Roman Temple of Évora

Roman Temple of Évora
Templo Romano de Évora
An oblique view of the remnants of the Temple, in the centre of historic Évora
38°34′23.016″N7°54′28.025″W
Location	Évora,Alentejo Central,Alentejo
Country	Portugal
History
Dedication	Augustus,first emperor of Rome
Architecture
Style	Roman
Years built	1st century A.D.
Specifications
Length	15 m (49 ft)
Width	25 m (82 ft)
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name	Historic Centre of Évora
Criteria	ii, iv
Reference	361
Inscription	1986 (10thSession)

TheRoman Temple of Évora(Portuguese:Templo romano de Évora), also referred to as theTemplo de Diana(albeit wrongly, afterDiana,the ancient Roman goddess of the moon, the hunt, and chastity) is an ancienttemplein thePortuguesecity ofÉvora(civil parish ofSé e São Pedro). The temple is part of the historical centre of the city, which was included in the classification byUNESCOas aWorld Heritage Site.It represents one of the most significant landmarks relating to theRomanandLusitaniancivilizations of Évora and in Portuguese territory.

History

An 1865 sketch fromArchivo Pittoresco(vol. 10), showing the medieval aspects of the tower/temple/stronghouse

Sketch of the Temple, circa 1870, showing its state before restorations by Giuseppe Cinatti

The manicured gardens of the historical square, with the Temple, the museum (formerly the Archbishop's palace) and the northern tower of thecathedralin the background

The temple is believed to have been constructed around the first century CE,in honour ofAugustus,who wasvenerated as a godduring and after his rule.The temple was built in the main public square (forum) of Évora, then calledLiberalitas Iulia.During the 2nd and 3rd centuries, from the traditionally accepted chronology, the temple was part of a radical redefinition of the urban city, when religious veneration and administrative polity were oriented around the central space; the structure was modified around this time.

The temple was destroyed during the 5th century byinvading Germanic peoples.

During the 14th century, the temple's space served as a stronghouse for the town's castle, whileFernão Lopesdescribed the structure as being in shambles.In 1467, KingAfonso V of Portugalauthorized Soeiro Mendes to remove stones from the structure for building purposes and defense.The ruins of the temple were incorporated into a tower of the Castle of Évora during theMiddle Ages.The base, columns andarchitravesof the temple were kept embedded in the walls of the medieval building; the temple-turned-tower was used as abutcher shopfrom the 14th century until 1836; this new use of the temple structure helped preserve its remains from complete destruction.

In the 16th-centuryManuelineforal('charter'), the temple is represented, during a period when oral tradition suggested that the temple was attributed toQuintus Sertorius,the famousLusitaniangeneral (and perpetuated bypaladinsAndré de Resendeand Mendes de Vasconcelos).

It was in the 17th century that references to the 'Temple of Diana', first made by Father Manuel Fialho, began to appear.Although theRoman templeof Évora is often called the Temple ofDiana,any association with the Roman goddess of hunt stems not from archaeology but from a legend created in the 17th century by the Portuguese priest.Other interpretations suggest that it might have been dedicated toJupiter,the Roman equivalent ofZeus.

The first reconstitution of the temple's appearance occurred in 1789 by James Murphy.

By the beginning of the 19th century, the structure still had the pyramidalmerlonstypical of the post-ReconquistaArabic structures around the colonnade.In 1836 it ceased being a butchershop.

In 1840,Cunha Rivara,then director of the Public Library of Évora, obtained the right to dispose of the buildings annexed to the monument from thePortuguese Inquisition,which were annexed to the northernfaçadeof the temple.These structures were demolished, and the first great archaeological excavation was undertaken in Portugal.The resulting survey uncovered tanks of a primitive aqueduct.The stress on the space had begun to reach its limits by 1863, when the ceiling was partially destroyed; the tanks unearthed in the early excavation were also partially destroyed during expansion and landscaping of the main square.

By 1869, Augusto Filipe Simões proposed the urgent demolition of the medieval structures, defending the restoration of the primitive face of the Roman temple.Three years later, under the direction of Italian architect Giuseppe Cinatti, the vestiges of the medieval structures were finally removed, and a program of restoration was carried out in line with theRomanticthinking of the period.

On 1 June 1992, thePortuguese Institute of Architectural Patrimony(Portuguese:Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico) became responsible for conservancy of the monument.Following a 13 September 1992 publication (DR176, 2ª Série, Declaração de rectificação de anúncio n.º281/2011), a public tender was issued for proposals relative the Roman temple and area surrounding it.

Between 1989 and 1994, new excavations in the vicinity of the temple were completed under the supervision of the German archeologist Theodor Hauschild.

Architecture

Detail of the temple's columns and Corinthian capitals

The temple is located in the central square of Évora, in what would have been the highest elevation of the city'sacropolis.It is surrounded by religious buildings associated with theInquisitionin Portugal, including: theSé Cathedral,the Palace of the Inquisitor,Palace of the Dukes of Cadaval,the Court of the Inquisition and, the Church and Lóios' Convent, as well as the Public Library and Museum of Évora.

The original temple was probably similar to theMaison CarréeinNîmes(France). What remains of this structure is the complete base (orpodium,made of regular and irregulargraniteblocks), marked by the ruins of astaircase,an intactcolonnadealong its northern facade (consisting of six columns) witharchitraveandfrieze,four columns to the east with architrave and frieze and the western facade with three columns, without columns and one deconstructed base, along with architrave and frieze.The structure is oriented towards the south, evidenced by its ample staircase (a double lateral staircase design); further investigations by Hauschild suggest that the complex likely included areflecting poolandmonumental portico,in papers presented by the author at the Museum of Évora (in December 1993).The portico was originallyhexastyle,six columns across.

Themasonryplatform is superimposed onto a granite base, with square corners and remnants of rounded surfaces: the podium is 25 metres long by 15 metres wide and 3.5 metres in height.The fluted shafts of theCorinthian columns,consisting of seven irregular barrel-shaped supports, range from 1.2 metres to 6.2 metres in height.They are stationed on circular whitemarblepedestals fromEstremoz,directly over superior moulds, topped by carved three orders of capitals (also in marble) with decoratedabacusesshowing flower motifs (marigolds, sunflowers and roses).The rest of theentablatureis constructed in granite masonry. It was originally surrounded by a reflecting pool traces of which have been found in late 20th century excavations.

There is an equilibrium and harmony between the granite and marble structure: its appearance, although considered one of the best preserved Roman ruins on thepeninsula,was actually restored in theRomantic-style by Giuseppe Cinatti, following the then popular notions and theories of the time.

See also

• List of Ancient Roman temples

References

Notes

Sources

• Resende, André de (1573),Historia da Antiguidade da Cidade de Évora(in Portuguese), Évora, Portugal
• Resende, André de (1593), Diogo Mendes de Vasconcelos (ed.),Libri Quator de Antiquittatibus Luzitaniae(in Portuguese), Évora, Portugal
• Vasconcelos, Diogo Mendes (1593),Liber V de Municipio Eborensi(in Portuguese), Évora, Portugal
• Estaço, Gaspar (1785), "Várias Antiguidades de Portugal",Collecçam de Antiguidades de Évora(in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal
• Patrício, Amador (Martim Cardoso de Azevedo) (1793),Historia da Antiguidade da Cidade de Évora(in Portuguese), Évora, Portugal
• Barata, António Francisco (1872),Restauração do Templo Romano em Évora(in Portuguese), vol. I, Évora, Portugal: Instituto Vasco da Gama
• Simões, Augusto Filipe (1888), "O Templo Romano de Évora",Escriptos Diversos(in Portuguese), Coimbra, Portugal{{citation}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Fialho, Manuel (July–September 1944), "Évora Ilustrada, A Cidade de Évora",Boletim da Comissão Municipal de Turismo(in Portuguese)
• García y Bellido, A. (1971), "El Recinto Mural Romano de Ebora Liberalitas Julia",Conimbriga, Portugal(in Spanish)
• Etienne, Robert (1974),Le Culte Impériale dans la Péninsule Ibérique d'Auguste à Dioclétien(in French), Paris, France{{citation}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Alarcão, Jorge (1988),Portugal Romano(in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal{{citation}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Hauschild, Theodor (1982),Zur Typologie römischer Tempel auf der Iberischen Halbinsel. Peripterale Anlagen in Barcelona, Mérida und Evora(in German), Badajoz, Spain{{citation}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Hauschild, Theodor (1986), "Investigações efectuadas no Templo e Évora em 1986",Trabalhos de Arqueologia do Sul(in Portuguese), Évora, Portugal{{citation}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Hauschild, Theodor (1988),Untersuchungen am Römischen Tempel von Evora, Vorbericht, 1986-1987(in German), Madrid, Spain{{citation}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Silva, António Carlos (1994–1995), "A restauração do Templo Romano de Évora, A Cidade de Évora",Boletim de Cultura da Câmara Municipal(in Portuguese), vol. II Série, Évora{{citation}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)