Rivonia Trial

TheRivonia Trialwas a trial that took place inapartheid-era South Africa between 9 October 1963 and 12 June 1964, after a group ofanti-apartheid activistswere arrested onLiliesleaf FarminRivonia.The farm had been the secret location for meetings ofuMkhonto we Sizwe(MK), the newly-formed armed wing of theAfrican National Congress.The trial took place inPretoriaat thePalace of Justiceand theOld Synagogueand led to the imprisonment ofNelson Mandela,Walter Sisulu,Govan Mbeki,Ahmed Kathrada,Denis Goldberg,Raymond Mhlaba,Elias Motsoaledi,Andrew Mlangeni.Many were convicted ofsabotageand sentenced to life.

Origins

The Rivonia Trial took its name fromRivonia,a suburb ofJohannesburg.Various people and groups, including theAfrican National CongressandCommunist Party of South Africa,had been usingLiliesleaf Farm,owned byArthur Goldreich,as a hideout.Nelson Mandelamoved onto the farm in October 1961 and evaded security police while masquerading as a gardener and cook called David Motsamayi. He was arrested on 5 August 1962 without the farm having been discovered.

On 11 July 1963, the farm was raided by theSouth African Police.Lionel Bernstein,Denis Goldberg,Arthur Goldreich,Bob Hepple,Abdulhay Jassat,Ahmed Kathrada,Govan Mbeki,Raymond Mhlaba,Andrew Mlangeni,Moosa Moolla,Elias Motsoaledi,Walter SisuluandHarold Wolpewere all arrested by. They were detained under the General Law Amendment Act No 37 of 1963, which allowed for detention of up to ninety days. Other key leaders such asOliver Tambo,Moses Kotane,Joe Slovo,Moses Mabhida,Stephen Dlamini,Joe Modise,Alfred Nzo,Wilton Mkwayiand others were not at the farm at the time of the arrests.

The thatched room at Liliesleaf Farm

The arrest of the MK high command members resulted in them being sentenced tolife imprisonment,to others being arrested and to others going into exile.

Those arrested and those who stood trial

Arrested were:

• Lionel Bernstein,architect and member of theSouth African Communist Party(SACP)
• Denis Goldberg,aCape Townengineer and leader of theCongress of Democrats
• Arthur Goldreich
• Bob Hepple
• Abdulhay Jassat
• James Kantor,brother-in-law of Harold Wolpe
• Ahmed Kathrada
• Nelson Mandela
• Govan Mbeki
• Raymond Mhlaba
• Andrew Mlangeni
• Moosa Moolla
• Elias Motsoaledi,trade unionand ANC member
• Walter Sisulu
• Harold Wolpe,prominent attorney and activist

Goldberg, Bernstein, Wolpe, Kantor, and Goldreich wereJewish South Africans;Hepple was ofEnglish descenton his father's side and Dutch andJewishon his mother's;Jassat, Kathrada, Moolla wereIndian Muslims;Mandela, Mbeki and Mhlaba wereXhosa people;Motsoaledi and Mlangeni wereSothosand Sisulu was Xhosa (he had an English father and aXhosamother).

The leaders who were prosecuted in the Rivonia Trial also included Mandela, who was in Pretoria Local prison,where he was serving a five-year sentence for inciting workers to strike – trade unions were illegal for black workers – and leaving the country illegally.

The government took advantage of legal provisions allowing for accused persons to be held for 90 days without trial, and the defendants were held incommunicado. Withstanding beatings and torture, Goldreich, Jassat, Moolla and Wolpe escaped from jail on 11 August.Their escape infuriated the prosecutors and police, who considered Goldreich to be "the arch-conspirator".

The Palace of Justice in Pretoria, site of the trial

Place of Justice interior.

The chief prosecutor wasPercy Yutar,deputy attorney-general of theTransvaal.The presiding judge wasQuartus de Wet,judge-president of the Transvaal. The first trial indictment document listed 11 names as the accused.The trial began on the 6 October 1963 til 12 June 1964.Counsel for the accused successfully challenged the legal sufficiency of the document, with the result that Justice de Wet quashed it.Prior to dismissal of the first indictment, the state withdrew all charges against Bob Hepple, Hepple subsequently fled the country, without testifying, and stated "that he never had any intention of testifying".The second indictment thus only listed 10 out of the original 11 names, referring to them as Accused 1 through 10:

• Nelson Mandela (Accused No. 1)
• Walter Sisulu (Accused No. 2)
• Denis Goldberg (Accused No. 3)
• Govan Mbeki (Accused No. 4)
• Ahmed Kathrada (Accused No. 5)
• Lionel Bernstein (Accused No. 6)
• Raymond Mhlaba (Accused No. 7)
• James Kantor (Accused No. 8)
• Elias Motsoaledi (Accused No. 9)
• Andrew Mlangeni (Accused No. 10); he was the last to testify on trial
• Bob Hepple (Accused No. 11); he never testified.

Mlangeni, who died on 21 July 2020, was the last surviving Rivonia defendant following the death of Goldberg on 29 April same year.

Defence lawyers

Nat Levy was attorney of record in Pretoria for Mandela and the other accused, with the exception of Kantor,"who had no connection with the other defendants and was seemingly charged only as a proxy for his brother-in-law and law partner, Harold Wolpe."The defence team comprisedJoel Joffe,who was the instructing attorney,Bram Fischer,Vernon Berrangé,Arthur ChaskalsonandGeorge Bizos.Hilda Bernstein(wife of Rusty Bernstein) approached Joffe after being rebuffed by other lawyers who claimed to be too busy or afraid to act for her husband. Joffe was subsequently also approached byAlbertina Sisulu(wife of Walter Sisulu), Annie Goldberg (mother of Dennis Goldberg) andWinnie Mandela(wife of Nelson Mandela). Joffe agreed to act as attorney for all of the accused except Kantor, who would require separate counsel,and Bob Hepple.

Joffe initially secured the services of advocates Arthur Chaskalson and George Bizos, then persuadedBram Fischerto act as lead counsel. Vernon Berrangé was also later recruited to join the team of advocates.The defence line-up for the majority of the accused was:

• Joel Joffe(instructing attorney)
• Bram Fischer(advocate, lead counsel)
• Vernon Berrangé(advocate)
• George Bizos(advocate)
• Arthur Chaskalson(advocate)
• Harold Hanson(advocate)

The accused all agreed that Kantor's defence could share nothing in common with the rest of the accused. He thus arranged a separate defence team.Denis Kuny (later counsel in the Bram Fischer trial), was involved at the beginning of the trial defending Kantor. After State Prosecutor Yutar accused him of having been on the mailing list of the Communist Party, Kuny was debriefed and forced to withdraw.While Harold Hanson primarily represented Kantor, he was also invited to deliver the plea for mitigation for the other 9 accused.The defence line-up for Kantor was:

• John Coaker (advocate)
• Harold Hanson (advocate)
• George Lowen (advocate)
• H. C. Nicholas (advocate)
• Harry Schwarz(advocate)

Charges

Charges were:

• recruiting persons for training in the preparation and use of explosives and in guerrilla warfare for the purpose of violent revolution and committing acts of sabotage
• conspiring to commit the aforementioned acts and to aid foreign military units when they invaded the Republic
• acting in these ways to further the objectives of communism
• soliciting and receiving money for these purposes from sympathizers inUganda,Algeria,Ethiopia,Liberia,Nigeria,Tunisia,and elsewhere.

"Production requirements" for munitions for a six-month period were sufficient, the prosecutorPercy Yutarsaid in his opening address, to blow up a city the size ofJohannesburg.

Kantor was discharged at the end of the prosecution's case.

The trial was condemned by theUnited Nations Security Counciland nations around the world, leading tointernational sanctionsagainst the South African government in some cases.

Escapes

• Arthur Goldreich,Abdulhay Jassat,Moosa Moolla,andHarold Wolpeescaped from The Fort prison in Johannesburg while on remand after bribing a prison guard. After hiding in various safe houses for two months Goldreich and Wolpe escaped toSwazilanddressed as priests with the aid ofMannie Brown,who later helped to set up tour operatorAfrica Hinterlandas a cover to deliver weapons to the ANC. From Swaziland,Vernon Berrangéwas to charter a plane to take them on toLobatse,a small town in south-easternBotswana.Jassat and Moolla escaped into exile inIndia.
• Wolpe's escape saw his brother-in-lawJames Kantor,who had been serving as a member of the defence team, arrested and charged with the same crimes as Mandela and his co-accused.Harry Schwarz,a close friend and a politician, acted as his defence. After being dealt with aggressively by the prosecutorPercy Yutar,who sought to portray him as a vital cog of MK, Kantor was discharged by JudgeQuartus de Wet,who ruled that he had no case to answer. Following his release, Kantor fled the country. He died of aheart attackin 1974.

Mandela's speech

Main article:I Am Prepared to Die

At the beginning of the defence's proceedings, Nelson Mandela gave a three-hour speech from the defendant's dock, in which he explained and defended the ANC's key political positions. He justified the movement's decision, in view of the increasing restrictions on permitted political activity on the part of non-White Africans, to go beyond its earlier use of constitutional methods and Gandhian non-violent opposition to the state, embracing a campaign of sabotage against property (designed to minimize risks of injury and death), while also starting to train a military wing for possible future use. He also discussed in some detail the relationship between the ANC and the SACP, explaining that, while the two shared a commitment to action against theapartheidsystem, he was wedded to a model of constitutional democracy for South Africa (he singled out the British political model for particular praise), and also supported a market economy rather than a communist economic model. The speech is considered one of the founding moments of South African democracy.

Mandela's closing words have been much quoted. His statement that he was prepared to die for the cause was strongly resisted by his lawyers, who feared it might itself provoke a death sentence. In a concession to their concerns, Mandela inserted the words "if needs be". Speaking in the dock of the court on 20 April 1964, he said:

During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.

Results

Although the prosecution did not formally request thedeath penalty,close observers of the trial considered such a sentence to be implicit in the prosecutor's presentation of his case.Opposition to the death penalty included both public campaigns internationally, the United Nations, and the defence's arguments within the courtroom. Harold Hanson was called upon to argue in mitigation. He compared the African struggle for rights to the earlier Afrikaner's struggle, citing precedents for temperate sentencing, even in cases of treason. On 12 June 1964, eight defendants were sentenced tolife imprisonment;Lionel Bernsteinwas acquitted. Unsubstantiated evidence suggests that Hanson, in a private hearing with de Wet, persuaded him to commute the death sentence for high treason to life imprisonment.

There was no surprise in the fact that Mandela, Sisulu, Mbeki, Motsoaledi, Mlangeni, and Goldberg were found guilty on all four counts. The defence had hoped that Mhlaba, Kathrada, and Bernstein might escape conviction because of the skimpiness of evidence that they were parties to the conspiracy, although undoubtedly they could be prosecuted on other charges. But Mhlaba too was found guilty on all counts, and Kathrada, on one charge of conspiracy. Bernstein, however, was found not guilty. He was rearrested, released on bail, and placed under house arrest. Later he fled the country.

Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island

Denis Goldberg went toPretoria Central Prisoninstead ofRobben Island(at that time the only security wing for white political prisoners in South Africa), where he served 22 years.

Releases

• In 1985, 28 February;Denis Goldbergwas released from the custody of the National Party government after spending 22 years inPretoria Central Prisonwhite prison. He was released by order of PresidentP. W. Botha.
• In 1987, 5 November;Govan Mbekiwas released from the custody of the National Party government after serving 24 years in theRobben Islandprison. He was released by order of PresidentP. W. Botha.
• In 1989, 15 October;Ahmed Kathrada,Raymond Mhlaba,Andrew Mlangeni,Elias MotsoalediandWalter Sisuluwere released from the custody of the National Party government after spending 26 years each inRobben IslandandPollsmoor Prison;and their release which also includedWilton Mkwayiafter spending 25 years forLittle Rivonia Trial,Oscar Mpethaafter spending more than 6 years, and the co-founder and former leader of thePan Africanist CongressJafta Masemolaafter he also spent 28 years in prison. They were released by order of PresidentF. W. de Klerk.
• In 1990, 11 February;Nelson Mandelawas released after spending 27 years and eight months in prison as a result of the Rivonia trial (18 years of which were spent on Robben Island). He was released by order of PresidentF. W. de Klerk.

Restoration of the Rivonia Trial sound archive

The Rivonia Trial was recorded onDictabelts,a now obsolete audio recording format. Nearly 250 hours of the trial proceedings were recorded on 591 Dictabelts, kept by theNational Archives and Records Service of South Africa (NARSSA).In 2001, seven of the Dictabelts were digitised by the British Library.This included Nelson Mandela's "I am prepared to die" statement from the dock.In 2007, documents relating to the Criminal Court Case No. 253/1963 (State Versus N Mandela and Others) were recommended for inclusion in the Memory of the World Register in 2007.In 2012, NARSSA approached the French Institute of South Africa (IFAS) and theFrench National Audiovisual Institute (INA)to start a process of digitisation and restoration of the rest of the Rivonia Trial sound archive. French engineer, historian and inventor,Henri Chamoux,took a little over 15 months to edit and digitize 230 hours of recordingusing his own invention theArcheophone.

The digitised recordings were officially returned to South Africa, in 2018, as part of Nelson Mandela's Centenary, a one-day international colloquium "Listening to the Rivonia Trial: Courts, Archives and Liberation Movements"was organised to commemorate, discussing issues relating to the act of collecting, mapping, digitising and restoring archives and raising ethical questions that, in turn, become historical questions.

In film

• The 1966 film entitledDer Rivonia-Prozessdirected byJürgen GoslarwithSimon SabelaasNelson Mandela.
• The 2017 film entitledBram Fischer(akaAn Act of Defiance), directed byJean van de Velde,covers the story of the trial, focusing on the involvement of the lead counsel for the defence,Bram Fischer.
• In 2017 the two remaining survivors of the Rivonia trial –Denis GoldbergandAndrew Mlangeni– appeared in a documentary film entitledLife is Wonderful,directed by SirNicholas Stadlen,which tells the story of the trial. (The title reflects Goldberg's words to his mother at the end of the trial on hearing that he and his comrades had been spared the death sentence).
• A 2018Frenchdocumentary entitledThe State Against Mandela and the Others(written by journalist Nicolas Champeaux and directed byGilles Porte), covers the story using actual audio recordings of the trial along with charcoal-styleanimation.It includes excerpts of interviews with some of the accused and others involved directly or indirectly in the trial.

See also

• List of massacres in South Africa
• Little Rivonia Trial
• The World That Was Ours
• 1956 Treason Trial
• 1963 in South Africa
• 1964 in South Africa

References

Sources

• Kathrada, Ahmed (2016).A Simple Freedom: The Strong Mind of Robben Island Prisoner No. 468/64.Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky.
• Broun, Kenneth S. (2012).Saving Nelson Mandela: The Rivonia Trial and the Fate of South Africa.Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-991312-1.
• Frankel, Glenn (2011).Rivonia's Children: Three Families and the Cost of Conscience in White South Africa.Jacana Media.ISBN978-1-4314-0220-5.
• Sisulu, Elinor(2011).Walter & Albertina Sisulu.New Africa Books.ISBN978-0-86486-639-4.
• Clarkson, Carrol (2013).Drawing the Line: Toward an Aesthetics of Transitional Justice.Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-8232-5415-6.
• Davis, Dennis; Le Roux, Michelle (2009).Precedent & Possibility: The (ab)use of Law in South Africa.Juta and Company Ltd.ISBN978-1-77013-022-7.
• Mandela, Nelson (1979).I am prepared to die.International Defence & Aid Fund for Southern Africa.ISBN9780904759297.
• Hepple, Bob (2004). "Rivonia: The Story of Accused No. 11".Social Dynamics.30(1): 193–217.doi:10.1080/02533950408628669.ISSN0253-3952.S2CID219696818.
• Beresford, David (7 May 2003)."Walter Sisulu".The Guardian.Retrieved13 August2014.

External links

• "Rivonia Trial 1963 - 1964".www.sahistory.org.za.South African History Online.Retrieved26 April2023.
• "Rescuing the Rivonia Trial recordings, including extracts from the original Dictabelt recordings made in court, and restored to audible condition with technical assistance from the British Library".blogs.bl.uk.British Library.Retrieved26 April2023.
• Katwala, Sunder (11 February 2001)."The Rivonia Trial".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.Retrieved26 April2023.
• "TOWARD ROBBEN ISLAND".13 January 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 13 January 2006.Retrieved26 April2023.
• "On the trail of Mandela's handgun".Mail & Guardian.Retrieved26 April2023– via madiba.mg.co.za.
• Rivonia UnmaskedThe prosecutor's account of the Rivonia Trial.
• Historical Papers of the Rivonia Trial, Digital Collectionat the University of the Witwatersrand.
• Rivonia Trial Images
• Baileys African History Archive – Rivonia Trial
• I am prepared to die speech – Mandela