Rolex 12
 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification.(February 2013) |
Rolex 12is the collective name of twelve of the closest and most powerful advisers of PresidentFerdinand Marcosduring themartial law yearsin thePhilippinesfrom 1972 to 1981.[1]
During the latter years of his second elected term, Marcos conspired with various leaders of themilitaryandPhilippine Constabulary.The goal was for Marcos to gain full authoritarian control of the country during his declaration ofmartial lawin 1972. Marcos gave the military leadership powers during martial law, taking over from democratically elected officials and court judges.
The twelve were responsible for manyhuman rightsatrocities, although the extent of their responsibility is still being investigated. These atrocities include torture, murder, seizures of property, displacement from homes, and arrest and detention without due process.
The origin of the name Rolex 12 came from a widespread story and some sources that each associate received aRolexwatchfrom Marcos himself, although this remains unverified. Some contend that the gifts were actuallyOmegawatches,but despite this confusion, the name Rolex 12 stuck and is still used to refer to these twelve Marcos associates. Some of them fled with Marcos when he and his family left the Philippines in 1986, whileEnrileandRamoswere instrumental in thecoupagainst him.
Members of the "Rolex 12"[edit]
- Tomas Diaz,PMA-Cl '51 - Vice Chief of thePhilippine Constabulary[2]
- Juan Ponce Enrile-Minister of National Defense[2]
- Romeo EspinoUP-ROTC-Chief of Staffof theArmed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)[2]
- Romeo Gatan - Chief of thePhilippine ConstabularyinRizal[2]
- Alfredo Montoya,PMACl-'51 -Chief of thePhilippine Constabulary Metropolitan Command (METROCOM)[2]
- Ignacio Paz,PMACl-'51 - Chief of theIntelligence Services of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (ISAFP)[2]
- Fidel Ramos,USMACl-'50; HonoraryPMACl-51 - Commanding General of thePhilippine Constabulary(PC),Presidentof the Philippines (1992–1998)[2]
- Jose Rancudo - Commanding General of thePhilippine Air Force(PAF)[2]
- Hilario Ruiz - Flag Officer in Command of thePhilippine Navy(PN)[2]
- Gen. Rafael Zagala - Commanding General of thePhilippine Army(PA)[2]
- Fabian Ver,Honorary-PMACl '51 - Chief ofNational Intelligence Security Authority (NISA)[3][2]
- Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco Jr.,HonoraryPMACl-'51 - Governor ofTarlac(1967–1969), Chairman ofSan Miguel Corporation(1998–2020)[2]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^"Before 'Rolex 12', there was 'Omega 5'".Archived fromthe originalon 2009-04-21.Retrieved2022-06-02.
- ^abcdefghijkl"The Final Report of the Fact-Finding Commission: II: Political Change and Military Transmition in the Philippines, 1966 – 1989: From the Barracks to the Corridors of Power".Official Gazette.October 3, 1990.RetrievedSeptember 23,2020.
- ^"E.O. No. 246".
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