Ringelblum Archive

Ringelblum Archive

Compiled byOyneg Shabbosgroup

One of the milk cans used to hide documents. From the Ringelblum "Oyneg Shabbos" Archive Collection 6,000 documents September 1939 – January 1943 UNESCOMemory of the World Register.

TheRingelblum Archiveis a collection of documents from theWorld War IIWarsaw Ghetto,collected and preserved by a group known by thecodenameOyneg Shabbos(inModern Israeli Hebrew,Oneg Shabbat;Hebrew:עונג שבת), led byJewishhistorianEmanuel Ringelblum.The group, which included historians, writers, rabbis, and social workers, was dedicated to chronicling life in the Ghetto during theGerman occupation.They worked as a team, collecting documents and soliciting testimonies and reports from dozens of volunteers of all ages. The materials submitted included essays, diaries, drawings, wall posters, and other materials describing life in the Ghetto. The archive assembly began in September 1939 and ended in January 1943; the material was buried in the ghetto in three caches.

After the war, two of the three caches were recovered and today the re-discovered archive, containing about 6,000 documents (some 35,000 pages),is preserved in theJewish Historical Institute,Warsaw.

Etymology

The nameOneg Shabbatmeansjoy of the SabbathinHebrewand usually refers to a celebratory gathering held afterSabbathservices, often with food, singing, study, discussion, and socializing. This name was selected because the group tended to meet on Shabbat to discuss the progress of their collection and documentation efforts. The formOyneg ShabbosisAshkenazicpronunciation.

History

Emanuel Ringelblum,who initiated the project, and for whom the collection is also called the "Ringelblum Archives"

The members of Oyneg Shabbos initially collected the material with the intention that they would write a book after the war about the horrors they had witnessed. The Warsaw Ghetto was sealed on November 16, 1940. As the pace of deportations increased, and it became clear that the destination was theTreblinkadeath campand few Jewish Varsovians were likely to survive, Ringelblum had the archives stored in three milk cans and ten metal boxes, which were then buried in three places in the Ghetto.

Three boxes and two milk cans used to store the archive

On January 19, 1942, an escaped inmate from theChełmno extermination camp,Jacob Grojanowski,reached the Warsaw Ghetto, where he gave detailed information about the camp to the Oneg Shabbat group. His report, which became known as theGrojanowski Report,was smuggled out of the ghetto through the channels of the Polish underground, reached London and was published by June.

Part of permanent exhibition at theMuseum of the History of Polish Jewsdedicated to Oyneg Shabbos.

All but three members of the Oyneg Shabbos were murdered in the genocides. Emanuel Ringelblumescapedthe ghetto, but continued to return to work on the archives. In 1944 Ringelblum and his family were discovered and were executed along with those who hid them.

After the war,Rokhl Auerbakh,one of the three surviving members of Oyneg Shabes, initiated the search for the buried chronicles.Two of the canisters, containing thousands of documents, were unearthed on 18 September 1946 and a further ten boxes on 1 December 1950. The third cache was thought to be buried beneath what is now the Chinese Embassy inWarsawbut a search in 2005 failed to find the missing archival material.The recovered archives are now preserved in theJewish Historical Institute,Warsaw.

Legacy

In 1960, students of RabbiKalonymus Kalman Shapira,ThePiasecznoRebbe,published theAish Kodeshwhich werederashoson theparshathat the rebbe had delivered between September 1939 and July 1942 in theWarsaw Ghettoand which were discovered with the Ringelblum Archive.

In 1999, the Emanuel Ringelblum Archives were listed on theMemory of the World Registerby UNESCO.

A catalog of the Ringelblum Archive was published in book form in 2009 by theUnited States Holocaust Memorial Museumand the Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw; and the entire archive is also available to researchers in digital format at both institutions.The Jewish Historical Institute has published a book series summarizing parts of the archive. The first 10 volumes are: (1) Letters concerning the Holocaust (2) Children — covert teaching in the Warsaw Ghetto (3) Accounts fromKresy(4) Life and work ofGela Seksztajn(5) TheWarsaw Ghetto.Everyday Life (6) TheGeneral Governorate.Accounts and Documents (7) Legacies (8) Territories annexed to the Reich: The Reich District of Danzig-West Prussia, Ciechanów district, Upper Silesia (9) Territories annexed to the Reich:Wartheland(10) Fate of Jews fromŁódź(1939–1942).

In 2007, historianSamuel KassowpublishedWho Will Write Our History? Emanuel Ringelblum, the Warsaw Ghetto, and the Oyneg Shabbes Archivelisting all accounts of the Oyneg Shabes archives that have been found. In 2019, a documentary film directed byRoberta Grossmanabout the Ringelblum Archive, based on Kassow's bookWho Will Write Our History?,was released.

External links

• Catalogue and guide
• The published volumes of the Archiveon the Jewish Historical Institute's website
• Warsaw Ghetto Archives (Emanuel Ringelblum Archives),Memory of the World,UNESCO
• “Let The World Read And Know” - The Oneg Shabbat Archives- Online Exhibition from Yad Vashem
• Museum of Jewish Heritage
• Poetry In Hell:The complete collection of poems from the Ringelblum Archives in the original Yiddish with English translations.
• Who Will Write Our History

See also:Bibliography of the Holocaust § Primary Sources