Riau
Riau | |
|---|---|
| Province of Riau | |
 Coat of arms | |
| Nickname(s): | |
| Motto(s): | |
 Location of Riau in Indonesia | |
OpenStreetMap  | |
| Coordinates:0°32′N101°27′E/ 0.54°N 101.45°E | |
| Country | Indonesia |
| Region | Sumatra |
| Province status | 10 August 1957 |
| Capital and largest city | Pekanbaru |
| Government | |
| • Body | Riau Provincial Government |
| • Governor | S. F. Hariyanto(Acting)[1] |
| • Vice Governor | Vacant |
| Area | |
| • Total | 89,935.9 km2(34,724.4 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 5th |
| Highest elevation (Mount Mandiangin) | 1,284 m (4,213 ft) |
| Population (mid 2023 estimate)[2] | |
| • Total | 6,642,874 |
| • Rank | 10th |
| • Density | 74/km2(190/sq mi) |
| • Rank | 24th |
| Demographics[3] | |
| •Ethnic groups | 45%Riau Malay 25%Javanese 12%Batak 8%Minangkabau 4%Banjarese 1.95%Buginese 1.85%Chinese 1.42%Sundanese 1.30%Nias 2.11 Others |
| • Religion | 87.05%Islam 10.83%Christianity - 9.76%Protestant - 1.07%Catholic 2.05%Buddhism 0.03%Confucianism 0.016%Folk religion 0.011%Hinduism[4] |
| • Languages | Indonesian(official),Riau Malay(dominant),Minangkabau,Hokkien |
| Time zone | UTC+7(Indonesia Western Time) |
| ISO 3166 code | ID-RI |
| GDP(nominal) | 2022[5] |
| - Total | Rp991.6 trillion (5th) US$66.8 billion Int$208.4 billion (PPP) |
| - Per capita | Rp149.9 million (4th) US$10,096 Int$31,504 (PPP) |
| - Growth |  4.55%[6] |
| HDI | 0.755 (6th) –high |
| Website | riau.go.id |
Riau(Jawi:رياو) is aprovinceofIndonesia.It is located on the central eastern coast of the island ofSumatra,and extends from the eastern slopes of theBarisan Mountainsto theMalacca Strait,including several large islands situated within the Strait. The province shares land borders withNorth Sumatrato the northwest,West Sumatrato the west, andJambito the south, and a maritime border with theRiau Islandsand the country ofMalaysiato the east. It is the second-largest province in the island ofSumatraafterSouth Sumatra,and is slightly larger than the nation ofJordan.According to the2020 census,Riau had a population of 6,394,087 across a land area of 89,935.90 km²;[7]the official estimate of population as of mid-2023 was 6,642,874 (comprising 3,398,387 males and 3,246,487 females).[2]The province comprises tenregenciesand twocities,withPekanbaruserving as thecapitalandlargest city.
Historically, Riau has been a part ofvarious monarchiesbefore the arrival ofEuropean colonialpowers.Muara Takus,aBuddhisttemple complex believed to be a remnant of theBuddhistempire ofSrivijayac. 11th-12th century, is situated inKampar Regencyin Riau province. Following thespread of Islamin the 14th century, the region was then under control ofMalaysultanates ofSiak Sri Indrapura,Indragiri, andJohor.The sultanates later becameprotectorateof theDutchand were reduced to puppet states of theDutch East Indies.After theestablishmentof Indonesia in 1945, Riau belonged to the republic's provinces of Sumatra (1945–1948) and Central Sumatra (1948–1957). On 10 August 1957, the province of Riau was inaugurated and it included theRiau Islandsuntil 2004.
Although Riau is predominantly considered the land ofMalays,it is a highly diverse province. In addition to Malays constituting one-third of the population, other major ethnic groups includeJavanese,Minangkabau,Batak,andChinese.The local Riau dialect ofMalay languageis considered as thelingua francain the province, butIndonesian,the standardized form of Malay is used as the official language and also as the second language of many people. Other than that, different languages such asMinangkabau,Hokkienand varieties ofBatak languagesare also spoken.
Riau is one of the wealthiest provinces in Indonesia and is rich in natural resources, particularly petroleum, natural gas, rubber,palm oiland fibre plantations. Extensive logging and plantation development in has led to a massive decline in forest cover Riau, and associated fires have contributed tohaze across the larger region.
Etymology[edit]
There are three possible origins of the wordriauwhich became the name of this province. First, from the Portuguese word, "rio"which means river.[8][9]In 1514, there was a Portuguese military expedition that traced the Siak River, in order to find the location of a kingdom they believed existed in the area, and at the same time to pursue followers of Sultan Mahmud Shah who fled after the fall of theMalacca Sultanate.[10]
The second version claims thatriaucomes from the wordriahiwhich means sea water. The word is allegedly derived from the figure ofSinbadal-Bahar in the book of theOne Thousand and One Nights.[9]
Another version is thatriauis derived from theMalaywordriuh,which means crowded, frenzied working people. This word is believed used to reflect the nature of theMalay peoplein present-dayBintan.The name is likely to have become famous sinceRaja Kecilmoved the Malay kingdom center from Johor to Ulu Riau in 1719.[9]This name was used as one of the four main sultanates that formed the kingdoms of Riau, Lingga, Johor and Pahang. However, as the consequences of theAnglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824between theNetherlandsand United Kingdom, the Johor-Pahang sultanates fell under British influence, while the Riau-Lingga sultanates fell under Dutch influence.[11][12]
History[edit]
Prehistoric era[edit]
Riau is thought to have been inhabited since between 40,000 and 10,000 BC, with the discovery of tools from thePleistocene erain the Sengingi River area inKuantan Singingi Regencyin August 2009. Stone tools found include: an axle, a drawstring, and shale and core stone axes. The research team also found some wood fossils estimated to be older than the stone tools. It is suspected the tool users werePithecanthropus erectus(reclassified asHomo erectus) similar to those found inSangiran,Central Java.These tools proved the existence of prehistoric settlement in Riau. Earlier settlement was assumed to be possible in the area since the discovery of theMuara TakusTemple inKamparin 1860.[13][14]
Early historic era[edit]
The Malay kingdoms in Riau were at first based on theBuddhistSrivijayaEmpire. This is evidenced by theMuara TakusTemple which was thought to be the center of the Srivijaya government in Riau. Its architecturally resembles temples that can be found in India. In addition, French historianGeorge Cœdèsalso discovered the similarity of the Srivijaya governmental structure and the Malay sultanates of the 15th century.[15]The earliest text that deals with theMalay worldisSulalatus Salatin(Malay Annals)byTun Sri Lanang,in 1612.[16]According to the annals,Bukit Seguntangin modern-dayPalembanginSouth Sumatrais whereSang Sapurbacame to the world and his descendants would scatter throughout the Malay world. His descendants such as Sang Mutiara would become king inTanjungpuraandSang Nila Utamawould become king inBintanbefore finally moving toSingapura.[17]Before the arrival of Islam to the archipelago, many parts of the Riau region were under the Srivijaya Empire between the 7th to the 14th century which was greatly influenced by the Hindu-Buddhist tradition.[18]Islam was introduced to the region when theMaharajaof Srivijaya sent a letter to CaliphUmar ibn Abd al-Azizof theUmayyad Caliphatein Egypt containing a request to send a messenger to introduceIslamic lawto him.[19]
Islamic sultanates[edit]
In the 12th century, the entry of Islam into the archipelago was carried through theSamudera Pasai SultanateinAcehwhich was the first Islamic sultanate in the archipelago.[20]The process of thespread of Islamoccurred through trade, marriage and missionary activities of Muslim clerics. These factors led to the spread and growth of Islamic influence throughout the Malay world. The strong acceptance of Islam by Malay people is the aspect of equality, which contrasted thecaste systeminHinduism,where lower class caste people were less than members of a higher castes.[21]
The golden age of Islam in the region was whenMalaccabecame an Islamic sultanate. Many elements of Islamic law, including political and administrative sciences were incorporated into Malacca law, especially theUdang-Undang Melaka(Law of Melaka). The ruler of Malacca received the title 'Sultan' and was responsible for Islam in his kingdom. In the 15th century, Islam spread and developed throughout the Melaka region including the entireMalay Peninsula,Riau Islands,Bintan,Lingga,Jambi,Bengkalis,Siak,Rokan,Indragiri,Kampar,andKuantan.Malacca is considered a catalyst in the expansion of Islam into other areas such asPalembang,Sumatra,Pataniinsouthern Thailand,North Kalimantan,BruneiandMindanao.[16]
According to the journals of the Portuguese explorerTomé Piresbetween 1513 and 1515, Siak controlled an area that lies betweenArcatandIndragiri.It was a port city under aMinangkabauking,[22]but became a Malacca vassal before being conquered by thePortuguese.Since thefall of Malaccato theDutch East India Company(VOC), theJohor Sultanateclaimed Siak as part of its sovereign territory. This continued until the arrival of Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah orRaja Kecilwho later founded theSiak Sultanate.[23]In theSyair Perang Siak,it is told thatRaja Kecilwas asked to become the ruler of Siak for the consensus of the people inBengkalis.This aims to release Siak from the influence of the Johor Sultanate.[24]While according to theHikayat Siak,Raja Kecilwas also called the true inheritor of the throne of the Sultan of Johor who lost the power struggle.[25]Based on the correspondence of the Sultan Indermasyah with the Dutch Governor-General in Malacca at that time, it was mentioned that Sultan Abdul Jalil was his brother who was sent for business affairs with the VOC.[26]Sultan Abdul Jalil then wrote a letter addressed to the Dutch, calling himself theRaja KecilofPagaruyung,that he would take revenge for the death of theSultan of Johor.[27]
In 1718,Raja Kecilsucceeded in conquering the Johor Sultanate, at the same time crowning himself as the Sultan of Johor with the titleYang Dipertuan Besar Johor.[23]But in 1722, a rebellion led by Raja Sulaiman, the son of the former SultanAbdul Jalil Shah IV,demanded the right to the throne of Johor. With the help ofBugismercenaries, Raja Sulaiman then succeeded in seizing the throne of Johor, and established himself as the ruler of Johor inPeninsular Malaysia,crowning himself as SultanSulaiman Badrul Alam Shah of Johor,whileRaja Kecilmoved toBintanand in 1723 established a new government center on the bank of theSiak Riverwith the nameSiak Sri Inderapura.[24]While the center of the Johor government which had been around the estuary of theJohor Riverwas abandoned. Whereas the claim ofRaja Kecilas the legitimate heir to the throne of Johor, was recognized by theOrang Lautcommunity. The Orang Laut is a Malay sub-group that resides in theRiau Islandsregion that stretches from east Sumatra to theSouth China Sea,and this loyalty continued until the collapse of the Siak Sultanate.[28]
By the late 18th century, the Siak Sultanate had become the dominant power on the eastern coast of Sumatra. In 1780, the Siak Sultanate conquered theSultanate of Langkat,and made the area its protectorate, alongside theDeliandSerdangSultanates.[29][30]Under the ties of a cooperation agreement with the VOC, in 1784 the Siak Sultanate helped the VOC attack and subdue theSelangor Sultanate.[31]Previously they had collaborated to quell theRaja Haji Fisabilillahrebellion onPenyengat Island.
The Siak Sultanate took advantage of the trade supervision through theStraits of Malacca,as well as the ability to controlpiratesin the region. The progress of Siak's economy can be seen from the Dutch records which stated that in 1783 there were around 171 merchant ships making a voyage from Siak to Malacca.[32][33]Siak is a trading triangle between the Netherlands in Malacca and the United Kingdom onPenang.[34]But on the other hand, the glory of Siak caused jealousy of the descendants ofYang Dipertuan Muda,especially after the loss of their power in the Riau Islands. The attitude of dislike and hostility towards the Sultan of Siak was, seen in theTuhfat al-Nafis,where in the description of the story they describe the Sultan of Siak as "a person who is greedy for the wealth of the world".[35]
The dominance of the Siak Sultanate towards the eastern coast of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula was quite significant. They were able to replace the influence of Johor before on the control of the trade route in the Strait of Malacca. In addition, the Siak Sultanate also emerged as a key holder of theMinangkabau highland,through three main rivers, ofSiak,Kampar,andKuantan,which had previously been the key to the glory of Malacca. However, the progress of Siak's economy faded caused by the turmoil in the Minangkabau interior known as thePadri War.[36]
Colonial rule[edit]
The expansion ofDutch colonializationinto the eastern part of Sumatra caused the influence of the Siak Sultanate to wane, leading to the independence of the Deli Sultanate, theAsahan Sultanate,the Langkat Sultanate, and the Inderagiri Sultanate.[37]Likewise inJohor,where a sultan of the descendants of Tumenggung Johor was crowned, under British protection in Singapore.[38][39]While the Dutch restored the position of theYang Dipertuan MudaonPenyengat Island,and later established theRiau-Lingga SultanateonLingga Island.In addition, theNetherlandsalso reduced the territory of Siak, by establishing the Residency of Riouw (Dutch:Residentie Riouw) which was part of theDutch East Indiesgovernment based inTanjung Pinang.[40][41][42]
British control of the Straits of Malacca, prompted the Sultan of Siak in 1840 to accept the offer of a new treaty to replace the agreement they had made earlier in 1819. This agreement made the Siak Sultanate area smaller and sandwiched it between other small kingdoms which were protected by Britain.[43]Likewise, the Dutch made the sultanate a protectorate of the Dutch East Indies,[44]after forcing the Sultan of Siak to sign an agreement on 1 February 1858.[36][45]From the agreement, the sultanate lost its sovereignty, then in the appointment of a new sultan, the sultanate must get approval from the Netherlands. Furthermore, under regional supervision, the Dutch established a military post inBengkalisand banned the Sultan of Siak from making agreements with foreign parties without the approval of the Dutch East Indies government.[36]
Changes in the political map over the control of the Malacca Strait, the internal disputes of Siak and competition with Britain and the Netherlands, weakened the influence of the Siak Sultanate over the territories it had once conquered.[46]A tug of war between the interests of foreign forces caused the signing of theAnglo-Dutch Treaties of 1870–71between the British and the Dutch, put Siak in a weak bargaining position.[47]Then based on the agreement on 26 July 1873, the Dutch East Indies government forced the Sultan of Siak to hand over theBengkalisarea to the Riouw Residency.[48]But in the midst of this pressure, the Siak Sultanate still remained until Indonesia's independence, even though during the Japanese occupation most of the military power of the Siak Sultanate was no longer significant.[49]
At about the same time, the Indragiri Sultanate also began to be influenced by the Dutch, but only came under the control ofBataviain 1938. Dutch control of Siak later became the beginning of the outbreak of theAceh War.
On the coast, the Dutch moved quickly to abolish the sultanates that did not submit to the government in Batavia. The Dutch appointed a resident in Tanjung Pinang to supervise coastal areas, and the Dutch succeeded in toppling the Sultan ofRiau-Lingga,Sultan Abdul Rahman Muazzam Syah in February 1911.[50]
Japanese occupation[edit]
During theJapanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies,Riau was one of the primary strategic targets. TheJapanese armyoccupiedRengaton 31 March 1942.[51]All of Riau was quickly occupied by the Japanese. A relic of the Japanese occupation is the 220 km railway line that connectsMuaro SijunjunginWest SumatraandPekanbaru,also known as thePekanbaru Death Railwaywhich is now abandoned. Hundreds of thousands of Riau people were forced to work by the Japanese to complete the project.[52][53][54]Japan led the construction of the railroad using forced labor and prisoners of war. The construction took 15 months through mountains, swamps and fast-flowing rivers.[55]As many as 6,500 Dutch (mostlyIndo-Europeans) and British prisoners of wars and more than 100,000romushaIndonesians (mostlyJavanese) were mobilized by the Japanese military. When the project was completed in August 1945, almost one third of European prisoners of war and more than half of Indonesian workers died. The railroad was intended as a medium for transporting coal and soldiers from Pekanbaru toMuaro Sijunjungon the west of Sumatra. Construction of the railroad was completed on 15 August 1945, before theJapanese surrendered.The railroad was used only once to transport prisoners of war out of the area. The line was then abandoned.[56]
Independence and contemporary era[edit]
At the beginning ofIndonesia's independence,the former Riau Residency was merged and incorporated into the Sumatra Province based inBukittinggi.Along with the crackdown onPRRIsympathizers, Sumatra was divided into three provinces,North Sumatra,Central Sumatra,andSouth Sumatra.Central Sumatra became a stronghold of the PRRI, this caused the central government to breakup Central Sumatra in order to weaken the PRRI movement,[57]in 1957, based on Emergency Law Number 19 of 1957,[58]Central Sumatra was divided into three provinces, Riau,JambiandWest Sumatra.The newly formed Riau province was composed of the former territory of the Siak Sri Sultanate of Inderapura and the Riau Residency as well as the Kampar.
As Riau was one of the areas influenced by theRevolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia,the central government conducted Operation Tegas to quell the rebellion, under the leadership ofKaharuddin Nasution,who later became governor of the province, succeeded in quelling the remnants of PRRI sympathizers.[59]
Afterwards, the central government began to consider moving the provincial capital fromTanjung PinangtoPekanbaru,which is more centrally located. The government established Pekanbaru as the new provincial capital on 20 January 1959 through Kepmendagri No. December 52 / I / 44–25.[60]
After thefall of the Old Order,Riau became one of the pillars of theNew Order's economic development.[61]In 1944, geologist Richard H. Hopper, Toru Oki and their team discovered the largest oil well in Southeast Asia, in Minas,Siak.This well was originally named Minas No. 1. Minas is famous for its Sumatra Light Crude (SLC) oil which is good quality as it has low sulfur content.[62]In the early 1950s, new oil wells were found in Minas, Duri, Bengkalis, Pantaicermin, and Petapahan. Petroleum extraction in Riau began in the Siak Block in September 1963, with the signing of a work contract with PT California Texas Indonesia (nowChevronPacific Indonesia).[63]This province contributed 70% of Indonesia's oil production in the 1970s.[64]
Riau was also the main destination for thetransmigration programlaunched by the Suharto administration. Many families from Java moved to the newly opened oil palm plantations in Riau, forming a separate community.[65]
In 1999,Saleh Djasitwas elected as the second native Riaunese (besidesArifin Achmad) and first elected by the Provincial House of Representatives as governor. His administration saw the separation of theRiau Archipelagoto becomeRiau Islands Provincein 2002, leaving Riau with just the mainland territories. In 2003, former Regent ofIndragiri Hilir,Rusli Zainal,was elected governor, and was re-elected through direct elections by the people in 2008. Starting on 19 February 2014, Riau Province was officially led by the governor,Annas Maamun,leading for 7 months, Annas Maamun was removed after he was arrested by theCorruption Eradication Commission(KPK) in a case of land use change inKuantan Singingi Regency.
Geography[edit]
Geographically, Riau is located at position 02 ° 25 'LU-01 ° 15 ° LS and 100 ° 03'-104 ° 00' BT. The area is quite extensive and is located in the central part ofSumatra.Riau is directly adjacent toNorth Sumatraand theStraits of Malaccain the north,Jambito the south,West Sumatrato the west and theRiau Islandsin the east. The province shares maritime borders with Singapore andMalaysia.
In general, the geography of Riau consists of mountains, lowlands, and islands. The mountain area lies in the western part, namely theBukit BarisanMountains, near the border of West Sumatra. The elevation decreases towards the east, making most of the central and eastern part of the province covered with lowlands. Off the eastern coast lies theStrait of Malaccawhere several island lies.
Climate[edit]
In general, Riau Province has a wet tropical climate that is influenced by two seasons, namely the rainy and dry seasons. The average rainfall received by Riau Province is between 2,000 – 3,000 mm / year with an average annual rainfall of 160 days. The areas that received the most rain wereRokan Hulu RegencyandPekanbaruCity. Meanwhile, the area that received the least rainfall wasSiak Regency.
The average air temperature of Riau is 25.9 °C with maximum temperatures reaching 34.4 °C and minimum temperatures reach 20.1 °C. The highest temperature occurs in urban areas on the coast. On the contrary, the lowest temperature covers the high mountains and mountains. Air humidity can reach an average of 75%. Slightly different for the island region in the eastern region is also influenced by the characteristics of the sea climate.
| Climate data for Pekanbaru | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 36 (97) |
37 (99) |
37 (99) |
38 (100) |
37 (99) |
40 (104) |
37 (99) |
38 (100) |
37 (99) |
37 (99) |
34 (93) |
38 (100) |
40 (104) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.0 (87.8) |
31.6 (88.9) |
32.1 (89.8) |
32.5 (90.5) |
32.6 (90.7) |
32.2 (90.0) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.0 (89.6) |
31.9 (89.4) |
32.0 (89.6) |
31.7 (89.1) |
31.2 (88.2) |
31.9 (89.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.4 (79.5) |
26.7 (80.1) |
27.1 (80.8) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.6 (81.7) |
27.2 (81.0) |
26.9 (80.4) |
26.9 (80.4) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.9 (80.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
27.0 (80.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 21.8 (71.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
22.2 (72.0) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.7 (72.9) |
22.2 (72.0) |
21.9 (71.4) |
21.9 (71.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
22.0 (71.6) |
22.2 (72.0) |
22.1 (71.8) |
22.1 (71.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 18 (64) |
18 (64) |
21 (70) |
17 (63) |
21 (70) |
19 (66) |
16 (61) |
18 (64) |
20 (68) |
13 (55) |
21 (70) |
20 (68) |
13 (55) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 240 (9.4) |
199 (7.8) |
262 (10.3) |
257 (10.1) |
203 (8.0) |
133 (5.2) |
123 (4.8) |
177 (7.0) |
224 (8.8) |
280 (11.0) |
312 (12.3) |
286 (11.3) |
2,696 (106) |
| Source 1: Climate-Data.org (average temps and precip)[66] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weatherbase (extremes)[67] | |||||||||||||
As in most other province of Indonesia, Riau has atropical rainforest climate(Köppen climate classificationAf) bordering on a tropical monsoon climate. The climate is very much dictated by the surrounding sea and the prevailing wind system. It has high average temperature and high average rainfall.
Ecology[edit]
Forest cover in Riau has declined from 78% in 1982 to only 33% in 2005.[68]This has been further reduced an average of 160,000 hectares on average per year, leaving 22%, or 2.45 million hectares left as of 2009.[69]Fires associated with deforestation have contributed to serious haze over the province and cities to the East, such as Singapore andKuala Lumpur,Malaysia[70][71][72]
Giam Siak Kecil –Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve,Indonesia, is a peatland area in Sumatra featuring sustainable timber production and two wildlife reserves, which are home to theSumatran tiger,Sumatran elephant,Malayan tapir,andMalayan sun bear.Research activities in the biosphere include the monitoring of flagship species and in-depth study on peatland ecology. Initial studies indicate a real potential for sustainable economic development using native flora and fauna for the economic benefit of local inhabitants.
Cagar Biosfer Giam Siak Kecil Bukit Batu (CB-GSK-BB) is one of seven Biosphere Reserves in Indonesia. They are located in two areas of Riau Province,BengkalisandSiak.CB-GSK-BB is a trial presented by Riau at the 21st Session of the International Coordinating Council of Man and the Biosphere (UNESCO) inJeju,South Korea, on 26 May 2009. CB-GSK-BB is one of 22 proposed locations in 17 countries accepted as reserves for the year. A Biosphere Reserve is the only internationally recognised concept of environmental conservation and cultivation. Thus the supervision and development of CB-GSK-BB is a worldwide concern at a regional level.
CB-GSK-BB is a unique type of Peat Swamp Forest in theKampar PeninsulaPeat Forest (with a small area of swamp). Another peculiarity is that the CB-GSK-BB was initiated by private parties in co-operation with the government through BBKSDA (The Center for the Conservation of Natural Resources), including the notorious conglomerate involved in forest destruction,Sinar Mas Group,owning the largest paper and pulp company in Indonesia.
Government[edit]
The Province of Riau is led by a governor who is elected directly with his representative for a 5-year term. In addition to being a regional government, the Governor also acts as a representative or extension of the central government in the province, whose authority is regulated in Law No. 32 of 2004 and Government Regulation number 19 of 2010.
While the relationship between the provincial government and the regency and city governments is not a sub-ordinate, each of these regional governments governs and manages government affairs according to the principle of autonomy and co-administration.
Administrative divisions[edit]
When the province of Riau was created on 10 August 1957 from the splitting of the former province ofCentral Sumatra,it consisted of four regencies -Bengkalis,Bintan(covering the offshore archipelagoes now comprising the Riau Islands Province),IndragiriandKampar- together with the independent city ofPekanbaru.On 14 June 1965 the Indragiri Regency was divided into anIndragiri Hilir Regencyand anIndragiri Hulu Regency.On 4 October 1999 four of these regencies were divided up in a wholesale reorganisation: Bengkalis Regency was split up intoRokan Hilir Regency,Siak Regencyand a new city ofDumai,as well as a smaller Bengkalis Regency; a newKuantan Singingi Regencywas cut out of the Indragiri Hulu Regency, whileRokan Hulu RegencyandPelalawan Regencywere cut out of Kampar Regency. Finally, on the same date, the Bintan Regency was split, with a new city ofBatamand new regencies ofKarimunandNatunabeing split off; a further city ofTanjung Pinangwas cut out of the residual part of Bintan Regency on 21 June 2001; however on 24 September 2002 the five Riau Islands administrations were split off from Riau Province to form a separate Riau Islands Province. Subsequently on 19 December 2008 a newMeranti IslandsRegencywas cut off the remaining Bengkalis Regency.
Riau Province is thus subdivided into tenregencies(kabupaten) and two autonomouscities(kota), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010[73]and 2020[7]Censuses, and according to the official estimates as at mid 2023.[2]
| Kode Wilayah |
Name of City or Regency |
Area in km2 |
Pop'n census 2010 |
Pop'n census 2020[74] |
Pop'n estimate mid 2023 |
Capital | HDI[75] 2014 estimates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14.01 | Kampar Regency | 11,289.38 | 688,204 | 841,332 | 860,379 | Bangkinang | 0.707 (High) |
| 14.02 | Indragiri Hulu Regency | 7,871.85 | 363,442 | 444,548 | 462,220 | Rengat | 0.671 (Medium) |
| 14.03 | Bengkalis Regency | 8,616.36 | 498,336 | 565,569 | 584,920 | Bengkalis | 0.708 (High) |
| 14.04 | Indragiri Hilir Regency | 13,521.26 | 661,779 | 654,909 | 677,290 | Tembilahan | 0.638 (Medium) |
| 14.05 | Pelalawan Regency | 13,262.11 | 301,829 | 390,046 | 408,540 | Pangkalan Kerinci | 0.686 (Medium) |
| 14.06 | Rokan Hulu Regency | 7,658.15 | 474,843 | 561,385 | 585,180 | Pasir Pangaraian | 0.670 (Medium) |
| 14.07 | Rokan Hilir Regency | 9,068.46 | 553,216 | 637,161 | 663,960 | Bagansiapiapi | 0.662 (Medium) |
| 14.08 | Siak Regency | 7,805.54 | 376,742 | 457,940 | 477,060 | Siak Sri Indrapura | 0.714 (High) |
| 14.09 | Kuantan Singingi Regency | 5,457.86 | 292,116 | 334,943 | 345,610 | Teluk Kuantan | 0.674 (Medium) |
| 14.10 | Meranti Islands Regency | 3,623.56 | 176,290 | 206,116 | 211,790 | Selat Panjang | 0.629 (Medium) |
| 14.71 | Pekanbaru City | 638.33 | 897,767 | 983,356 | 1,016,360 | Pekanbaru | 0.784 (High) |
| 14.72 | Dumai City | 2,059.61 | 253,803 | 316,782 | 328,910 | Dumai | 0.718 (High) |
The province comprises two of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to thePeople's Representative Council.TheRiau I Electoral Districtconsists of 5 of the regencies in the province (Siak, Bengkalis, Meranti Islands, Rokan Hilir and Rokan Hulu), together with the cities of Pekanbaru and Dumai, and elects 7 members to the People's Representative Council. TheRiau II Electoral Districtconsists of the remaining 5 regencies (Kuantan Singingi, Indragiri Hulu, Indragiri Hilir, Pelalawan and Kampar), and elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council.[76]
Demographics[edit]
The total population of Riau spread over ten regencies and two cities as at mid 2023 reached 6,642,874 people consisting of 3,396,387 males and 3,246,487 females.[2]Based on the population per regency/city in 2022, the largest population was inPekanbaruCity with 506,231 male population and 501,309 female, while the smallest population was in theKepulauan Meranti Regencywhere about 110,100 people were male and 103,400 were female. Overall males constituted 51.13% of the population and females 48.87% in 2023.[77]
Ethnic groups[edit]
Riau is considered a very ethnically diverse province. As of 2010, the ethnic groups in Riau consist ofMalays(43%),Javanese(25%),Minangkabau(8%),Batak(12%),Banjar(4%),Chinese(2%), andBugis(2%).[3]TheMalaysare the largest ethnic group with a composition of 45% of the entire population of the province. They generally come from coastal areas inRokan Hilir,Dumai,Bengkalis,Pulau Meranti,up toPelalawan,Siak,Inderagiri HuluandInderagiri Hilir.Riau was once the seat of great Malay sultanates, such as theSultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura,the Pelalawan Sultanate and the Indragiri Sultanate.
There is also a sizable population ofMinangkabau peopleliving in Riau Province, mostly in the areas borderingWest Sumatra,such asRokan Hulu,Kampar,Kuantan Singingi,and part ofInderagiri Hulu.Pekanbaru,the capital of Riau Province, has a Minangkabau majority, since it was once one of the Minangkabaurantau(migration) area. Many Minangkabau in Pekanbaru have lived there for generations and has since assimilated into the Malay community.[78]Most Minangkabau in Riau generally work as merchants and live in urban areas such as Pekanbaru,Bangkinang,Duri, andDumai.
There are many other ethnic groups migrating from other provinces of Indonesia, such as theBatak Mandailing peoplewho mostly lives in areas borderingNorth Sumatrasuch asRokan Hulu.[79]Most of the Mandailing people now identify themselves asMalayrather than asMinangkabauorBatak.In the 19th century, theBanjareseofSouth Kalimantanand theBugisofSouth Sulawesialso began arriving in Riau to seek better lives. Most of them settled in theIndragiri Hilirareas, especially aroundTembilahan.[80][81]The opening of Caltex oil mining company in the 1940s inRumbai,encouraged people from throughout the country to migrate to Riau.
There are sizeableJavaneseandSundanesepopulation in Riau Province. Javanese forms the second-largest ethnic group in the province, forming 25.05% of the total population. Most of them migrated to Riau due to thetransmigration programdating from theDutch East Indiesand continued during theSoeharto administration.The majority of them lives in transmigration communities spread throughout the region.
Likewise, theChinese peopleare generally similar to theMinangkabauas many of them also work as merchants. Many Riau Chinese lives in the capitalPekanbaru,and many can also found in coastal areas in the east such asBagansiapiapi,Selatpanjang,RupatandBengkalis.Most of the Chinese people in Riau areHoklo people,whose ancestors migrated fromQuanzhouin modern-dayFujianfrom the early 19th-century to the mid 20th-century. Some of the Riau Chinese has migrated to other parts of Indonesia, such asMedanandJakarta,to seek better life opportunities, while some have also migrated to other countries such as Singapore andTaiwan.[82]
There are also some groups of indigenous people who live in rural areas and riverbanks, such as theSakai people (Indonesia),Akit, Talang Mamak andOrang Laut.Some of them still leading thenomadicandHunter-gathererlifestyle in the remote interior of Riau, while most settled into major cities and towns in with the rise of industrialisation.[83]
Language[edit]
The people of Riau generally uses the local dialect ofMalayandIndonesian,the official language of Indonesia. Malay is commonly used in coastal areas such asRokan Hilir,Bengkalis,Dumai,Pelalawan,Siak,Indragiri Hulu,Indragiri Hilirand around the islands off the coast of Riau.[84]
The dialect of Malay spoken in Riau is considered by linguists to have one of the least complex grammars among the languages of the world, apart fromcreoles,possessing neither noun declensions, temporal distinctions, subject/object distinctions, nor singular/plural distinction. For example, the phraseAyam makan(lit. 'chicken eat') can mean, in context, anything from 'the chicken is eating', to 'I ate some chicken', 'the chicken that is eating' and 'when we were eating chicken'. A possible reason for this is that Riau Malay has been used as alingua francafor communication between different people in this area during its history, and extensive foreign-language speaker use of this kind tends to simplify the grammar of a language used.[85]The traditional script in Riau isJawi(locally known in Indonesia as "Arab-Melayu" ), an Arabic-based writing in theMalay language.[86]It is sometimes supposed that Riau Malay is the basis for the modern national language,Indonesian.However, it is instead based onClassical Malay,the court language ofJohor-Riau Sultanate,based primarily from the one used in theRiau Archipelagoand the state ofJohor,Malaysia,which is distinct from the local mainland Riau dialect.[87]Non-mainstream varieties in Riau includeSakai people (Indonesia),Orang Asli,Orang Akit, andOrang Laut.[88]
Riau Malay can be divided into two sub-dialects, namely the inland dialect and the coastal dialect.[89]The inland dialect has phonological features that are similar toMinangkabau,while coastal dialect has phonological features that are close to Malay in the regions ofSelangor,Johor andKuala LumpurinMalaysia(because other Malaysian regions have very different dialects).[89]In addition to various other characteristics, the two subdialects are marked with words which inIndonesianare words that end with vowels /a/; the inland dialect is pronounced with vowel /o/, while in coastal dialect is pronounced with the weak vowel /e/. Some examples include: /bila/, /tiga/ and /kata/ in Indonesian (if, three and word in English respectively) will be pronounced in inland dialect as /bilo/, /tigo/ and /kato/ respectively. While in the coastal dialect it will be pronounced as /bile/, /tige/ and /kate/ respectively.[89]
TheMinangkabau languageis widely used by theMinangkabau peoplein Riau, especially in the areas borderingWest Sumatrasuch asKampar,Kuantan SingingiandRokan Hulu,which are culturally allied to Minang as well as migrants from West Sumatra.[90]It is also currently being thelingua francaofPekanbaru,the capital city in addition to Indonesian. The pronunciation of Riau Minangkabau is similar to thePayakumbuh-Batusangkardialect, even differs from that of other dialects varieties of West Sumatra. Historically, Minangkabau language used in thePagaruyunghighlands is now spoken in the lowerSiak Riverbasin following the waves of migration fromWest Sumatra.
In addition,Hokkienis also still widely used among theChinese community,especially those living inPekanbaru,Selatpanjang,Bengkalis,andBagansiapiapi.The Hokkien spoken in Riau is known asRiau Hokkien,which ismutually intelligibleto the Hokkien spoken by theMalaysian Chinesein Johor, southernMalaysiaandSingapore.They are both derived from theQuanzhou dialectof Hokkien that originated from the city ofQuanzhouin Fujian. Riau Hokkien is slightly mutually unintelligible withMedan Hokkienspoken inMedansince the latter is derived from theZhangzhou dialectof Hokkien that originated fromZhangzhou,also in Fujian. Presently, Riau Hokkien has incorporated many words from the local language such as Malay andIndonesian.
Javaneseis spoken by theJavanese peoplewho migrated to the province. While severalvarieties of Batakis spoken by Batak immigrants fromNorth Sumatra.
Religion[edit]
Religion in Riau (2022)[91]
Based on the composition of the population of Riau which is full of diversity with different socio-cultural, linguistic and religious backgrounds, it is basically an asset for the Riau region itself. The religions embraced by the inhabitants of this province are very diverse, includingIslam,Protestantism,Catholicism,Hinduism,Buddhism,andConfucianism.
As of 2015,Islamis the dominant religion in the province, forming 86.87% of the total population.Islamis generally adhered by the ethnicMalays,Javanese,Minangkabau,Banjars,Bugis,Sundaneseand someBataksub-group.Protestantismforms the second-largest religion, forming as many as 9.74%, while Catholics forms as many as 1.02%, Most of the people who adhered toProtestantismandCatholicismare fromBatakethnic groups (specificallyBatak Toba,KaroandSimalungun),Nias,Chineseand residents fromEastern Indonesia.Then there is Buddhism which forms around 2.28% of the total population and Confucianism which forms around 0.07% of the total population. Most of the Buddhist and Confucianism are of ethnic Chinese origin. Lastly, about 0.01% of the total population embrace Hinduism, mostly areBalineseandIndonesians of Indian descent.
Culture[edit]
As Riau is the homeland of theMalays,the customs and cultures of Riau is mostly based on Malay customs and cultures.
Every Malay family lives in their own house, except for new couples who usually prefer to stay at the wife's house until they have their first child. Therefore, their sedentary patterns can be said to be neat. The nuclear family they called genitals generally built a house in the neighborhood where the wife lived. The principle of lineage or kinship is more likely to be parental or bilateral.
Kinship is done with a typical local nicknames. The first child is calledlongorsulung,the second child isngah/ongah,below him is calledcik,the youngest is calledcu/ucu.Usually the nickname is added by mentioning the physical characteristics of the person, for example, if the person is dark-skinned and is acikor a third child, he will be calledcik itam.Another example is when the particular person is a first-born and has a short characteristic. he/she will be calledngah undah.But sometimes when greeting people who are unknown or new to them, they can simply greet them withabang,akak,dek,ornak.[92]
In the past, Malays also lived in groups according to their ancestral origin, which they called tribes. This group of descendants uses apatrilinealkinship line. But the Riau Malays who lived on the mainlandSumatrapartially embracedmatrilinealtribalism. There are also those who referthe tribe as ahindukor acikal bakal.Each tribe is led by a leader. If the tribe lives in a village, then the head will be referred to asDatuk Penghulu KampungorKepala Kampung.[93]Each leader is also assisted by several figures such asbatin,jenang,tua-tuadanmonti.Religious field leaders in the village are known asimamdan khotib.
Traditional dress[edit]
In Malay culture, clothes and textiles are very important and it signify beauty and power. TheHikayat-Hikayat Melayumentioned the importance of textile in Malay culture.[94]The history of the Malay woven industry can be traced back to the 13th century when trade routes in the East are rapidly expanding under the role of theSong dynasty.The description of locally-made textiles and the development of the embroidery industry in theMalay Peninsulais expressed in several Chinese and Indian records.[94]Among the famous Malay textiles that still exist today areSongketandBatik.
The earliest Malay traditional dress was concise, the woman wearing asarongthat covered the lower body to the chest while the man dressed in short, sleeveless or shorts, with shorts down to the knee level. However, when trade with the outside world flourishes, the way in which the Malay dress begins to gain external influence and becomes more sophisticated. The 15th-century is the peak of the power of theMalacca Sultanate.As told in theMalay Annals,this is where traditionalBaju Melayuclothing is created. The strong Islamic influence has transformed the way of dressing the Malays later on features that are matching with Islamic laws. The classic Malay general attire for men consists of shirts, small sacks,sarongsworn at the waist, and atanjakortengkolokworn on the head. It is common for a Malay warrior to have akeristucked into the front fold of sarong. The Malay version of the early women's clothing is also more loose and long. However, it was subsequently renewed and popularized bySultan Abu Bakarof Johor in the late 19th century, into the form ofBaju Kurungused today.
However, Riau also has some traditional dress that cannot be found in other parts of the Malay world. The Riau traditional dress is not only used for certain occasions. But some of these traditional clothes are functioned as everyday clothes, one of which is daily clothing for children. The children's daily wear used is divided into two types, namely clothes for boys and clothes for girls. For boys' clothes in the customs of the Riau people, they are calledbaju monyet(Monkey clothes). This outfit is combined with the type of trousers that are responsible, and complete with akopiahor rectangular shaped cloth as a head covering. While for everyday clothes for girls isBaju Kurungwith floral motifs. This outfit is combined with a wide skirt with ahijabortudong.The daily clothes of Riau people are commonly used for reciting or for studying.
For the people of Riau who are adults, they wear distinctive clothing and are also very close to religious and cultural values. For males, they use clothing calledBaju Kurung Cekak Musang.Namely, clothes like Muslim clothing are combined with loose trousers. This shirt is used together withsarongandkopiah.
For Malay women, they can wear 3 different types of clothing, namely theBajuKebayaPendek,Baju Kurung Laboh,andBaju Kurung Tulang Belut.The different clothes are used in conjunction with a shawl cloth that is used as a head covering. In addition, women's clothing can also be combined with ahijabortudong.
Traditional house[edit]
In traditional Malay societies, the house is an intimate building that can be used as a family dwelling, a place of worship, a heritage site, and a shelter for anyone in need. Therefore, traditional Malay houses are generally large. In addition to the large size, the Malay house is also always in the form of arumah panggungor stage house, facing the sunrise. The types of Malay houses include residential houses, offices, place of worship and warehouses. The naming of the houses is tailored to the function of each building. In general, there are five types of Riau Malay traditional houses, namely theBalai Salaso Jatuh, Rumah Melayu Atap Lontik, Rumah Adat Salaso Jatuh Kembar, Rumah Melayu Lipat KajangandRumah Melayu Atap Limas Potong.
TheBalai Salaso Jatuh isusually used for consensus decision-making and other activities. It is rarely used for private homes. In accordance with the functions of theBalai Salaso Jatuh,this building has other local names such asbalai panobatan,balirung sari,balai karapatan,etc. Presently, the function of this building has been replaced by a house or a mosque. The building has an alignment, and has a lower floor than the middle room. In addition,Balai Salaso Jatuhis also decorated with various carvings in the form of plants or animals. Each carving in this building has its own designation.
Rumah Melayu Atap LontikorLontiok Housecan usually be found inKampar Regency.[95]It is called so because this house has a decoration on the front wall of the house in the form of a boat.[95]When viewed from a distance, this house will look like boat houses that are usually made by the local residents. Besides being referred to aslancingandpancalang,this traditional house is also calledlontik,since this house has a roof paring that is soaring upwards. This house is heavily influenced on the architecture of theMinangkabauRumah Gadang,sinceKampar Regencyis directly adjacent to the province ofWest Sumatra.A unique feature of this traditional house is that it has five stairsteps. The reason they chose the number five was because this is based on theFive Pillars of Islam.[96]The shape of the pillars in this house also varies, there are rectangles, hexagons, heptagon, octagon and triangles. Each type of pole contained in this traditional house has meaning believed by the people of Riau. A rectangular pole can be interpreted as four corners of the wind, just like an octagon, and the hexagon symbolizes the number of pillars of Islam.
Rumah Salaso Jatuh Kembarwas declared an icon and symbol of the province of Riau. The architecture of this house is similar to theBalai Salaso Jatuh,but this house tends to be used for private homes.
Rumah Melayu Lipat Kajangcan usually found in theRiau Islandsand the coastal part of Riau. It is calledLipat Kajangbecause the roof of this house has a shape resembling the shape of a boat. The top of this building is curved upwards and is often referred tolipat kejangorpohon jerambanby the locals. This traditional house is rarely or even no longer used by Riau residents. One reason for the loss of this culture is because of the increasing influence of western architecture, and people consider their building forms to be simpler and easier to build.[97]
Rumah Melayu Atap Limas Potongis a Malay traditional house that can usually be found in mainland Riau, but rarely in the Riau Islands. This house has a roof that is shaped like a cut pyramid. Like other Riau traditional houses, this house is also included in therumah panggunggroup. The stage of this house has a height of about 1.5 meters above the ground. The size of the house depends on the ability and desires of the owner.[98]
Traditional dance[edit]
Most of Riau traditional dances are influenced by Malay cultures, but there are also some dances that are only unique to Riau.
Mak Yongis a traditional theater art of Malay society that is often performed as a drama in an international forum. In the past,mak yongwas held by villagers in the rice fields which had finished harvesting rice. Themak yongis performed by a group of professional dancers and musicians who combine
various elements of religious ceremonies, plays, dance, music with vocal or instrumental, and simple texts. The male and female main characters were both performed by female dancers. Other figures that appear in the story are comedians, gods, jinn, courtiers, and animals.mak yongperformance is accompanied by musical instruments such asrebab,gendang,and tetawak InIndonesia,themak yongwas developed inLingga,which was once the center of theJohor-Riau Sultanate.The difference with themak yongperformed in theKelantan-Pattaniregion is that they usually does not use masks, asmak yongin Riau uses masks for some of the King's female characters, princesses, criminals, demons, and spirits. At the end of the last century,mak yongnot only became a daily show, but also as performance for the sultan.[99]
Thetarizapinis a Malay traditional dance originated from theSiak Regencythat is entertaining and are full of religious and educational messages. Thistari zapinhas rules and regulations that cannot be changed.Tari zapinis usually accompanied by traditional Riau musical instruments namelymarwasandgambus.Thistari zapinshows footwork quickly following the pounding of punches on a small drum calledmarwas.The rhythmic harmony of the instrument is increasingly melodious with stringed instruments. Because of the influence of the Arabs, this dance does indeed feel educative without losing the entertainment side. There is an insert of a religious message in the song lyrics. Usually the dance is told about the daily lives of Malay people. Initially,tari zapinwas only danced by male dancers but along with developments, female dancers were also shown. Sometimes, there are both male and female dancers performing. There is a form oftari zapinperformed inPulau Rupat UtarainBengkaliscalledtarizapin api.The identifying characteristic oftarizapin apiis the incorporation of fire and strong focus on themystical elements.The dance form was historically dormant and extinct for nearly 40 years before its revival in 2013.[100]
Tarian makan sirihis accompanied by distinctive Malay music accompanied by a song titledMakan Sirih.As for the costumes performed by dancers, they usually wore traditional Malay attire, such as pants, clothes, andkopiahfor men. Whereas the female dancers wear the clothes that are usually worn by the bride, namely traditional clothes called theBaju Kurungteluk belanga.At the head, there is a crown equipped with flower-shaped decorations. Meanwhile, the lower part of the dancers' bodies was wrapped in brightly colouredsongketcloth.Tarian makan sirihis performed by both men and women. The dancers are obliged to understand special terms in Malay dance, such asigal(emphasizing hand and body movements),liuk(movement of bowing or swinging body),lenggang(walking while moving hands),titi batang(walking in a line as if climbing the stem),gentam(dancing while stomping on the feet),cicing(dancing while jogging),legar(dancing while walking around 180 degrees), and so on. During the performance, one of the dancers in the offering dance will bring a box containingbetels.The box would then be opened and the guests who are considered the greatest are given the first opportunity to take it as a form of respect, then followed by other guests. Therefore, many people call this dance as tarian makan sirih.[101]
Traditional music[edit]
There are several musical instruments in Riau that is used for ceremonial events.
The traditional Malayaccordionis almost the same as the accordion founded byChristian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmannfrom (Germany). accordion includes a musical instrument that is quite difficult to play even though it looks easy. accordion produces diatonic scales that are very in accordance with the song lyrics in the form of rhymes. The accordion player holds the instrument with both hands, then plays the chord buttons with the fingers of the left hand, while the fingers of the right hand play the melody of the song that is being performed. Usually players who have been trained are very easy to change hands. When played, the accordion is pulled and pushed to adjust the air movement inside the instrument, the movement of the air coming out (to the tongue of the accordion) will produce sound. The sound can be adjusted using the player's fingers.
Gambusis a type of traditional Riau musical instrument that is played by picking. Formerly,Gambuswas used for events related to spiritual matters. At this timeGambusswitched functions to be an accompaniment for thetari zapin.Gambus Riauis played by individuals as entertainment for fishermen on boats who are looking for fish.
Kompangis a type of traditional Riau musical instrument that is quite well known amongMalays,Kompangis included in the group of traditional musical instruments which are played by being beaten. In general,kompanguses materials derived from the skin of livestock. Makingkompangis more similar to makingdholor other musical instrument or other leather drum that uses animal skin such as buffalo, cattle, and others.Kompanga uses female goat ski on the part that is hit, but now uses a cow which is believed to be more elastic. To produce a loud sound, there is a technique to make the paired skin become very tight and not easily separated from the nail (which can be dangerous when played).
Rebanaubiis a type ofTambourinethat is played by being hit by hand.Rebana ubiis included in the drum group as well as percussion instruments.Rebana ubihas a larger size than ordinary tambourines becauseRebana ubihas the smallest diameter of 70 cm and a height of 1 meter.Rebana ubican be hung horizontally or left on the floor to be played. In ancient times,Rebana ubiwas believed to be a tool to spread the news such as the wedding ceremony of local residents or the danger that came (such as strong winds).Rebana ubiis placed in the highlands and beaten with a certain rhythm depending on the information the player wants to convey.
Traditional weapons[edit]
Klewangis a traditional weapon from Riau.klewangis a kind of machete with the tip of an enlarged blade. In the past,klewangwas used by royal soldiers when in war. However, in the present, it is more widely used by farmers in their activities in rice fields or as agricultural tools. Because of this function,klewanghas remained sustainable compared to other types of traditional Riau weapons.
Beladauis a skewer type weapon found in the culture of Riau society. This weapon is a sharp dagger on one side. what makes thisbeladaudifferent from the dagger in general is thatbeladautends to have curvature at the base of the handle, so the handle is easier to hold and push when used. In accordance with its length of only 24 cm, this traditional Riau weapon is often used as a means of self-protection from melee attacks.
Pedang jenawiis a weapon that was often used by Malay royal warlords when facing their enemies. Its size is quite long, which is about 1 meter making it used in close-range warfare. At a glance,pedang jenawilooks like a typical Japanesekatana.Therefore, many historians and cultural experts argue that this weapon originated from ancient Japanese culture which experienced acculturation with Malay culture. Apart from these opinions, what is clear at this time is thatpedang jenawihas been regarded as the identity of the Riau Malay community.
Krisis a heritage weapon that has been used for centuries. Not only in Riau, keris is generally used by nobles in Southeast Asia.Krisis a symbol of honor and self-defense. This weapon is used to stab at close range. The position of thekrisin history as a symbol of honor is undeniable, that in the kingdom it was clearly seen as a form of self-protection, as well as pride. Even in modern history, the function continues to develop as an object of history, and can also be a determinant of history based on the period of manufacture and the type of material used. Up to now in Riau Malay customs and culture, always cooperating with kris in every dress as a complementary weapon from generation to generation. However, what is different in the form ofkrisfrom adat inJavais, if the use ofkrisin Java is tucked in the back of the waist, in Riau and the Malay people, in general, the use ofkrisis in front.
Economics[edit]
Riau GDP share by sector (2022)[102]
The economy of Riau expands faster (8.66% in 2006) than the Indonesian average (6.04% in 2006), and is largely a resource-based economy, including crude oil (600,000 bpd),palm oil,rubber treesand otherforest products.Local government income benefits from a greater share of tax revenue (mainly from crude oil) due to the decentralisation law of 2004.[103]The province has natural resources, both riches contained in the bowels of the earth, in the form of oil and gas, as well as gold, as well as forest products and plantations. Along with the implementation of regional autonomy, gradually began to apply the system for results or financial balance between central and local. The new rules provide expressly limits the obligations of investors, resource utilization, and revenue-sharing with the surrounding environment.
Riau's economy in the first quarter of 2017 grew by 2.82 per cent, improving compared to the same period in the previous year which grew 2.74 per cent (year-over-year). This growth was supported by growth in almost all businesses, except mining andexcavationwhich contracted 6.72 per cent. The highest growth occurred in the Corporate Services Business Field at 9.56 per cent, followed by the processing Industry of 7.30 per cent, and government administration, defense and obligatory social security of 6.97 per cent. Riau's economy in the first quarter of 2017 contracted by 4.88 per cent compared to the fourth quarter of 2016. This contraction was influenced by seasonal factors in the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Business Field (−5.04 per cent). In addition, contractions occur due to a decrease in several business fields, including: Mining and Excavation (−3.50 per cent); Processing Industry (−5.41 per cent); Large Trade and Retail, Car and Motorcycle Repair (−2.46 per cent); and Construction (−8.94 per cent).[104]
Energy and natural resources[edit]
The energy and mineral resources sector is one sector that plays a major role in the development of the province. The leading commodities in the energy and mineral resources sector in Riau include electricity and mining.[106]
Electricity is an important commodity for human life at this time. Without electricity, almost certainly many construction sectors will be paralyzed. Most of the electricity in Riau Province is still supplied by thePerusahaan Listrik Negara(PLN).
From 2013 to 2015, the electricity capacity produced was 114 Kva/Kwh in hydropower, 94.6 Kva/Kwh in diesel power and 131.2 Kva/Kwh in the gas power. The amount of this electricity capacity does not increase or shrink as well as the number of power generating units. Throughout Riau Province there are 1 unit of hydroelectric power plants, 65 units of diesel power plants and 6 units of gas power plants.[106]
Farming[edit]
The agricultural sector is also one of the factors that play a role in the economic development of Riau. The main commodities of agriculture are rice,cornandsoybeans.In addition, other agricultural products which are commodities of Riau Province are peanuts,green beans,cassavaandsweet potatoes.In 2015, rice production in Riau reached 393,917 tons of milled dry grain. The production was calculated to increase by 2.2 per cent compared to production in 2014. The increase in production was influenced by the increase in the harvested area of 107,546 hectares which increased by around 1,509 hectares (1.42%) compared to the previous year. In addition, rice productivity also increased by around 0.26 quintal / hectare or around 0.71%.[106]
While the increase occurred incornproduction, which amounted to 30,870 tons of dry shelled rice, this production increased by around 7.75 per cent or 2,219 tons of dry shelled rice. This increase can be affected because of an increase in the area of maize production by 368 hectares (3.1%) compared to the production area in 2014 of 12,057 hectares. The increase also occurred in corn productivity in 2015 amounting to 1.09 quintal / hectare from 2014 or around 4.59%.[106]
Soybeanproduction also decreased in 2015 by 187 tons ofdry beans(8.02%) fromsoybeanproduction in 2014. The decrease in production was influenced by the harvested area of 1,516 hectares which decreased by around 514 hectares (25.32%). However, soybean productivity increased by 2.66 quintal / hectare or 23.15% compared to the previous year.
In 2015, peanut production was lower than in previous years. This production fell by 8.39 per cent compared to 2014 and 16.65 per cent compared to 2013. The decline in production was influenced by the declining area of peanut farming compared to 2013 and 2014, each of 18.41 per cent and 9.23 per cent.[106]
In 2015,green beansproduction was lower than in previous years. This production fell by 7.28 per cent compared to 2014 and 3.39 per cent compared to 2013. The decline in production was influenced by the decline in the area of green beans compared to 2013 and 2014, respectively 1.53 per cent and 3.67 per cent.[106]
In addition,cassavaproduction also experienced a decline in 2015 of 11.89 per cent compared to 2014. Actually, cassava production had increased in 2014 by 14.08 per cent. This decrease in production was also influenced by the decline in cassava farming area by 11.61 compared to 2014.
In the last three years,sweet potatoproduction in 2015 was the lowest. This yield fell by 5.36 per cent in 2014 and again fell by 18.05 per cent. As before, the decline in production was also influenced by the declining area of sweet potato farming by 4.96 per cent in 2014 and 18.83 per cent in 2015.[106]
Fishing[edit]
One of Riau's leading commodities is the fisheries sector. The geographical condition of Riau where 17.40% of the total area is an oceanic area and there are 15 rivers making the fisheries sector well developed. In addition, the vast extent of untapped land is a great potential for inland aquaculture to develop. In addition, the market demand for fishery products has increasingly made the catchment sector not enough so that fish farming activities such as cages, ponds, public fisheries and ponds are well developed.[106]
Riau fisheries production mostly comes from marine fisheries. In 2015, the data showed that marine fisheries were 106,233.1 tons or decreased 1 per cent from the previous year. In addition, the number of fishery households decreased to 14,610 households, an increase of 0.98 per cent. In addition, there was also a decline in the number of fishing vessels as many as 123 units.
The land fishery product processing industry can be divided into four types, namely floating nets, ponds, public fisheries and ponds. In 2015, fish production from floating nets was 5,378.56 tons or decreased by 82.52 per cent. This decrease was caused by a decrease in the number of floating nets as many as 157,638 units. Fish production in public fisheries also decreased by 3.9 per cent due to a decrease in the number of households. Fish pond production increased by 5,425.2 tons or 10.8 per cent. Temporary data on fish pond production showed a drastic decrease of 82.23 per cent even though the number of fish ponds increased by 89.15 hectares compared to 2014.[106]
Stockbreeding[edit]
Along with increasing public consumption needs for livestock products, both in terms of consumption of livestock meat and other livestock products, such as milk and eggs, the Riau provincial government through the Agriculture and Livestock Service Office continues to try to meet these needs. In addition to the commitment of Riau province to increase food self-sufficiency in 2020, the number of animal populations continues to be increased to meet consumption needs. This is reflected in the increase in some aspects of livestock in Riau in the last 3 years.[106]
Agriculture and plantation[edit]
Plantation industry mainly centre aroundoil palmand rubber tree cultivation. They are either run by the state, big corporations or by small holders. There are also citrus and coconut plantations to be found. For oil palm plantations, land areas currently being cultivated in Riau province are around 1:34 million hectares. In addition there have been about 116 palm oil mills (PKS) which operate and produce a total of 3.38 millions tons of crude palm oil (CPO) per year.
Industry[edit]
In this province there are several international companies engaged in the oil and gas as well as the processing of forest products and oil. In addition there is also a copra and rubber processing industry. Several major companies including Chevron Pacific Indonesia a subsidiary of Chevron Corporation, PT. Indah Kiat Pulp & Paper Tbk in Perawang, and PT. Riau Andalan Pulp & Paper in Pangkalan Kerinci Riau provincial mining. Minerals are petroleum, gas, and coal.
Finance and banking[edit]
In the field of banking in the province is growing rapidly, this marked the number of private banks and rural banks, in addition to local government-owned banks such as Bank of Riau Kepri.
Transportation[edit]
Sultan Syarif Kasim II International AirportinPekanbaruis the largest airport in the province. It serves as the gateway to Pekanbaru and Riau in a whole. The airport serves flights to other major cities in Indonesia such asJakarta,Surabaya,BandungandMedan.Moreover, the airport also serves international flights to cities neighbouring countries such as Singapore,MalaccaandKuala Lumpurin Malaysia. Furthermore, the airport also was used forhajjembarkation toJeddahandMedinain Saudi Arabia. On 16 July 2012, a Rp 2 trillion ($212 million) new terminal has been opened to accommodate 1.5 million passengers a year.[107]The new terminal spanning 17,000 square meters and a more spacious aircraft apron which can accommodate 10 wide-body aircraft, twice the capacity of the old apron. The new terminal is designed with a mix of Malay and modern architecture. The physical form of the building is inspired from the typical flying fauna form of Riau, Serindit birds. To meet the technical requirements of a world-class airport, the airport runway is extended from 2,200 meters to 2,600 meters and then to 3,000 meters.[108]There are other smaller airports in Riau which mostly serves regional or charter flights, such asPinang Kampai AirportinDumai,Tuanku Tambusai Airportin Pasir Pangaraian,Japura AirportinRengat,Sei Pakning AirportinTembilahan,Sei Pakning AirportinSungai PakningandSultan Syarief Haroen II AirportinPangkalan Kerinci.
- Transportation in Riau
-
-
Tanjung Buton Ferry Harbor in Siak Regency -
Siak Bridge -
Road conditions inBangkinang
TheTrans-Sumatran Highwayruns along the length of the province. Riau serves as a junction of the highway, withNorth Sumatrato the north,Jambito the south andWest Sumatrato the west. Most of the roads have been paved, but there are some sections that is in poor condition. Road damage was allegedly due to the large number of trucks carrying palm oil crops passing from Riau toNorth Sumatraor vice versa.[109]As part of theTrans-Sumatra Toll Roadprogram, the government is currently constructing the 131,48 km longPekanbaru–Dumai Toll Road,which would connectPekanbaru,the provincial capital and the port city ofDumaion theStrait of Malacca.[110]The first section between Pekanbaru and Minas is expected to begin operation in December 2019 and the whole toll road is expected to begin operation in 2020.[110][111]Another toll road connecting Pekanbaru andPadanginWest Sumatrais also under the planning stage. Construction is expected to start on the Riau side due to land clearing issue on the West Sumatran side.[112]The project would also include the construction of the construction of an 8.95 km tunnel in thePayakumbuharea that will penetrate theBukit Barisan Mountains,which would be the longest tunnel in Indonesia.[113]
The Port of Dumai is the largest port in the province. It serves both passengers and cargo. The port serves ferries toBatamandTanjung Pinangin theRiau Islands,as well as international destinations such as Singapore, Johor andMalaccain Malaysia. River transportation is also important in Riau, as the province is crossed by many large rivers.
After thePekanbaru Railwaywas abandoned at the end ofWorld War II,there is currently no active railway line in Riau. However, there has been a proposal of reactivating the Pekanbaru-West Sumatra railway to connect Pekanbaru andPadangon the western coast ofSumatra,as well as building the Pekanbaru-Duri-Rantau Prapatrailway which would connect Riau and the existing railway line inNorth Sumatra,as well as building the Pekanbaru-Jambi-Betung-Palembangrailway which would connect Riau with Jambi and th existing railway line inSouth Sumatra.Overall, this railway system would form the Trans-Sumatra Railway.[114]
Tourism[edit]
The prime tourist attractions of Riau can be divided into natural environment, as well as the culture and history of the RiauMalay people.
Tourist attractions in Riau are diverse, ranging from marine tourism, because of the location of Riau which is directly facing theStrait of Malacca.The province has a long history and is present throughout the province, thus making its historical and cultural tourism diverse and well-known. Each of the regencies in Riau has a tourist attraction within.
TheIndragiri Hilir Regencyhas a long history before the Dutch colonial period, with a series of power shifts starting from the Keritang Kingdom (c. 6th century AD), Kemuning Kingdom, Batin Enam Suku Kingdom to the Indragiri Kingdom. The Indragiri Hilir Regency also has a number of tourist attractions, and among them is Solop Beach which is a mainstay tourist attraction in Riau. As Indragiri Hilir was once the seat of the Indragiri Sultanate, there are many remnants from the sultanate than can be still found throughout the region, such as the Indragiri Kings Cemetery inRengatand traditional houses with typical Malay architecture.[citation needed]Moreover, Indragiri Hilir is also known for its many waterfalls.[citation needed]Similar to Indragiri Hilir, theIndragiri Hulu Regencyis filled of many tourism spots, such as waterfalls and remnants of ancient Malay kingdoms. Furthermore, Indragiri Hulu also serves as the gateway to theBukit Tigapuluh National Park.
The location ofKampar Regencywhich is directly adjacent with the province ofWest Sumatraallows its culture to be greatly influenced by the culture of theMinangkabau people.Kampar Regency also has some famous and historical attractions, such as theMuara TakusBuddhist Temple.[115]There are also many spectacular waterfalls spread throughout Kampar. Moreover, there are also tombs of Malay and Minangkabau kings in Kampar. The city ofBangkinanghas many tourist attractions that have nuances of nature, history, religion and culinary that cannot be found in any parts of Indonesia.
TheKepulauan Meranti Regencyhas a variety of marine tourism destinations. Therefore, making it one of the biggest contributors to tourist attractions in Riau that attract both domestic and international tourists each year. The capitalSelat Panjanghas aChinese-majority population, making it one of the few cities to have this characteristic. This explains why the culture of Selat Panjang as well as the whole of Kepulauan Meranti is highly influenced by both Chinese and Malay culture. Moreover, there are several Chinese temples that can be found in Selat Panjang and the surrounding area, including theHoo Ann Kiong Temple,which is the oldest ChineseTaoist templeinSelat Panjang.[116][better source needed]
Kuantan Singingi Regency,commonly known as Kuansing, is arantau(migration) area for theMinangkabau peoplefromWest Sumatra.Therefore, the culture and customs of Kuansing is highly influenced by Minangkabau culture. On the other hand, Kuansing also contains many tourist destinations. Kuansing is known for its cultural festival that usually happens during theEid al-Fitrand other holidays such as the Baganduang Boat Festival (Indonesian:Festival Perahu Baganduang). The Baganduang Boat Festival was first held as a festival in 1996.[117]These boats are then decorated with flags, coconut leaves, umbrellas, long cloths, pumpkins, photos of the president and vice president, and other objects that have traditional symbols. For example, rice symbolizes agricultural fertility and buffalo horns that symbolize livestock. In the festival, guests were presented with a variety of entertainment, includingRarak Calempong,Panjek Pinang,andPotang Tolugh.The process of making a baganduang boat is usually blessed with a Malay ceremony. Another festival in Kuansing is thePacu JalurFestival. Pacu Jalur is the largest annual festival for the people of theKuantan Singingi Regency,especially in the capital, Taluk Kuantan, which is along the bank of theKuantan River.Originally, the festival was held to commemorate the Islamic holidays such as theMawlid,or the commemoration of the New Year's Eve. But after theIndonesian independence,Pacu Jalur is now usually held to celebrate the Independence Day of the Republic of Indonesia.[118]Pacu Jalur is a long rowing boat race, similar to theDragon Boatrace in neighboringMalaysiaand Singapore, which is a boat or canoe made of wood that can reach 25 to 40 meters in length. In the Taluk Kuantan area, the native people called the longboat used in the festival asJalur.The boat rower team ranges from 50 to 60 people.[119]
Pelalawan Regencyhas a long history, even as the name Pelalawan was taken from the name of the former Pelalawan Kingdom. And the Pelalawan Kingdom was once victorious in 1725 and was very famous with its Sultan Syed Abdurrahman Fachrudin. Apart from its history, Pelalawan also stores quite a lot of tourist attractions besides its history. Remnants of the old Pelalawan Kingdom can still be seen throughout the regency, such as Sayap Pelalawan palace where the former Sultan of Pelalawan reside. Inside the Pelalawan Wing Palace there are many relics, such as keris weapons, spears, and various other relics placed in the palace central room.[120]Another remnants is tomb of thesultansof Pelalawan. Most of the tourist who frequented the tomb are usually pilgrims and certain days the tomb is quite crowded with pilgrims.[121]Moreover, Pelalawan serves as the gateway to theTesso Nilo National Park.
Rokan Hilir Regencyas one of the regencies in Riau which is directly facing theStrait of Malacca,was once the largest fish producer in Indonesia. Since the Dutch colonial era, Rokan Hilir with its capitalBagansiapiapihas already become more advanced than other region especially in terms of trade. The tourism industry in Rokan Hilir is also quite well known both on a national and international scale. Rokan Hilir is known for its tourist spots and festival such as the Junk burning festival. Known in the localRiau HokkienasGo Gek Cap Lak,[a]theJunkburning festival is an annual ritual of the community in Bagansiapiapi which has been well known overseas and is included in the Indonesian tourism tourist. Every year this ritual can attract tourists fromMalaysia,Singapore,Thailand,TaiwantoMainland China.Now this annual event is heavily promoted by the government of Rokan Hilir Regency as a source of tourism.[122]The initial history of the festival was started by Chinese people who lived in Bagansiapiapi to commemorate their ancestors and also as a gesture of gratitude to the God Kie Ong Ya.[123]Other than that, Bagansiapiapi and the surrounding area has many Chinese temples that can be visited.
TheRokan Hulu Regencyhas the nicknameNegeri Seribu Suluk.The district is bordered by two provinces, namelyNorth SumatraandWest Sumatra.It is certain that the acculturation of culture in Rokan Hulu Regency has become more diverse, starting from customs and traditions. Rokan Hulu contains many lakes, waterfalls and caves that is spread throughout the region. One of the historical assets that is still standing firmly in Rokan Hulu, is thePalace of Rokan Hulu.This palace, which is already 200 years old, is a relic of the Nagari Tuo Sultanate. Although there are some parts of the repair but the architecture is still intact and also the carvings on the wood are still clearly visible.[124]
Siak Regencyis the number two richest district in Riau afterBengkalis Regency.The main export of Siak Regency is petroleum which finally can deliver it to become the second richest regency in the province. On the other hand, the regency is currently boosting the tourism sector to attract more visitors. As Siak was once the house of theSultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura,the regency contains remnants of the sultanate that is still well-preserved, such as theSiak Sri Indrapura Palace.The palace complex has an area of about 32,000 square meters consisting of 4 palaces namely Istana Siak, Istana Lima, Istana Padjang, and Istana Baru. Each of the palace includingSiak Palaceitself has an area of 1,000 square meters.[125]The palace contains royal ceremonial objects, such as a gold-plated crown set with diamonds, a golden throne and personal objects of Sultan Syarif Qasyim and his wife, such as theKomet,a multi-centennial musical instrument which is said to have been made only two copies in the world.[126]Presently, thekometis still functioning and is used to play works by composers such asBeethoven,MozartandStrauss.Siak is also home to the tomb ofSultan Syarif Kasim II,the last Sultan of Siak.
Dumaiis a city located in Riau whose location is very strategic especially for international trade because of its location in theStrait of Malacca.In addition, Dumai was the largest city in Indonesia during that old era. Dumai is home to many beaches and mangrove forests.
The capital of Riau,Pekanbaru,contains several tourist attractions. The Idrus Tintin Art Building is named after an Indonesian artist named Idrus Tintin. Judging from the architecture of the Idrus Tintin Art Building almost looks like a Malay Royal Palace, even though this building functioned as an art performance venue. Various works by Indonesian artists are displayed in the building.[127]TheAn-Nur Great Mosqueis the pride of Pekanbaru. An-Nur Great Mosque is one of the grandest mosques in Indonesia. An-Nur Great Mosque was built in 1968 from the side of its architecture which is similar to theTaj Mahalin India. Therefore, many people Riau called the mosque as the "Taj Mahal of Riau".[128]Soeman H.S Libraryis named afterSoeman H.S,a novelist from Riau and his name is immortalized as the name of the library in downtown Pekanbaru. Thearchitectural styleof the building is similar to open books or like arehal(folding lecterns for theQur'an). This tourist spot in Riau has quite a collection of books, and has even been the largest library in Asia.[129]
Cuisine[edit]
The cuisine of Riau is heavily influenced byMalayandMinangkabaucuisines, and also slightly influenced byChineseandJavanese cuisines.The cuisine in Riau is somewhat similar to the cuisine in theMalay Peninsulaacross theStrait of Malacca.
Traditional Malay cuisine in Riau has much in common with other Malay cuisines in other part of theMalay worldand Sumatran cuisine which generally uses spices andcoconut milkto produce spicy, fatty and thickcurry.. Most dishes use basic ingredients of fish, frompangasius,mystus,anchovy,Spanish mackerels,rays,andprawns,and often usesbuffaloor ox meat. Additional ingredients commonly used areBelacan.Almost every Malay dish is served with white rice or withnasi lemakand is usually eaten using hands.
Nasi Lemakis a typical Riau food in the form of rice cooked with coconut milk to provide a savory flavor and fragrant aroma.Nasi Lemakis generally served with side dishes such as eggs, fried anchovy, chili sauce, cucumber slices and other side dishes. Thisnasi lemakis easily found in stalls and restaurants inPekanbaru.In archipelagic region like theRiau Islandsprovince ofIndonesia,usually seafood are used to accompany nasi lemak, such asikan bilis(anchovy),ikan tamban(Sardinella longiceps),ikan selar kuning(Selaroides leptolepis),sotongorcumi-cumi(squid) or smallprawns.The Riau islands traditional nasi lemak is quite similar to Malaysian version; it comes as a platter of coconut rice wrapped in banana leaf, with cucumber slices, small dried anchovies (ikan bilis), roasted peanuts, hard boiled egg, and hot spicy sauce (sambal).[130]The Riau islands version however, comes with an addition of small fish locally known asikan tamban,usually fried withsambalchili paste and very crispy, the whole fish is edible.[131]Prawnsandsquidsare also commonly stir-fried in chili paste assambal udangorsambal cumi.In Indonesia, nasi lemak is often sprinkled withbawang goreng(crispy friedshallotgranules). InPekanbarucity in Sumatran province of Riau however, freshwater river fishes are commonly used aslaukto accompany nasi lemak. The freshwater fishes includesikan selais(Kryptopterus cryptopterus) andikan patin(Pangasius). Other fish such asikan lomek(Harpadon nehereus) is also commonly used. These fishes are usually cooked inMinangstylelado ijo(green chili pepper), minced and fried asperkedel ikan,or just plainly fried.[132]
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Nasi lemakRiau -
Rolled uproti jala -
Roti canewith goat curry served in a Riau restaurant -
Gulaiayam
TheGulaiIkan Patin(Catfishsoup) has a very delicious and powerful taste and it can be easily be found around Pekanbaru.Gulai Ikan Patinis a typical Pekanbaru food that has a deep yellow sauce to soak the pieces of catfish. The people of Riaum especially Pekanbaru, generally also consume other ingredients other than the catfish. There are sidedishes accompanying the dish, such as boiled yams, leaf tops and more.Gulai Ikan Patinis usually cooked with theetlingera elatiorto enhance the flavouring.
Asam pedas(orAsam padehinMinangkabau) is a Malay-Minangkabau dish that can be found in Riau and the surrounding area.. It is a type sour and spicy fish stew dish.[133]The main ingredients inasam pedasare usually seafood or freshwater fish. They are cooked inasam(tamarind) fruit juice withchilliand spices. The cooking process involves soaking the pulp of the tamarind fruit until it is soft and then squeezing out the juice for cooking the fish.Asampaste may be substituted for convenience. Vegetables such asterongorbrinjals(Indianeggplants),okraand tomatoes are added. Fish and seafood – such asmackerel,mackerel tuna,tuna,skipjack tuna,red snapper,gourami,pangasius,hemibagrusorcuttlefish– either the whole body or sometimes only thefish headsare added to make a spicy and tartfish stew.It is important that the fish remain intact for serving so generally the fish is added last.[134]In the Riau region, the most common fish used in asam pedas istongkol(mackerel tuna).
Aside from the main dish, typical Riau restaurant also serves local snacks. An example is theroti jala.Roti jalatypical Riau food which is influenced byMalay culture.[135]Roti jalais a dish that is generally present at large parties such as weddings. This food is made from the basic ingredients of flour which, after being cooked, will be served with a spill of durian sauce for those who like sweet foods. Aside from being served with sauce,roti jalais also commonly eaten with curry chicken, mutton or beef.Roti jalahas a triangular shape that is produced from a mold. Although it is usually white in colour, some creative cooker also gives food colouring such aspandanusto make theroti jalagreen in colour.Roti caneis a typical Riau food. This bread has much in common withroti prathainIndiaand Singapore aside from the taste and eating method.[citation needed]
Sports[edit]
Riau has a football team,PSPS Pekanbaru,based inKaharuddin Nasution Stadium,Pekanbaru. It also has one of many other local football teams likePS Siak.In 2012, Riau hostedPekan Olahraga Nasional.In 2021, Riau won a gold medal in fencing at thePekan Olahraga Nasionalwhich was won byNisa Afrawasihand her siblings.[136]
See also[edit]
- Zapin Api,a type of performing arts from the shores of Riau
- List of people from Riau
- Deforestation in Indonesia
- 2012 Pekan Olahraga Nasional
Notes[edit]
- ^Chinese:Ngũ nguyệt thập lục nhật;pinyin:wǔ yuè shíliù rì;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:gō͘-go̍eh-cha̍p-la̍k-ji̍t.
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