Rubus ellipticus
| Rubus ellipticus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Himalayan raspberry (Ainselu) fruit atShivapuri National Park,Nepal | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | Rubus |
| Subgenus: | R.subg.Idaeobatus |
| Species: | R. ellipticus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Rubus ellipticus Sm.1815
| |
| Synonyms[1][2] | |
| |
Rubus ellipticus,commonly known asainselu,[3]golden evergreen raspberry,[4]golden Himalayan raspberry,oryellow Himalayan raspberry,[5]is an Asian species of thorny fruiting shrub in the rose family. Its native range stretches from the Indian subcontinent (Nepal,India,Sri LankaandPakistan) to southernChinaandIndochinaand thePhilippines.[6]
Description
[edit]
The golden Himalayan raspberry is a largeshrubwith stout stems that can grow to up to 4.5 metres (15 ft) long. Its leaves are trifoliate, elliptic, or obovate and toothed with long bristles. Its leaves can grow 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) long. Its flowers are short, white, and have five petals and grow in clusters, and blooms in the Himalayas between the months of February and April.[6]On the slopes ofMount Gede,west ofJavaisland, it can flower every three months, but its peak season is on April.[7]: 194–195 Its fruit are sweet, detachable, and highly sought after by birds and elephants.[8][9][10][11]
Rubus ellipticusis sweet to the taste, though it is not commonly harvested for domestic use.[12]The fruit perishes quickly after plucking from the thorny bush.
Taxonomy
[edit]It was first published and described byJames Edward Smithin (A.Rees editted), Cycl. 30: n.° 16 in 1815.[6][13]
Etymology
[edit]The fruit has various names in South-Asian languages. It is calledainselu(Nepali:ऐँसेलु) in Nepali,hisalu(Kumaoni:हिसालु) in Kumaoni,hisol(Garhwali:हिसोल) in Garhwali,nyinch(Nyishi:निंच) in Nyishi, andsohshiah(Khasi:सोहशियाह) in Khasi language.
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The golden Himalayan raspberry's origin is in the temperate Himalayas region, and is native to India, Pakistan, Nepal, southern China, Assam, Laos, Myanmar, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tibet and Vietnam.[13]
It is found as a weed in open grasslands and rarely in forests of Himalayan states of India e.g. Himachal and Uttarakhand in their higher reaches at an attitude of 1,500 to 2,100 m (4,900 to 6,900 ft).[14]It is often found in pine forests of the region.[15]
The golden Himalayan raspberry can be found in mesic or wet forests, and have adapted to be able to live in complete shade and in full sun exposure.[10]
Ecology
[edit]As with otherRubusspecies, its seeds are readily distributed by birds.[16]It can alsopropagate,or asexually reproduce, itself throughcutting.[17]It can grow in open fields or in canopies of moist forests.
The Himalayan raspberry can also support large populations ofDrosophila,or fruit flies, from its rotting fruit,[9]and its fruits are also consumed byelephants.[18]
Invasiveness
[edit]
Rubus ellipticusis listed in theIUCNInvasive Species Specialist Group database as anInvasive species,one of theworld's 100 worst invasive species.[9]It has been introduced into; Ecuador, Jamaica, Java, Malawi, Mozambique,New South Wales,Queensland(both in Australia) and Tanzania.[13]It was first introduced in 1961 inHawaiias an edible fruit and as anornamental plant.[10]
The yellow Himalayan raspberry poses a threat to native communities because it forms thick, impenetrable thickets, and competes with the nativeHawaiian raspberry.[9][12]Abandoned farms and lands disturbed by feral pig populations are also susceptible to invasion. Its ability to grow tall due to its stout stems is also a threat because of its ability to establish itself within the tree canopy.[11]The yellow Himalayan raspberry is also a threat to native flora because it can outcompete other plants. More specifically, it has higher photosynthetic rates, has highernitrogen fixationrates, and therefore a higherphotosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency(or PNUE).[17]
The yellow Himalayan raspberry is currently only invasive onHawaii.[11]It is considered a noxious weed by theNational Park Serviceand theHawaiian Department of Agriculture.[16]
Control strategies
[edit]Due to its limited range, the golden Himalayan raspberry has been contained to a few stations on Hawaii. Any new populations are to be eliminated as quickly as possible.[16]Control practices atHawaii Volcanoes National Parkhas shown that simply identifying and removing the shrub can help dramatically reduce its invasive impact.[19]
To fully eliminate a yellow Himalayan raspberry shrub, its roots systems must be pulled out. The shrub shoots out roots deep underground after a fire or cutting. Fire can be applied to the roots if the shrub has been removed by physical means. Herbicide, such asRoundup,a common pesticide, can also be used in containing the shrub.[10]
Uses
[edit]Nepal farmers have had limited success in harvesting andfermentingtheaiselufruit to produce afruit wine.[20]InSikkim,its roots are used to treat stomach pain and headaches, and its fruits are used to treat indigestion.[21]
The bark from this plant is used for medical reasons in Tibetan villages, mainly as a renal tonic and anantidiuretic.[12]Its juices can also be used to treat coughs,fevers,colicand sore throat.[22]The plant can also be used to make a bluish-purple dye.[12]
The fruits of golden Himalayan raspberry was recorded as rich source ofphenolics,Beta carotenes,ascorbic acid(vitamin C), many other important metabolites andantioxidants.[23]The leaves also contain various helpful properties as well.[24]The fruit extracts ofR. ellipticuscontain antimicrobial properties (Ding et al. 2008).[25]
See also
[edit]- Choerospondias axillaris,also known as lapsi
- Myrica esculenta,also known as kafal
References
[edit]- ^"The Plant List,Rubus ellipticusSm ".
- ^{{Tropical Plants Database, Ken Fern. tropical.theferns.info. 2021-09-11. <tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Rubus+ellipticus>}}
- ^"Aiselu Wine: A Community Project in Nepal".Aiselu Wine: A Community Project in Nepal.Retrieved2020-06-11.
- ^"Rubus ellipticus".Useful Tropical Plants.Retrieved2020-06-11.
- ^USDA, NRCS(n.d.)."Rubus ellipticus".The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov).Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.Retrieved25 October2015.
- ^abc"Rubus ellipticusSmith, 1815. Thỏa viên huyền câu tử tuo yuan xuan gou zi ".Flora of China.
- ^Muhammad Imam Surya; Wiguna Rahman (June 2012)."Flowering and fruiting phenology ofRubusspp. in Cibodas Botanical Garden, Indonesia ".Agrivita.34(2): 193–197.doi:10.17503/agrivita.v34i2.111.
- ^Chen, Jin; et al. (2006). "Diet composition and foraging ecology of Asian elephants in Shangyong, Xishuangbanna, China".Acta Ecologica Sinica.26(2): 309–316.doi:10.1016/S1872-2032(06)60006-1.
- ^abcd"Rubus ellipticus".Invasive Species Specialist Group. 20 July 2006.Retrieved17 July2010.
- ^abcd"Yellow Himalayan Raspberry".PCA Plant Conservation Alliance's Alien Plant Working Group.nps.org. 7 July 2009.Retrieved22 November2016.
- ^abcStratton, Lisa (December 1996).The Impact and Spread ofRubus ellipticusin 'Ola'a Forest Tract Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park.Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-Madison.
- ^abcd"Rubus ellipticus".Global Invasive Species Database.Invasive Species Specialist Group. 20 July 2006.Retrieved22 November2016.
- ^abc"Rubus ellipticusSm. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science ".Plants of the World Online.Retrieved30 October2023.
- ^Singh, Anurudh K (March 2017)."Revisiting the Status of Cultivated Plant Species Agrobiodiversity in India: An Overview".Proc Indian Natl Sci Acad.83(1): 151–174.doi:10.16943/ptinsa/2016/v82/48406.
- ^Negi, P.S. (2008). "Bio-diversity: A Vanishing Himalayan Splendour".Uttarakhand, Need for a Comprehensive Eco-strategy:317–338.
- ^abcJacobi, James D.; Warshauer, Frederick R. (1992). Stone, Charles P.; Smith, Clifford W.; Tunison, J. Timothy (eds.).Distribution of six alien plant species in upland habitats on the island of Hawaii.University of Hawaii, Honolulu: Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit. pp. 155–188.
- ^abFunk, Jennifer L. (10 September 2008). "Differences in plasticity between invasive and native plants from a low resource environment".Journal of Ecology.96(6): 1162–1173.Bibcode:2008JEcol..96.1162F.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01435.x.S2CID84336174.
- ^Jin, Chen; Xiaobao, Deng; Ling, Zhang; Zhilin, Bai (February 2006). "Diet composition and foraging ecology of Asian elephants in Shangyong, Xishuangbanna, China".Acta Ecologica Sinica.26(2): 309–316.doi:10.1016/S1872-2032(06)60006-1.
- ^Tunison, J. Timothy; Stone, Charles P. (1992).Special ecological areas: an approach to alien plant control in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.Alien plant invasions in native ecosystems of Hawai'i: management and research. pp. 781–798.
- ^Dahal, S."Making of Nepali Wine".Nepali Times.Retrieved25 November2015.
- ^Pradhan, Bharat K; Badola, Hemant K (1 October 2008)."Ethnomedicinal plant use by Lepcha tribe of Dzongu valley, bordering Kanchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, in North Sikkim, India".Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine.4:22.doi:10.1186/1746-4269-4-22.PMC2567294.PMID18826658.
- ^"Rubus ellipticus".Useful Tropical Plants.Retrieved22 November2016.
- ^Badhani, Amit; Rawat, Sandeep; Bhatt, Indra D.; Rawal, Ranbeer S. (29 July 2015)."Variation in chemical constituents and antioxidant activity in Yellow Himalayan (Rubus ellipticusSmith) and hill raspberry (Rubus niveusThunb.) ".Journal of Food Biochemistry.39:667–672.doi:10.1111/jfbc.12172.
- ^George, B.P.; Parimelazhagan, T.; Saravanan, S. (2013). "Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities ofRubus ellipticussmith. leaf methanol extract ".International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.5(2): 220–224.
- ^Ding, J.; Wu, K.; Zhang, J. (2008)."Preliminary exploration for natural enemies ofRubus ellipticusin China ".Retrieved22 September2021.
External links
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Media related toRubus ellipticusat Wikimedia Commons- "Rubus ellipticus".Plants for a Future.
