Rhynchotherium
Rhynchotherium Temporal range:
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Restoration | |
Scientific classification![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Proboscidea |
Family: | †Gomphotheriidae |
Genus: | †Rhynchotherium Falconer,1868 |
Type species | |
†Rhynchotherium falconeri Osborn, 1923
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Species | |
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Rhynchotheriumis an extinct genus ofproboscideaendemic toNorth AmericaandCentral Americaduring theMiocenethroughPliocenefrom 13.650 to 3.6Ma,living for approximately10million years.[1]
Thisgomphotherehad twotusksand may have evolved fromGomphotherium.[2]
Taxonomy
[edit]Rhynchotheriumwas first described in 1868 on the basis of a lower jaw from the Miocene ofTlaxcala,Mexico.[3]Later, the type species epithetR. tlascalaewas erected for the jaw byHenry Fairfield Osbornin 1918. In 1921, a gomphothere skull from the Mt. Eden area of southern California was described as a subspecies ofTrilophodon shepardi(a now-defunct combination forMastodon shepardi),T. s. edensis,[4]but was subsequently reassigned toRhynchotherium.[5]Other species subsequently assigned toRhynchotheriumincludedR. falconeri,[6]R. paredensis,R. browni,[7]andR. simpsoni.[8]It was the closest relative toCuvieronius,and may be ancestral to it.[9]
Lucas and Morgan (2008) reviewed the taxonomy ofRhynchotheriumand concluded that onlyR. edensis,R. falconeri,R. paredensis,R. browni,andR. simpsonicould be confidently referred toRhynchotherium.[10]Because the genotype ofRhynchotheriumis referable toGomphotherium,the ICZN was petitioned to conserve the genus by designatingR. falconerias the type species,[11]which it did.[12]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rhynchotherium_falconeri.png/220px-Rhynchotherium_falconeri.png)
Misassigned species
[edit]- Mastodon shepardiLeidy, 1871
- Mastodon euhypodonCope, 1884 - likely a species ofGomphotherium[10]
- Tetrabelodon brevidensCope, 1889
- Dibelodon praecursorCope, 1893
- Rhynchotherium rectidensOsborn, 1923
- Aybelodon hondurensisFrick, 1933
- Blickotherium blickiFrick, 1933
- Rhynchotherium anguirivaleOsborn, 1936
Phylogenetic position according to Mothé et al. (2016)[9]
†Gomphotheriidae(Gomphotheres)
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References
[edit]- ^Paleobiology database:Rhynchotheriumbasic info
- ^Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; Polaco, O. J.; Laurito, C.; Johnson, E.; Alberdi, M. T.; Zamora, A. L. V. (2007). "The proboscideans (Mammalia) from Mesoamerica".Quaternary International.169–170.Elsevier:17–23.Bibcode:2007QuInt.169...17A.doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.12.017.
- ^FALCONER, H. (1868): Paleontological Memoirs. Volume II: 74 –75; London (Hardwicke).
- ^C. Frick. 1921. Extinct vertebrate faunas of the badlands of Bautista Creek and San Timoteo Canyon, southern California. University of California Publications in Geology 12(5):277-424
- ^FRICK, C. (1933): New Remains of Trilophodont-Tetralophodont mastodons. – Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, 59: 505 – 652.
- ^OSBORN, H. F. (1923): New subfamily, generic and specific stages in the evolution of the proboscidea. – American Museum Novitates, 99: 1– 4.
- ^OSBORN, H. F. (1936): Proboscidea: a monograph of the discovery, evolution, migration, and extinction of the mastodonts and elephants of the world, vol. 1: Moeritherioidea, Deinotherioidea, Mastodontoidea. New York (The American Museum Press).
- ^OLSEN, S. J. (1957): A new beak-jawed mastodont from Florida. – Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 2: 131–135.
- ^abMothé, Dimila; Ferretti, Marco P.; Avilla, Leonardo S. (12 January 2016)."The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha".PLOS ONE.11(1): e0147009.Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1147009M.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147009.PMC4710528.PMID26756209.
- ^abLUCAS, S.G. & MORGAN, G.S., 2008. Taxonomy of Rhynchotherium (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Miocene-Pliocene of North America.- New Mex. Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull. 44: 71-87.
- ^LUCAS, S. G. (2010):RhynchotheriumFalconer, 1868 (Mammalia; Proboscidea): proposed conservation of usage by designation ofRhynchotherium falconeriOSBORN, 1923 as the type species. – Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 67: 158 –162.
- ^"OPINION 2295 (Case 3515) Rhynchotherium Falconer, 1868 (Mammalia; Proboscidea): usage conserved by designation of Rhynchotherium falconeri Osborn, 1923 as the type species".March 2012.