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Retinoid X receptor

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retinoid X receptor alpha
Identifiers
SymbolRXRA
NCBI gene6256
HGNC10477
OMIM180245
RefSeqNM_002957
UniProtP19793
Other data
LocusChr. 9q34
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro
retinoid X receptor beta
Identifiers
SymbolRXRB
NCBI gene6257
HGNC10478
OMIM180246
RefSeqNM_021976
UniProtP28702
Other data
LocusChr. 6p21.3
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro
retinoid X receptor gamma
Identifiers
SymbolRXRG
NCBI gene6258
HGNC10479
OMIM180247
RefSeqNM_006917
UniProtP48443
Other data
LocusChr. 1q22-q23
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro

Theretinoid X receptor(RXR)[1]is a type ofnuclear receptorthat is activated by9-cis retinoic acid,which is discussed controversially to be of endogenous relevance,[2][3]and 9-cis-13,14-dihydroretinoic acid, which is likely to be the major endogenous mammalian RXR-selective agonist.[4]

In a novel review publication, this 9-cis-13,14-dihydroretinoic acid was shown to be a metabolite not originating from the knownvitamin A(vitamin A1) pathway and its nutritional precursors all-trans-retinol(vitamin A(vitamin A1) or all-trans-beta-carotene(provitamin A(provitamin A1)).[5]

An independent pathway for generating this endogenous RXR-ligand 9-cis-13,14-dihydroretinoic acid from 9-cis-13,14-dihydroretinol present in food source and named vitamin A5 or alternatively viaprovitamin A5has been suggested[5]as the first novel vitamin identified since 1948,cobalamin/vitamin B12.

There are three retinoic X receptors (RXR):RXR-alpha,RXR-beta,andRXR-gamma,encoded by theRXRA,RXRB,RXRGgenes, respectively.

RXRheterodimerizeswithsubfamily 1nuclear receptors includingCAR,FXR,LXR,PPAR,[6]PXR,RAR,TR,andVDR.

As with othertype IInuclear receptors, the RXR heterodimer in the absence of ligand is bound to hormone response elements complexed withcorepressorprotein. Binding of agonistligandsto RXR results in dissociation of corepressor and recruitment ofcoactivatorprotein, which, in turn, promotestranscriptionof the downstream targetgeneintomRNAand eventuallyprotein.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Germain P, Chambon P, Eichele G, Evans RM, Lazar MA, Leid M, De Lera AR, Lotan R, Mangelsdorf DJ, Gronemeyer H (2006). "International Union of Pharmacology. LXIII. Retinoid X receptors".Pharmacol Rev.58(4): 760–72.doi:10.1124/pr.58.4.7.PMID17132853.S2CID1476000.
  2. ^de Lera AR, Krezel W, Rühl R (2016). "An Endogenous Mammalian Retinoid X Receptor Ligand, At Last!".ChemMedChem.11(10): 1–12.doi:10.1002/cmdc.201600105.PMID27151148.S2CID269196.
  3. ^Allenby G, Bocquel MT, Saunders M, Kazmer S, Speck J, Rosenberger M, Lovey A, Kastner P, Grippo JF, Chambon P, Levin AA (1993)."Retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors: interactions with endogenous retinoic acids".Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.90(1): 30–4.Bibcode:1993PNAS...90...30A.doi:10.1073/pnas.90.1.30.PMC45593.PMID8380496.
  4. ^Rühl R, Krzyżosiak A, Niewiadomska-Cimicka A, Rochel N, Szeles L, Vaz B, Wietrzych-Schindler M, Álvarez S, Szklenar M, Nagy L, de Lera AR, Krężel W (2015)."9-cis-13,14-Dihydroretinoic Acid Is an Endogenous Retinoid Acting as RXR Ligand in Mice".PLOS Genetics.11(6): e1005213.doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005213.PMC4451509.PMID26030625.
  5. ^abRühl R, Krężel W, de Lera AR (2018)."9-cis-13,14-Dihydroretinol, a new endogenous mammalian ligand of the retinood X receptor and the active ligand of a potential new vitamin category: vitamin A5".Nutr. Rev.76(12): 929–941.doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuy057.PMID30358857.
  6. ^Plutzky J (April 2011)."The PPAR-RXR transcriptional complex in the vasculature: energy in the balance".Circ. Res.108(8): 1002–16.doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.226860.PMID21493923.

External links[edit]


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