Profane (religion)

Profane,orprofanityin religious use may refer to a lack of respect for things that are held to besacred,which implies anything inspiring or deserving ofreverence,as well asbehaviour showing similar disrespector causingreligious offense.^[1]The word is also used in a neutral sense for things or people not related to the sacred; for example profane history, profane literature, etc.^[2]In this sense it is contrasted with "sacred", with meaning similar to "secular".

The distinction between the sacred and the profane was considered byÉmile Durkheimto be central to the social reality of humanreligion.^[3]

Etymology

The termprofaneoriginates from classical Latinprofanus,literally "before (outside) the temple", "pro" being outside and "fanum" being temple or sanctuary. It carried the meaning of either "desecrating what is holy" or "with a secular purpose" as early as the 1450s.^[2]^[4]Profanity represented secular indifference to religion or religious figures, whileblasphemywas a more offensive attack on religion and religious figures, consideredsinful,and a direct violation ofThe Ten Commandments.Moreover, manyBible versesspeak against swearing.^[5]In some countries, profanity words often havepaganroots that afterChristianinfluence were turned from names of deities and spirits to profanity and used as such, like famousFinnish profanitywordperkele,which was believed to be an original name of the thunder godUkko,the chief god of theFinnish paganpantheon.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Profanities, in the original meaning ofblasphemous profanity,are part of the ancient tradition of the comic cults which laughed and scoffed at the deity or deities: an example of this would be Lucian'sDialogues of the Godssatire.^[10]

Sacred–profane dichotomy

The sacred–profane dichotomy is a concept posited by the Frenchsociologist Émile Durkheimin 1912, who considered it to be the central characteristic ofreligion:"religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative tosacred things,that is to say, things set apart and forbidden. "^[11]In Durkheim's theory, thesacredrepresents the interests of the group, especially unity, which were embodied in sacred group symbols, ortotems.The profane, however, involves mundane individual concerns. Durkheim explicitly stated that the sacred–profane dichotomy is not equivalent togood–evil,as the sacred could be either good or evil, and the profane could be either as well.^[12]

The profane world consists of all that people can know through their senses; it is the natural world of everyday life that people experience as either comprehensible or at least ultimately knowable — theLebensweltor lifeworld.^[13]

In contrast, the sacred, orsacrumin Latin, encompasses all that exists beyond the everyday, natural world that people experience with their senses. As such, the sacred ornuminouscan inspire feelings of awe, because it is regarded as ultimately unknowable and beyond limited human abilities to perceive and comprehend. Durkheim pointed out however that there are degrees of sacredness, so that anamuletfor example may be sacred yet little respected.^[14]

Transitions

Rites of passagerepresent movements from one state—the profane—to the other, the sacred; or back again to the profanum.^[15]

Religion is organized primarily around the sacred elements of human life and provides a collective attempt to bridge the gap between the sacred and the profane.^{[citation needed]}

Profane progress

Modernization and theEnlightenmentproject have led to asecularisationof culture over the past few centuries – an extension of the profanum at the (often explicit) expense of the sacred.^[16]The predominant 21st-century global worldview is as a result empirical, sensate, contractual, this-worldly – in short profane.^[17]

Carl Jungexpressed the same thought more subjectively when he wrote that "I know – and here I am expressing what countless other people know – that the present time is the time of God's disappearance and death".^[18]

Counter reaction

The advance of the profane has led to several countermovements, attempting to limit the scope of the profanum.Modernismset out to bringmythand a sense of the sacred back into secular reality^[19]—Wallace Stevensspeaking for much of the movement when he wrote that "if nothing was divine then all things were, the world itself".^[20]

Fundamentalism– Christian, Muslim, or other – set its face against the profanum with a return to sacred writ.^[21]

Psychologytoo has set out to protect theboundariesof the individual self from profane intrusion,^[22]establishing ritual places for inward work^[23]in opposition to thepostmodernloss of privacy.^[24]

Cultural examples

Seamus Heaneyconsidered that "the desacralizing of space is something that my generation experienced in all kinds of ways".^[25]

References

^"Definition of profanity".Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English– online.Retrieved11 September2014.
^^a ^b"profane".Oxford English Dictionary(Online ed.).Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/OED/3577715803.(Subscription orparticipating institution membershiprequired.)Adjective, 2
^Durkheim, Émile (1976).The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life,p. 37. London: George Allen & Unwin (originally published 1915, English translation 1915).
^Harper, Douglas."profane".Online Etymology Dictionary.
^"Bad Words [in the Bible]".OpenBible.info.Retrieved30 April2015.
^Siikala, Anna-Leena (2013).Itämerensuomalaisten mytologia.Helsinki: SKS.
^Salo, Unto (1990).Agricola's Ukko in the light of archeology. A chronological and interpretative study of ancient Finnish religion: Old Norse and Finnish religions and cultic place-names.Turku.ISBN 951-649-695-4.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^"Miten suomalaiset kiroilivat ennen kristinuskoa?".Retrieved2015-12-25.
^Suomen kielen etymologinen sanakirja. 3.Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura. 1976.ISBN 951-9019-16-2.
^Meletinsky, Eleazar MoiseevichThe Poetics of Myth(Translated by Guy Lanoue and Alexandre Sadetsky) 2000 RoutledgeISBN 0-415-92898-2p.110
^Emile Durkheim. [1912] 1995.The Elementary Forms of Religious Life,edited and translated by K. E. Fields. New York: The Free Press.p. 35.
^Pals, Daniel. 1996.Seven Theories of Religion.New York: Oxford University Press. USISBN 0-19-508725-9(pbk). p. 99.
^Peter Berger,A Rumour of Angels(1973) p. 15
^Durkheim, p. 38
^Durkheim, pp. 39–40
^Fredric Jameson,The Jameson Reader(2005) p. 180-1
^Berger, pp. 13–14
^C. G. Jung,Man and his Symbols(1978) p. 295
^Jameson, p. 180-2
^Wallace Stevens,Collected Poems(1984) p. 412
^Umberto Eco.Turning Back the Clock(2007) pp. 218–20
^Eric Berne,The Psychology of Human Destiny(1974) p. 130
^Robert Bly,Iron John(1991) p. 194 and p. 128
^Eco, p. 77-88
^Denis O'Driscoll,Stepping Stones(2008) p. 309

v t e Émile Durkheim
Books	The Division of Labour in Society(1893) The Rules of Sociological Method(1895) Suicide(1897) The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life(1912)
Founded	Academic sociology L'Année Sociologique
Conceptualized and defined	Social integration Collective consciousness Mechanical and organic solidarity Social fact Sociology of knowledge Sacred–profane dichotomy Quantitative methods in criminology Statistical social research Collective effervescence Anomie
Related	Positivism Totemism History of sociology