatization of government companies, agrarian reform, and investigations of human rights abuses. His presidencies were marked by domestic tumult and attempts at economic stabilization, with his latter term seeing the destruction brought by the2010 Haiti earthquake.[1][2]

Early life and career[edit]

Préval was born on 17 January 1943 inPort-au-Princeand was raised in his father's hometown ofMarmelade,a village town in theArtibonitedepartment.[3]He studiedagronomyat theCollege of Gemblouxand theCatholic University of LeuveninBelgiumand also studiedgeothermal sciencesat theUniversity of PisainPisa,Italy.[4]He left Haiti with his family in 1963.[5][6]

His father Claude Préval, anagronomistalso,[3]had risen to the position of Minister of Agriculture in the government of GénéralPaul Magloire,the predecessor of Duvalier.[6]Leaving Haiti because his political past presented him as a potential opponent, Claude found work with UN agencies in Africa.[5]

After spending five years inBrooklyn, New York,occasionally working as a restaurant waiter, Préval returned to Haiti and obtained a position with the National Institute for Mineral Resources.[7]In 1988, he opened a bakery inPort-au-Princewith some business partners. While operating his company, he continued to be active in political circles and charity work, such as providing bread to the orphanage of Salesian FatherJean-Bertrand Aristide,with whom he developed a close relationship.[3][8]After the election of Aristide aspresidentin 1990, Préval served as his prime minister from 13 February to 11 October 1991, going into exile following the30 September 1991 military coup.[3][9]

On 6 December 2009, Préval marriedElisabeth Débrosse Delatour— one of his economic advisors and widow of Leslie Delatour, the former governor of Haiti's central bank. Préval's first and second marriages, to Guerda Benoit and Solange Lafontant respectively, both ended in divorce.[3]

First presidency (1996–2001)[edit]

In 1996, Préval was elected as president for a five-year term, with 88% of the popular vote.[10][11]Upon his 1996 inauguration, Préval became the second democratically elected head of state in the country's 191-year history as an independent nation.[11]In 2001, he became the first elected (and second overall) President of Haiti to leave office as a result of the natural expiration of an uninterrupted term.[12]

As president, Préval instituted a number of economic reforms, most notably the privatization of various government companies. By the end of Préval's term, unemployment rates had fallen.[13]Préval also instituted a program of agrarian reform in Haiti's countryside.[6]His presidency, however, was also marked by fierce political clashes with a parliament dominated by opposition party members (OPL) and an increasingly vocalFanmi Lavalas,which opposed the structural adjustment and privatization program of Préval's government.[citation needed]Préval was a strong supporter of investigations and trials related tohuman rightsviolations committed by military and police personnel.[citation needed]He dissolved the parliament in 1999 and ruled by decree for the duration of the final year of his presidency.[14]

Second presidency (2006–2011)[edit]

René Préval and U.S. PresidentGeorge W. Bushin theOval Office

Election[edit]

Préval ran again as theLespwacandidate in thepresidential election of 2006.[15]The election took place after two years of international peacekeeping.[16]Partial election results, released on 9 February, indicated that he had won with about 60% of the vote, but as further results were released, his share of the vote slipped just below the 50% required majority to be elected outright – thus making arun-offnecessary.[17]

Several days of popular demonstrations in favour of Préval followed inPort-au-Princeand other cities in Haiti.[17]Préval claimed that there had been fraud among the vote counts, and demanded that he be declared the winner outright of the first round.[17]Protesters paralyzed the capital with burning barricades and stormed a luxury hotel —Hotel Montana,located in the affluent suburb of Pétion-Ville — to demand results from Haiti's nearly week-old election as the then ex-President Préval fell further below the 50% needed to win the presidency. On 16 February 2006, Préval was declared the winner of the presidential election by theProvisional Electoral Councilwith 51.15% of the vote, after the exclusion of "blank" ballots from the count.[18]

Préval was sworn in on 14 May, following Haiti's legislative run-off vote in April;[19][20]he could not be sworn in until a sitting Parliament was in place. When he was sworn in, Préval emphasized the importance of unity, saying that division was Haiti's "main problem" and that Haitians had to "work together". On May 17, he nominatedJacques-Édouard Alexis,who had served as prime minister during Préval's first term, as prime minister again.[20]After taking office, Préval immediately signed an oil deal withVenezuelaand traveled to the United States,Cuba,and France.[citation needed]

Préval drew much of his support from Haiti's poorest people; he was especially widely supported in the poorest neighborhoods of Port-au-Prince. However, many of the poor demanded that the former President Aristide be allowed to return and that civil enterprise workers fired by the Latortue government be reinstated. This caused increasing tension in the slums of Port-au-Prince.[21]Préval promised to build a massive road system which would boost trade and transportation around the country.[citation needed]

Latin American integration[edit]

Haiti under Préval cooperated diplomatically and fraternally with other nations inLatin America.Haiti's Latin American alliance provides the country with much of its needed aid. The friendship between Venezuelan presidentHugo Chávezand the Haitian president resulted in various economic agreements. Four power plants (a 40-megawatt, a 30-megawatt, and two 15-megawatts) are set to be built in Haiti. Anoil refineryis also scheduled to be installed, with a production capacity of 10,000 barrels (1,600 m3) of oil per day. Venezuela's aid to Haiti is founded upon their historic cooperation, wherein the newly independent Haiti welcomed and tended toSimón Bolívarand provided military power to aid Bolivar's cause of Latin American independence from Spain.

Fidel Castro,Raúl Castroand other Cuban diplomats such as Vice PresidentEsteban Lazo Hernándezthanked Haiti for consistently voting in theUnited Nations General Assemblyagainst theUnited States embargo against Cuba.

Préval's diplomatic relations with fellow Latin American nations opened up many economic opportunities for Haiti. Préval met with many Latin American leaders such as Fidel Castro,Evo MoralesofBolivia,Martín TorrijosofPanama,andLeonel Fernándezof the neighboringDominican Republic.Relations with the Dominican Republic were strengthened largely due to Préval's willingness to end volatile temperaments and to the two presidents' focus on cooperation. The Dominican Republic was Préval's first foreign visit as head of state. Préval then visited the United States, where he was congratulated by U.S. President George W. Bush on his reelection. Préval proclaimed that following the Dominican Republic, the U.S. would be his first diplomatic visit in office, putting it ahead of his eventual diplomatic visits to Venezuela, Cuba and France. The U.S. considered Préval's meeting with Bush a good sign of excellentUS-Haitian relationsduring the George W. Bush administration.

April 2008 riots[edit]

In early April 2008, riots broke out over the high cost of food; since 2007, prices for a number of essential foods, including rice, had risen by about 50%.[22]As the riots continued, rioters attacked the presidential palace on 8 April but were driven away by UN soldiers.[23]On 9 April, Préval called for calm; he said that highfood priceswerea problem around the world,but that the problem would not be solved by destroying stores, and he said that he had "ordered Haitian police and UN soldiers to put an end to the looting". Despite demands for all taxes on food imports to be lifted, Préval said that he could not do so because the money was greatly needed;[24]he pledged to increase food production in Haiti so that the country would not be so dependent on imports, but this fell short of what many protesters demanded.[25]On 12 April, theSenatevoted to remove Prime Minister Alexis from office, and Préval announced that the price per 23 kg of rice would be reduced from $51 to $43. According to Préval, the rice would be subsidized with international aid, and the private sector was willing to reduce the price by $3. He also said that he was going to seek Venezuelan assistance in improving the economic situation.[26]

2010 earthquake[edit]

U.S. PresidentBarack Obamatalks on the phone with Haitian President René Préval in theOval Office,15 January 2010
Main article:2010 Haiti earthquake

On 12 January, Port-au-Prince was hit by anearthquake.Initial reports indicated that diplomats were unable to contact President Préval and they feared he might be trapped beneath the rubble of his home. However, later reports – including ones quoting the Haitian ambassador to the United States,Raymond Alcide Joseph– said that the President and First Lady Elisabeth Delatour Préval had escaped unharmed and had been moved to a safe location on the island.[27][28]The couple was about to enter their home when the earthquake struck.[29]Préval and his wife were able to step away from the building before the house collapsed, escaping injury.[29]

Much of the Haitian government, including President Préval, relocated to a police barracks nearToussaint Louverture International Airport.[30]The death toll estimates range from 100,000 to 316,000 people.[3]Following the earthquake, President Préval was criticized internationally for his allegedly weak disaster response; his critics includedU.S. SenatorRichard Lugar(R-IN).[31]

Post-presidency and death[edit]

Préval retired to his home in Marmelade, where he worked on projects which included an agricultural co-operative, an education centre and a juice factory. His last public appearance was at the inauguration ofJovenel Moïseon 7 February 2017.

Préval's death was announced on 3 March 2017, by Moïse, on his Twitter account. Family friends announced that Préval had died on the way to a suburban hospital in Port-au-Prince. His cause of death was initially announced as a cardiac arrest, but rumors of foul play resulted in an autopsy, conducted in front of District Attorney Danton Leger, at the request of Elisabeth Delatour. The autopsy was inconclusive but ruled out a brain hemorrhage or stroke. Further testing of specimens from Préval's body was announced by Leger, potentially sending the tissue to a foreign lab.[32]

Préval's body lay in state atMusée du Panthéon Nationalon the Champ de Mars, and a state funeral and Catholic mass were held at the Kiosque Occide Jeanty amphitheatre. Patricia Préval, his younger daughter, eulogized her father. Former presidentsJocelerme Privert,Michel MartellyandProsper Avrilwere in attendance with foreign diplomatic corps. His body was transported to Marmelade, where he was buried to a three-gun salute.[33]

References[edit]

  1. ^abMakini Brice and Joseph Guyler Delva (3 March 2017)."Ex-Haitian President Preval dies, first to peacefully hand over power".Reuters.Retrieved3 March2017.
  2. ^"Rene Preval, former Haiti president, dead at 74".Retrieved3 March2017.
  3. ^abcdefRobles, Frances; Katz, Jonathan M. (4 March 2017)."René Préval, President of Haiti in 2010 Quake, Dies at 74".The New York Times(published 3 March 2017).Retrieved4 March2017.
  4. ^"René Garcia Préval, Président de la République d'Haiti".Embassy of the Republic of Haiti, Washington D.C. Archived fromthe originalon 14 September 2007.
  5. ^ab"René Garcia Préval".KnowledgeWalk Institute.Archivedfrom the original on 7 December 2011.Retrieved24 April2014.
  6. ^abcSprague, Jeb (2012).Paramilitarism and the Assault on Democracy in Haiti.NYU Press. p. 57.ISBN9781583673003.
  7. ^"Two-time Haitian President Rene Preval dies".Outlook India.4 March 2017.Retrieved4 March2017.
  8. ^"Former Haiti President Rene Preval dies aged 74".BBC. 4 March 2017.Retrieved4 March2017.
  9. ^Lentz, Harris M., ed. (2014).Heads of States and Governments Since 1945.Routledge. p. 359.ISBN9781134264902.
  10. ^Frerichs, Ralph R. (2016).Deadly River: Cholera and Cover-Up in Post-Earthquake Haiti.Cornell University Press. p. 168.ISBN9781501703621.
  11. ^abWorldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations: Americas(10, illustrated ed.). Gale Group. 2001. p. 234.ISBN9780787605148.
  12. ^Sanon, Evens (3 March 2017)."Rene Preval, Haitian president during 2010 earthquake, dies at 74".The Washington Post.Retrieved4 March2017.
  13. ^McCormick, John (2012).Comparative Politics in Transition(7 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 526.ISBN9781111832575.
  14. ^Greste, Peter (9 May 2000)."Haiti goes to the polls".BBC.Archivedfrom the original on 26 March 2010.Retrieved13 August2006.
  15. ^Hall, Michael R. (2012).Historical Dictionary of Haiti.Scarecrow Press. p. 114.ISBN9780810875494.
  16. ^Beaulieu, Emily (2014).Electoral Protest and Democracy in the Developing World(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 98.ISBN9781107039681.
  17. ^abc"Haiti bars release of poll result".BBC. 15 February 2006.Retrieved4 March2017.
  18. ^"Preval declared Haiti poll winner".BBC News. 16 February 2006.Retrieved5 March2017.
  19. ^"Haitian president-elect takes power".Jamaica Observer / Associated Press. Archived fromthe originalon September 26, 2007.RetrievedAugust 13,2006.
  20. ^ab"Angus Reid page on Haiti".Archived fromthe originalon 18 February 2009.
  21. ^Thompson, Ginger (10 February 2006)."Candidate of Haiti's Poor Leads in Early Tally With 61% of Vote".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 24 April 2014.
  22. ^"Haitians riot over price rise".Al Jazeera.6 April 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2009.
  23. ^"Haitians storm president's palace".Al Jazeera.9 April 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2009.
  24. ^"Haitian president calls for calm".Al Jazeera.9 April 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2009.
  25. ^"Haiti senators call on PM to quit".Al Jazeera.10 April 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2009.
  26. ^"Haiti senators vote to remove PM".Al Jazeera.12 April 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2009.
  27. ^"Hundreds feared dead in Haiti earthquake".Australian Broadcasting Corporation News. 13 January 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 27 August 2011.
  28. ^"7.0 quake hits Haiti; 'Serious loss of life' expected".CNN.13 January 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 30 January 2011.
  29. ^abLacey, Marc (19 January 2010)."U.S. Troops Patrol Haiti, Filling a Void".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 2 April 2010.Retrieved19 January2010.
  30. ^"Haitian government relocates to police station".Australian Broadcasting Corporation News. 16 January 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 11 November 2012.
  31. ^Caistor, Nick (8 August 2010)."Crowded race for Haiti presidency".BBC.Archivedfrom the original on 19 August 2010.Retrieved21 August2010.
  32. ^"Cause of Death a Mystery on Eve of Preval's Funeral".Voice of America.17 March 2017.
  33. ^"Former Haiti President René Préval laid to rest Saturday | Miami Herald".Miami Herald.Archived fromthe originalon 11 March 2017.

External links[edit]

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Political offices
Preceded by
Joseph Maxi
(Interior)
 Minister of Interior and National Defence
1991 		Succeeded by
Gracie Jean
Preceded by
Jean Thomas
(National Defence)
Preceded by Prime Minister of Haiti
1991 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Haiti
1996–2001 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Haiti
2006–2011 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=René_Préval&oldid=1225715647"