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Rheged

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kingdom of Rheged
c.500–c. 600
Yr Hen Ogledd (The Old North) c. 550 – c. 650.
Yr Hen Ogledd (The Old North) c. 550 – c. 650.
CapitalCarlisle
Common languages
GovernmentMonarchy
•
Meirchion Gul
•
Cynfarch Oer
•
Urien
•
Owain mab Urien
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Hen Ogledd
Kingdom of Northumbria
Kingdom of Strathclyde
Today part ofUnited Kingdom

TheEden Valleyis thought by some to have been the heartland of the kingdom of Rheged.

Rheged(Welsh pronunciation:[ˈr̥ɛɡɛd]) was one of the kingdoms of theHen Ogledd( "Old North" ), theBrittonic-speaking region of what is nowNorthern Englandand southernScotland,during thepost-Roman eraandEarly Middle Ages.It is recorded in several poetic andbardicsources, although its borders are not described in any of them. A recent archaeological discovery suggests that its stronghold was located in what is nowGallowayinScotlandrather than, as was previously speculated, being inCumbria.Rheged possibly extended intoLancashireand other parts of northern England. In some sources, Rheged is intimately associated with the kingUrien Rhegedand his family.[1]Its inhabitants spokeCumbric,a Brittonic dialect closely related toOld Welsh.[2]

Etymology

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The origin of the nameRhegedhas been described as "problematic". OneBrittonic-language solution is that the name may be a compound ofrö-,a prefix meaning "great", andcę:dmeaning "wood, forest" (c.f.Welshcoed) although the expected form in Welsh would be*Rhygoed.If association of the name withcę:dis correct, the prefix may berag-,meaning "before, adjacent to, opposite". Derivation from the elementreg,which with the suffix-edhas connotations of "generosity", is another possibility.[3]

Location

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The name Rheged appears regularly as anepithetofUrien(a late 6th-century king of Rheged) in a number of early Welsh poems and royal genealogies. His victories over theAnglianchieftains ofBerniciain the second half of the 6th century are recorded byNenniusand celebrated by the bardTaliesin,who calls him "Ruler of Rheged". He is thus placed squarely in the North of Britain and perhaps specifically inWestmorlandwhen referred to as "Ruler of Llwyfenydd" (identified with theLyvennet Valley).[4]Later legend associates Urien with the city ofCarlisle(theRomanLuguvalium), only twenty-five miles away; Higham suggests that Rheged was "broadly conterminous with the earlierCivitas Carvetiorum,the Roman administrative unit based on Carlisle ". Although it is possible that Rheged was merely a stronghold, it was not uncommon for sub-Roman monarchs to use their kingdom's name as an epithet.

Place-nameevidence, e.g.,Dunragit(possibly "Fort of Rheged" )αsuggests that, at least in one period of its history, Rheged includedDumfries and Galloway.Recent archaeological excavations atTrusty's Hill,avitrified fortnearGatehouse of Fleet,and the analysis of its artefacts in the context of other sites and their artefacts have led to claims that the kingdom was centred on Galloway early in the 7th century.[5][6]

Interpretations of another place-name, with even less certainty, indicate that Rheged could also have reached as far south asRochdaleinGreater Manchester,recorded in theDomesday BookasRecedham.TheRiver Rochon which Rochdale stands was recorded in the 13th century asRachedorRachet.[7]Such names may derive from Old Englishreced"hall or house".[8]However, no other place names originating from this Old English element exist, which makes this derivation unlikely.[9]If they are not of English origin, these place-names may incorporate the element 'Rheged' precisely because they lay on or near its borders. Certainly Urien's kingdom stretched eastward at one time, as he was also "Ruler ofCatraeth"(CatterickinNorth Yorkshire).

It is accepted by most scholars, therefore, that Rheged was a kingdom covering a large part of modernCumbriaas well as areas of Dumfries and Galloway and extended, for some of its history, into present day Yorkshire.[10]

Kings of Rheged

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The traditional royal genealogy of Urien and his successors traces their ancestry back toCoel Hen(considered by some to be the origins of the OldKing Coleof folk tradition),[11][12]who is considered by many to be a mythical figure; if he has some historicity, he may have ruled a considerable part of the North in the early 5th century. All of those listed below may have ruled in Rheged, but only three of their number can be verified from external sources:

There are two possible later kings ofRheged:

  • Rhun, said to have been a son of Urien. He is recorded in Welsh sources as having baptisedEdwin of Northumbria,however, he may merely have stood sponsor at the baptism, thus becoming Edwin'sgodfather.[13]
  • Royth (Rhaith - meaning 'Justice' in Welsh), son of Rhun, and possibly the last king of Rheged.[14]

Southern Rheged

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A second royal genealogy exists for a line, perhaps of kings, descended from Cynfarch Oer's brother: Elidir Lydanwyn. According toBonedd Gwŷr y GogleddElidir's son,Llywarch Hen,was a ruler in North Britain in the 6th century.[15]He was driven from his territory by princely in-fighting after Urien's death and was perhaps in old age associated withPowys.However, it is possible, because of internal inconsistencies, that the poetry connected toPowyswas associated with Llywarch's name at a later, probably 9th century, date.[16]Llywarch is referred to in some poems as king of South Rheged, and in others as king of Argoed, suggesting that the two regions were the same. Searching for Llywarch's kingdom has led some historians to propose that Rheged may have been divided between sons, resulting in northern and southern successor states. The connections of the family of Llywarch and Urien with Powys has suggested to some, on grounds of proximity, that the area of modernLancashiremay have been their original home.[17]

End of Rheged

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After Bernicia united withDeirato become the kingdom ofNorthumbria,Rheged was annexed by Northumbria, some time before AD 730. There was a royal marriage between Prince (later King)Oswiu of Northumbriaand the Rhegedian princessRieinmelth,granddaughter of Rum (Rhun), probably in 638, so it is possible that it was a peaceful takeover, both kingdoms being inherited by the same man.[18][19]

After Rheged was incorporated intoNorthumbria,the oldCumbric languagewas gradually replaced byOld English,Cumbric surviving only in remote upland communities. Around the year 900, after the power of Northumbria was destroyed by Viking incursions and settlement, large areas west of thePenninesfell without apparent warfare under the control of the BritishKingdom of Strathclyde,withLeedsrecorded as being on the border between the Britons and the Norse Kingdom ofYork.This may have represented the political assertion of lingering British culture in the region.[20]The area ofCumbriaremained under the control of Strathclyde until the early 11th century when Strathclyde itself was absorbed into the Scottish kingdom. The name of the people, whose modern Welsh form isCymryhas, however, survived in the name ofCumberlandand nowCumbria;it probably derives from an old Celtic word *Kombrogesmeaning "fellow countrymen".

Discovery of a lost stronghold of Rheged

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Previously, Rheged was assumed to have been centred somewhere in Cumbria, northwest England. However, in 2012 archaeologists found evidence atTrusty's Hillnear the town ofGatehouse of Fleet,in Galloway, southwest Scotland, suggesting that the site may in fact have been Rheged's capitalc. 600 AD.The discovery was announced to the public in January 2017 and the site is still[timeframe?]under excavation.

One of the lead researchers, Ronan Toolis, stated that their findings revealed structural ruins atop the hill. These originally belonged to a fortification system with a timber-reinforced stone rampart where the main fortification was supplemented by smaller defensive works along the low-lying slopes. According to Toolis, this suggests the presence of a royal stronghold of the period: "This is a type of fort that has been recognized in Scotland as a form of high status secular settlement of the early medieval period. The evidence makes a compelling case for Galloway being the core of the kingdom of Rheged."[21][22]

Genetic legacy

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According to theUniversity of Oxford'sPeople of the British Islesproject, the original population of Rheged has left a distinct genetic heritage amongst the people of Cumbria. The research compared theDNAof over 2000 people across the British Isles whose grandparents were all born within 50 miles (80 km) of each other, and found a number of cases, including Rheged, where genetic clusters of people matched the location of historical kingdoms (other examples includedBerniciaandElmet).[23]

Notes

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^αbut see: Clarkson, T. J., The Men of the North: The Britons of Southern Scotland, John Donald, 2010, p. 71: "Archaeologists are extremely sceptical that this was a site occupied in Early Historic times, still less that it was a royal residence. Such scepticism raises serious doubts about the usual derivation of the place-name Dunragit which may in fact be a red herring. It has been suggested that the second element could be Gaelicreichetrather than Old Welsh Reget, and that the place was so named by the Gall Gaidhil, 'foreign Gaels', who colonised Galloway in the Viking period. "For Gaelicre(i)chet,cf. the Old Irish place nameMag Roichet/Rechet(Modern IrishMaigh Reichead), nowMorett, country Laois, Ireland.[24]

References

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  1. ^Koch 2006,p. 1498.
  2. ^Jackson 1953,p. 9.
  3. ^James, Alan."The Brittonic Language in the Old North"(PDF).Scottish Place Name Society.
  4. ^Williams 1960[page needed]
  5. ^Toolis, R; Bowles, C (2016).The Lost Dark Age Kingdom of Rheged: The Discovery of a Royal Stronghold at Trusty's Hill, Galloway,Oxbow Books Limited.
  6. ^"Long-lost Dark Age kingdom unearthed in Scotland".
  7. ^Williams 1972,p. 82.
  8. ^Ekwall, Eilert, The place-names of Lancashire, Manchester University Press, 1922, p. 55.
  9. ^Clarkson, T. J., The Men of the North: The Britons of Southern Scotland, John Donald, 2010, p. 72.
  10. ^Breeze, Andrew (2012)."The Names of Rheged"(PDF).Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society(86).Retrieved12 April2024.
  11. ^Harbus, A. (2002)Magnus Maximus and the Welsh HelenainHelena of Britain in Medieval Legend,Boydell & Brewer, p. 54
  12. ^Ford, P.K. (1970)Llywarch, Ancestor of Welsh Princes,Speculum, Vol. 45, No. 3, p. 443 - This author argues that the termhenin the context of early Welsh genealogies has a primary meaning of "heroic ancestor", rather than that the possessor of the epithet necessarily lived to a great age.
  13. ^Corning, Caitlin (2000)The Baptism of Edwin, King of Northumbria: A New Analysis of the British Tradition,Northern History, 36:1, 5-15, DOI: 10.1179/007817200790178030
  14. ^Andrew Breeze (2013)Northumbria and the Family of Rhun,Northern History, 50:2, pp. 170-179, DOI: 10.1179/0078172X13Z.00000000039
  15. ^Chadwick 1959,p. 121.
  16. ^Chadwick 1973,pp. 88–89.
  17. ^Chadwick & Chadwick 1940,p. 165.
  18. ^Jackson, K.H. (1955)The Britons in Southern Scotland,Antiquity, xxix, pp. 77–88
  19. ^Lewis, Helen (1989)Whose Cultural Heritage? Etifeddiaeth Ddiwylliannol i Bwy?,English in Education, Taylor & Francis
  20. ^Kapelle 1979,p. 34.
  21. ^Ronan Toolis, The Lost Dark Age Kingdom of Rheged at GUARD Archaeology (Glasgow, Scotland) 21 January 2017; co-authored by Christopher Bowles (Scottish borders council archaeologist)
  22. ^Quote taken from report by: Dattatreya Mandal in 'Realm of History' online on 25 January 2017.https://www.realmofhistory.com/2017/01/25/lost-kingdom-rheged-discovered-britain/
  23. ^"People of the British Isles: Population Genetics".www.peopleofthebritishisles.org.University of Oxford.Retrieved30 July2018.Several of the other genetic clusters show similar locations to the tribal groupings and kingdoms around at the time of the Saxon invasion (from the 5th century), suggesting that these tribes and kingdoms may have maintained a regional identity for many centuries. For example the Cumbrian cluster corresponds well to the kingdom of Rheged, West Yorkshire to the Elmet and Northumbria to the Bernicia. The existence of these largely quite well separated clusters suggests a remarkable stability of the British people over quite long periods of time.
  24. ^Williams, Ifor, “The poems of Llywarch Hen [Sir John Rhŷs Memorial Lecture]”, in: Proceedings of the British Academy, vol. 18, 1932, pp. 269–302 (p. 292).

Sources and further reading

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Further reading

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