Jump to content

Ruby Laffoon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ruby Laffoon
A black and white portrait of a balding man in his late sixties
43rdGovernor of Kentucky
In office
December 8, 1931 – December 10, 1935
LieutenantA. B. "Happy" Chandler
Preceded byFlem D. Sampson
Succeeded byA. B. "Happy" Chandler
Personal details
Born(1869-01-15)January 15, 1869
Madisonville, Kentucky,U.S.
DiedMarch 1, 1941(1941-03-01)(aged 72)
Madisonville, Kentucky, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
Mary Bryant Nisbet
​
(m.1894)​
RelationsPolk Laffoon(uncle)
Alma materWashington and Lee University School of Law
ProfessionLawyer

Ruby Laffoon(January 15, 1869 – March 1, 1941) was an American attorney and politician who served as the43rdGovernor of Kentuckyfrom 1931 to 1935. A Kentucky native, at age 17, Laffoon moved toWashington, D.C.,to live with his uncle,U.S. RepresentativePolk Laffoon.He developed an interest in politics and returned to Kentucky, where he compiled a mixed record of victories and defeats in elections at the county and state levels. In 1931, he was chosen as theDemocraticgubernatorial nominee by a nominating convention, not aprimary,making him the only Kentucky gubernatorial candidate to be chosen by a convention after 1903. In the general election, he defeatedRepublicanWilliam B. Harrisonby what was then the largest margin of victory in Kentucky gubernatorial history.

Dubbed "the terrible Turk fromMadisonville",[1]Laffoon was confronted with the economic difficulties of theGreat Depression.To raise additional revenue for the state treasury, he advocated the enactment of the state's firstsales tax.This issue dominated most of his term in office and split the state Democratic Party and Laffoon's own administration. Thelieutenant governor,A. B. "Happy" Chandler,led the fight against the tax in thelegislature.After the tax was defeated in two regular legislative sessions and one specially called legislative session, Laffoon forged a bipartisan alliance to get the tax passed in a special session in 1934.

Laffoon's feud with Lieutenant Governor Chandler continued throughout his term and affected the 1935 gubernatorial race. (At the time, the lieutenant governor was elected independently from the governor.)Term-limitedby thestate constitution,Laffoon supportedpolitical bossTom Rheato succeed him as governor, and convinced the Democrats to again hold a nominating convention to choose their gubernatorial nominee. This would have greatly improved Laffoon's chances of hand-picking his successor. While Laffoon was on a visit to Washington, D.C., Chandler was left as acting governor under the provisions of the Kentucky Constitution. Chandler issued a call for a special legislative session to consider a mandatory primary election bill. Laffoon rushed back to the state to invalidate the call, but theKentucky Court of Appealsupheld it as constitutional, and the primary law was passed. Chandler defeated Rhea in the primary, and went on to succeed Laffoon as governor. Following his term in office, Laffoon returned to his native Madisonville, where he died of a stroke in 1941.

Among his gubernatorial legacies was appointing a record number ofKentucky Colonels,includingHarland Sanders,who would use the title "Colonel" when he opened his chain ofKentucky Fried Chickenrestaurants.

Early life

[edit]
Born in this log cabin, now in downtown Madisonville

Ruby Laffoon was born on January 15, 1869, in alog cabininMadisonville, Kentucky.[2]He was the third child and only son of John Bledsoe Laffoon Jr. and Martha Henrietta (néeEarle) Laffoon.[3]According to Laffoon biographer Vernon Gipson, his parents could not decide on a name for their new child, and for several years, referred to him only as "Bud".[4]When he was a young child, Laffoon chose the name "Ruby" after John Edwin Ruby, a local businessman whose grocery store he frequently visited.[5]

The Laffoons were primarily farmers but also had some experience in politics.[6]Ruby Laffoon's grandfather, John Bledsoe Laffoon Sr., migrated toKentuckyfromSouth Carolinain 1815 and served one term in theKentucky House of Representatives.[6]Ruby's father, John Jr., served several terms as a deputysheriffinHopkins Countyand one term as county assessor.[6]Ruby's uncle,Polk Laffoon,served two terms in theUnited States House of Representatives.[4]

Laffoon's early education was obtained in the public schools of Madisonville. While there, one of his teachers was his sister, Susan Isabella Laffoon, who was only 16 years old. At age 15, while plowing a field, Laffoon was kicked in the hip by a mule, requiring a six-week stay in aNashvillehospital. In the winter of the same year, he slipped on some ice and re-injured the hip. As a result of these injuries, his right leg was one-and-a-half inches shorter than his left leg, requiring him to wear special shoes and walk with a cane and a limp for the rest of his life. After his injury, Laffoon's parents decided that he could not make his living as a farmer and sent him to the private school of W. C. O'Bryan. By age 17, he was teaching in the common schools ofCharlestonin Hopkins County.[7]

[edit]

In 1886, Laffoon moved toWashington, D.C.to live with his uncle, U.S. RepresentativePolk Laffoon.[8]There he served as a messenger in the office of Judge C. R. Faulkner, director of the pension office.[8]In September 1887, he enrolled atColumbia Law School(asserted by Vernon Gipson to have been a prior designation forGeorge Washington University Law School).[9][10]On October 17, 1888, he matriculated toWashington and Lee University,where he earned a law degree in 1890.[9][11]He returned to Madisonville, was admitted to thebar,and began practicing in the office of Judge William H. Yost.[8]He became active in theDemocratic Partyand served as a county election officer.[12]In 1892, he was electedcity attorneyof Madisonville over Ward Headley.[12]In 1894, he ran for the office of county attorney for Hopkins County, but lost to Roy Salmon by seventeen votes.[13]

Laffoon married Mary "May" Bryant Nisbet on January 31, 1894, at, the Lucille Hotel in Madisonville. The couple had three daughters. Besides supporting her husband's political endeavors, May Laffoon was also active in politics. She was a delegate-at-large to everyDemocratic National Conventionbetween 1932 and 1960, and actively campaigned forFranklin D. Rooseveltduring his first run for thepresidency.To supplement the family's income, Ruby Laffoon became a partner in the Madisonville branch of the Phoenix Insurance Company in 1897. He sold his interest in the company in 1901, the same year he made a second bid to become county attorney. He won the election over Thomas E. Finley by a vote of 3,335 to 2,910. In 1905, he was re-elected to his post, marking the first time in the history of Hopkins County that the county attorney had been re-elected.[14]

In 1907, Laffoon sought the office ofstate treasurer.[9]He faced no opposition in the Democraticprimary,but the entire Democratic ticket was defeated in the general election.[15]In 1911, he ran for state auditor, but lost in the primary toHenry M. Bosworth.[16]That same year, he was elected as one of Hopkins County's delegates to the state Democratic convention.[17]A bill passed in the state legislature in 1912 created a State Insurance Rating Board under the office of state auditor, and Bosworth appointed Laffoon chairman of the board due to his experience in the insurance field and as a reward for his loyalty to the party.[18]In 1915, Laffoon sought the post ofCommonwealth's Attorneyfor the Fourth Judicial District, which comprised Hopkins,Caldwell,Crittenden,andLivingstoncounties.[19]He lost in the primary to J. Elliott Baker, but the Republican candidate, Charles Ferguson, won the general election.[19]

In September 1918, Laffoon moved toSan Antonio,Texas,where he opened a law practice and managed a citrus fruit business nearGalveston.Though he had intended this to be a permanent relocation, while on a visit to family a few months later, friends urged him to return to Kentucky, and he obliged after only three months in Texas. In 1921, he sought election to the bench of the Fourth DistrictCircuit Court.In the primary, he defeated Trice Bennett, a candidate fromPrinceton,and went on to face Republican incumbent Carl Henderson ofMarion.In the general election on November 8, 1921, Laffoon defeated Henderson, carrying every county in the district. In his first term, only 7 percent of his decisions were reversed by theKentucky Court of Appeals,which was a record for the Fourth District at the time. He was re-elected for a second six-year term in 1927.[20]

Governor of Kentucky

[edit]

In 1931, Laffoon sought the Democratic gubernatorial nomination.[21]As a result of factional infighting within the Democratic party, the Democrats opted for a nominating convention instead of a primary to choose their nominee for governor.[22]It was the first nominating convention held by the Democrats since the Music Hall Convention that nominatedWilliam Goebelin 1899, and it was the only one held after 1903.[23][24]The convention was held inLexingtonon May 12, 1931.[25]Laffoon gained the support of several important leaders within the party, includingBen Johnson,Thomas Rhea,M. M. Logan,Allie Young, andWilliam J. Fields.[26]He was selected in a landslide over a myriad of candidates, including sitting lieutenant governorJames Breathitt Jr.[23][24]andCentre Collegefootball heroJames "Red" Roberts.[27]

Despite his physical disability, Laffoon waged a vigorous campaign across the state. During campaign stops, he interspersed political commentary with passages from the Bible.[1]TheLouisville Courier-Journalobjected to his campaign style and gave a tentative endorsement to theRepublicanWilliam B. Harrison,themayor of Louisville.[1]Dubbed "the terrible Turk from Madisonville" by former Republican governorEdwin P. Morrow,Laffoon promised that, if elected, he would remove all of the Republican officials appointed by sitting governorFlem D. Sampsonfrom state government.[1]He cited the failed administration of Governor Sampson and the problem-filled presidency ofHerbert Hooveras reasons to elect a Democrat.[2]In the general election, Laffoon defeated Harrison by a margin of just over 72,000 votes, the largest margin of victory for any Kentucky governor at the time.[21]

Shortly after taking office, Laffoon organized the Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels, a charitable organization of people who had been commissioned as honoraryKentucky colonels.[28]During his term as governor, Laffoon commissioned 2,368 honorary colonels, the most ever by a Kentucky governor.[29]His best known commission was toHarland Sanders,who used the title "Colonel" when he opened his chain ofKentucky Fried Chickenrestaurants.[9]Other colonels commissioned by Laffoon includedMae West,Shirley Temple,Clark Gable,Bing Crosby,Will Rogers,Fred Astaire,Jean Harlow,Mary Pickford,Charlie Chaplin,Jack DempseyandW. C. Fields.[28][29][30]

Fight for a sales tax

[edit]

Laffoon's administration was confronted by the economic difficulties of theGreat Depression.[21]While he proposed a number of improvements, money was not available in the state budget to implement his plans.[21]In his first full year in office, he cut $11.5 million from the state budget, but it remained out-of-balance.[2]The state issued additional interest-bearingwarrantsto cover its debts.[2]In 1931, these warrants accounted for 24.2 percent of the state's receipts; by 1932, that number had climbed to 40.2 percent.[2]In order to raise more funds, Laffoon proposed a 2 percent statesales taxin 1932.[2]The proposal was extremely unpopular with merchants and private citizens, and it showed little promise of passing in theGeneral Assembly.[2][31]On March 2, 1932, a mob of 100 anti-tax protesters stormed thegovernor's mansion,damaging some items inside.[32]In an attempt to get the tax passed, Laffoon agreed to seek only a 1 percent tax.[31]The proposal passed the House, but aSenatecommittee refused to report it to the full chamber for a vote.[33]

A black and white photo of a man in his mid-to-late thirties in a suit
Happy Chandler, Laffoon's lieutenant governor, opposed his call for a state sales tax.

The sales tax proposal caused a rift in the Democratic party generally and in Laffoon's administration specifically.[21]As presiding officer of the Senate,Lieutenant GovernorA. B. "Happy" Chandlerhad led opposition to the tax in the legislature.[1]Highway Commissioner Ben Johnson sided with Chandler, as did former Laffoon supporters Allie Young and J. Dan Talbott.[31]In retaliation, Laffoon vetoed $7 million in appropriations and a measure to cutproperty taxesat the end of the legislative session.[1]Among the few pieces of legislation that passed during the session were bills reorganizing the highway department, making the state Board of Charities a partisan entity, and further removing the Fish and Game Commission from the control of sportsmen.[31]A redistricting bill was hastily passed at the end of the session, reducing the number ofcongressional districtsfrom 11 to 9, per themost recent census results,but charges ofgerrymanderingkept the bill tied up in the courts, preventing it from taking effect in time for the 1932 congressional elections.[34]Consequently, all of Kentucky's representatives that year were electedat-large.[35]TheLouisville Courier-Journalcalled the 1932 legislative session "about the worst legislative session in Kentucky's history".[31]

Laffoon responded to the economic crisis by declaring a four-daybanking holidayto begin on March 1, 1933.[36]He twice extended the holiday, which finally ended on March 18.[37]Responding to complaints of low prices by farmers, he closedburley tobaccomarkets in December of that year.[1]At the end of the 1932 fiscal year, figures showed that the state incurred a $2 million deficit.[38]Kentucky was also unable to secure significant financial assistance under President Franklin D. Roosevelt'sNew Dealbecause the state was often unable to raise the requiredmatching funds.[21]

Though Laffoon was determined to pass a state sales tax, he vowed not to call a special legislative session to consider the issue.[39]However, in August 1933, he did call a special session to debate a "gross receipts tax", which was essentially a sales tax by another name.[38][39]Johnson and Chandler again led the opposition to Laffoon's plan; Laffoon called them, along with Allie Young and U.S. RepresentativeJohn Y. Brown Sr.,"the most insidious lobby that ever infected the Capitol".[38]He reportedly further charged that opposition to his tax program was financed by "a bunch of New York Jews".[38]Despite Laffoon's rhetoric, the sales tax was again defeated.[39]

The General Assembly was split three ways when it convened in 1934.[38]Approximately one-third of the Assembly was Republican, one-third was pro-Laffoon Democrats, and one third was anti-Laffoon Democrats.[38]Using the promise of new roads in Republican districts as leverage, Laffoon and political boss Tom Rhea formed an alliance with the Republicans.[38][39]The bipartisan alliance succeeded in enacting several measures to benefit education, including establishing a Council on Public Higher Education, extending the school year to six "or more" months, and mandating school attendance until age sixteen.[40]Additional revenue was generated by increasing the tax onwhiskeyfrom 2 cents to 5 cents per gallon.[38]Laffoon's bipartisan alliance also passed a governmental reorganization bill that reduced the number of state commissions and departments from 69 to 24, cutting several jobs from the state payroll.[40]The real target of the bill, however, was Laffoon's political enemies. The bill curbed the powers of the lieutenant governor and state auditor, both Laffoon opponents.[39]The lieutenant governor was removed from his post as president of the Kentucky Senate.[8]The bill also empowered the governor to remove any appointed state official.[39]

Having neutralized opponents of the sales tax, Laffoon encouraged legislators to lower the state income and automobile taxes, which he believed would leave no alternative source of revenue except a sales tax.[39]The General Assembly passed the requested cuts, and in July 1934, Laffoon called another special session to consider the sales tax.[39]Pro-administration officials organized parades and demonstrations in favor of the tax.[39]By contrast, a group of 100 unemployed men marched on Frankfort demanding financial relief.[41]Some of them made death threats against Laffoon, and theKentucky National Guardsurrounded the governor's mansion to protect him.[41]Although anti-sales-tax forces used parliamentary procedures that stalled a vote for weeks, a three percent sales tax was approved by the end of the session.[39]The tax was derided in a children's chant that said "Hippity-hop to the toy shop to buy a red balloon. Apennyfor you, a penny for me, a penny for Ruby Laffoon. "[41]Following the special session, Laffoon was admitted to asanatorium,where he was treated forexhaustion.[41]

Role in the 1935 gubernatorial race

[edit]

As his term neared expiration, Laffoon removed Ben Johnson from his post as highway commissioner, replacing him with Tom Rhea.[42]This move was made in order to groom Rhea to be the next governor.[43]Due to the influence of Laffoon and Rhea, the Democratic Party again chose a nominating convention in lieu of aprimaryto choose their gubernatorial candidate.[43]Because Laffoon supporters controlled the state Democratic Central Committee and most of the county political organizations, a convention would favor Laffoon's choice of gubernatorial nominee.[44]The convention was scheduled for May 14, 1935, in Lexington.[45]

On January 5, 1935, Laffoon traveled to Washington, D.C. to meet with President Roosevelt. Although Laffoon said the purpose of his trip was to discuss further federal aid for Kentucky, his opponents maintained he had gone to explain the lack of a primary to the president. (Roosevelt had written a letter to the state Democratic Central Committee encouraging them to adopt a primary.) Due to Laffoon's absence from the state, Lieutenant Governor Chandler was left as acting governor under the provisions of theKentucky Constitution.[46]On February 6, Chandler issued a proclamation calling a special session of the legislature on February 8 to consider a bill requiring a primary election to select nominees for all state offices. Laffoon rushed back to the state, arriving inAshlandon February 7, and immediately issued a proclamation revoking Chandler's call.Franklin Countylegislator John Gatewood obtained aninjunctionagainst Laffoon's order, and pro-primary legislators gathered in Frankfort on February 8. These members failed to achieve aquorumon February 8, 9 and 11. On February 11, six legislators sought adeclaratory judgmentto see if Laffoon's revocation was legal. The Franklin County Circuit Court upheld Chandler's call and invalidated Laffoon's revocation, and theKentucky Court of Appeals,then thecourt of last resortin the state, upheld this decision by a 4–3 majority.[47]

On February 13, the Kentucky House achieved a quorum, and the Senate did so the following day.[48]Having lost the battle against the special session, Laffoon proposed a primary with arun-offif no candidate received a majority on the first ballot.[43]Some, including Chandler, believed this action was aimed against former governor and senatorJ. C. W. Beckham,who Laffoon believed would challenge Rhea for the Democratic nomination.[48]They believed that a double primary would be too much for the aging Beckham to endure.[49]Supporters of a single primary found they did not have the votes in the legislature to pass it, so they agreed to a double primary, which Laffoon signed into law on February 27, 1935.[50]

Seven candidates declared their candidacy for the Democratic nomination, including Rhea and Lieutenant Governor Chandler.[51]Former governor Beckham was not a candidate; his only son had died in late 1934, devastating his family and leaving his wife strongly opposed to another political campaign.[49]Near the end of the primary campaign, Laffoon suffered an attack ofappendicitisand required anappendectomy,leaving him unable to campaign for Rhea.[52]Two candidates dropped out of the race prior to the election.[53]

On the day of the primary, Adjutant General Denhardt took National Guard troops intoHarlan County,which was known for its history of election violence. The troops questioned voters, examined ballot boxes, and made several arrests. These actions were in direct violation of a restraining order issued by circuit court judge James M. Gilbert, but Denhardt claimed to be acting on orders from Laffoon. Denhardt later reported that "We stopped the most stupendous, well-planned election steal ever attempted in Kentucky. Chandler would have gotten 15,000 votes had we not been here."[53]Denhardt was later arrested and charged withcontempt of courtfor violating the restraining order.[54]

In the primary, Rhea achieved apluralityof the votes, but not a majority.[55]Chandler had the next highest vote total, and the two faced each other in a run-off on September 7, 1935.[56]In the run-off, Chandler defeated Rhea, securing the nomination for governor.[55]President Roosevelt, not wanting Democratic factionalism to cost him votes in the1936 presidential election,attempted to bring together the Laffoon and Chandler factions, but to little avail.[57]Laffoon and Rhea, along with most of Laffoon's administration, bolted the party and supported Republican nomineeKing Swope.[58]Despite losing the support of his predecessor, Chandler went on to win the general election.[59]In his last days in office, Laffoon issuedpardonsfor Denhardt and others charged in connection with the National Guard's interference with the primary in Harlan County.[60]These were among a record 560 pardons issued by Laffoon, most of which were to relieve prison crowding.[9]

Later life

[edit]

During his gubernatorial campaign, Laffoon had promised not to seek higher office if elected governor.[61]Term-limitedby the state constitution, he returned to private life following his four years in office.[61]On the day of Chandler's inauguration, Laffoon said "I'm going to Madisonville right after the inauguration, and I hope to get some clients at my law office by Wednesday morning."[62]

Shortly after Chandler's inauguration, attorney generalBeverly M. Vincentopined that Kentucky Colonel commissions expired at the end of the commissioning governor's term. Laffoon vigorously defended the commissions he had issued and those issued by his predecessors. On April 27, 1936, when both Governor Chandler and Lieutenant GovernorKeen Johnsonattended a baseball game inCincinnati,President Pro Tem of the SenateJames Eugene Wise was left as acting governor and recommissioned all 17,000 existing colonels.[63]

Laffoon was a member of theDemocratic National Committeein 1936, but decided not to attend thenational convention.He choseUrey Woodsonto serve as hisproxy,but Woodson declined to attend as well and turned the proxy over toFred M. Vinson.Laffoon also backed SenatorM. M. Logan's re-election bid in 1936. He was a delegate to theDemocratic National Convention in 1940,and despite his differences with President Roosevelt during his gubernatorial term, he supported Roosevelt's re-election.[64]

Defying a doctor's order not to work for two weeks due tohigh blood pressure,Laffoon presided for three days as a special judge in theUnion CountyCircuit Court in February 1941.[65]On February 17, 1941, he returned home early from his law office due to a bout of dizziness.[65]It was reported that he had suffered a stroke, and after a mild improvement, his condition worsened again and he died on March 1, 1941, at 2:50 am.[66]He was buried in Grapevine Cemetery in Madisonville.[9]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefgEllis, p. 165
  2. ^abcdefgHarrison and Klotter, p. 362
  3. ^Gipson, pp. 2–3
  4. ^abGipson, p. 3
  5. ^Gipson, p. 4
  6. ^abcGipson, p. 2
  7. ^Gipson, pp. 4–5
  8. ^abcdPowell, p. 92
  9. ^abcdef"Kentucky Governor Ruby Laffoon". National Governors Association
  10. ^Gipson, p. 8
  11. ^Gipson, p. 12
  12. ^abGipson, p. 14
  13. ^Gipson, p. 16
  14. ^Gipson, pp. 14–19
  15. ^Gipson, p. 22
  16. ^Gipson, p. 24
  17. ^Gipson, p. 25
  18. ^Gipson, p. 26
  19. ^abGipson, p. 27
  20. ^Gipson, pp. 28–31, 177
  21. ^abcdefHarrison, p. 529
  22. ^Gipson, pp. 38–39
  23. ^abEllis, p. 164
  24. ^abGipson, p. 38
  25. ^Gipson, p. 44
  26. ^Gipson, pp. 41–42
  27. ^"Announcements",The Davidsonian
  28. ^ab"Since 1813"
  29. ^ab"Kentucky Colonels"
  30. ^Gipson, p. 169
  31. ^abcdeKlotter, p. 298
  32. ^Gipson, p. 77
  33. ^Gipson, p. 78
  34. ^Gipson, pp. 82–83
  35. ^Gipson, p. 83
  36. ^Gipson, p. 86
  37. ^Gipson, p. 87
  38. ^abcdefghKlotter, p. 300
  39. ^abcdefghijEllis, p. 166
  40. ^abKlotter, p. 301
  41. ^abcdKlotter, p. 302
  42. ^Ellis, pp. 166–167
  43. ^abcEllis, p. 167
  44. ^Gipson, p. 139
  45. ^Gipson, p. 141
  46. ^Klotter, p. 303
  47. ^Gipson, pp. 141–146
  48. ^abGipson, p. 148
  49. ^abKlotter, p. 304
  50. ^Gipson, p. 150
  51. ^Gipson, pp. 150–151
  52. ^Gipson, p. 152
  53. ^abGipson, p. 153
  54. ^Gipson, pp. 153, 156
  55. ^abHarrison, p. 530
  56. ^Gipson, p. 154
  57. ^Gipson, pp. 158–160
  58. ^Harrison and Klotter, p. 368
  59. ^Harrison, pp. 529–530
  60. ^Gipson, p. 163
  61. ^abGipson, p. 40
  62. ^Gipson, p. 166
  63. ^Gipson, p. 168
  64. ^Gipson, p. 171–171
  65. ^abGipson, p. 173
  66. ^Gipson, pp. 173–174

Bibliography

[edit]
  • "Announcements"(PDF).The Davidsonian.Davidson College. April 23, 1931. p. 5.RetrievedFebruary 14,2011.
  • Ellis, William E. (2004). "Ruby Laffoon". In Lowell Hayes Harrison (ed.).Kentucky's Governors.Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky.ISBN0-8131-2326-7.
  • Gipson, Vernon (1978).Ruby Laffoon, Governor of Kentucky, 1931–1935.Earlington, Kentucky: Vernon Gipson.
  • Harrison, Lowell H.(1992). "Laffoon, Ruby". In Kleber, John E (ed.).The Kentucky Encyclopedia.Associate editors:Thomas D. Clark,Lowell H. Harrison, andJames C. Klotter.Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky.ISBN0-8131-1772-0.Archived fromthe originalon April 15, 2013.RetrievedOctober 21,2011.
  • Harrison, Lowell H.;James C. Klotter(1997).A New History of Kentucky.University Press of Kentucky.ISBN0-8131-2008-X.
  • "Kentucky Colonels".The Age.September 13, 1941.RetrievedSeptember 25,2009.
  • "Kentucky Governor Ruby Laffoon".National Governors Association. Archived fromthe originalon May 17, 2013.RetrievedSeptember 8,2007.
  • Klotter, James C.(1996).Kentucky: Portraits in Paradox, 1900–1950.Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky.ISBN0-916968-24-3.
  • Powell, Robert A. (1976).Kentucky Governors.Danville, Kentucky: Bluegrass Printing Company.OCLC2690774.
  • "Since 1813".The Honorable Order of Kentucky Colonels. Archived fromthe originalon November 19, 2009.RetrievedSeptember 25,2009.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Political offices
Preceded by Governor of Kentucky
1931–1935 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Democratic nominee for Governor of Kentucky
1931 		Succeeded by
Happy Chandler

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruby_Laffoon&oldid=1245048734"