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Saharanpur

Coordinates:29°57′50″N77°32′45″E/ 29.96389°N 77.54583°E/29.96389; 77.54583
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This article is about the municipality (municipal corporation) in Uttar Pradesh, India. For its namesake district, seeSaharanpur district.

Saharanpur
City
Shakumbari Devi Temple;Saharanpur Junction railway station
Saharanpur is located in Uttar Pradesh
Saharanpur
Saharanpur
Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
Saharanpur is located in India
Saharanpur
Saharanpur
Saharanpur (India)
Coordinates:29°57′50″N77°32′45″E/ 29.96389°N 77.54583°E/29.96389; 77.54583
CountryIndia
StateUttar Pradesh
DistrictSaharanpur
Government
• TypeMunicipal Corporation
• BodySaharanpur Municipal Corporation
•MayorDr. Ajay Kumar Singh (BJP)[1]
•Lok Sabha MPImran Masood(INC)
Population
(2011)
• Total705,478
Languages
• OfficialHindi,Urdu,Khariboli
Time zoneUTC+5:30(IST)
PIN
247001/02
Telephone code0132
Vehicle registrationUP-11
AirportSarsawa Airport
Sex ratio1000/898♂/♀
Websitesaharanpur.nic.in

Saharanpuris a city and amunicipal corporationinUttar Pradesh,India.It is also theadministrativeheadquarters ofSaharanpur district.

Saharanpur city's name was given after the Saint Shah Haroon Chishti.[2]

Saharanpur is declared as one amongst the 100 Smart Cities byMOUDas a part ofSmart Cities Missionof theGovernment of India.

Historical

[edit]
See also:History of Uttar PradeshandSaharanpur division

Medieval period

[edit]

During the reign ofIltutmish(r 1211–1236), the region became a part of the Delhi Sultanate. At that time, most of the area remained covered with forests and marshlands, through which the Paondhoi, Dhamola, and Ganda Nala rivers flowed. The climate was humid and malaria outbreaks were common.Muhammad bin Tughluq,the Sultan of Delhi (1325–1351), undertook a campaign in the northerndoabto crush the rebellion of theShivalikkings in 1340, when according to local tradition he learned of the presence of asufisaint on the banks of the Paondhoi River. After visiting the sage, he ordered that henceforth this region would be known as 'Shah-Haroonpur', after the Sufi SaintShah Haroon Chishti.[3]The simple but well-preserved tomb of this saint is situated in the oldest quarter of Saharanpur city, between the Mali Gate/Bazar Dinanath and Halwai Hatta. By the end of the 14th century, the power of the Sultanate had declined and it was attacked byTimurthe Lame (1336–1405) of Central Asia. Timur had marched through the Saharanpur region in 1399 to sack Delhi and people of the region fought his army unsuccessfully. A weakened Sultanate was later conquered by the Central Asian Mogul kingBabur(1483–1531).

Mughal period

[edit]

In the 16th century,Babur,aTimuriddescendant ofTimurandGenghis KhanfromFergana Valley(modern-dayUzbekistan), invaded across theKhyber Passand founded theMughal Empire,covering India, along with modern-dayAfghanistan,Pakistan andBangladesh[4]The Mughals were descended from Persianised Central AsianTurks(with significantMongoladmixture).

During theMughal period,Akbar(1542–1605), Saharanpur became an administrative unit under the Province of Delhi. Akbar bestowed the feudaljagirof Saharanpur to the Mughal treasurer, Sah Ranveer Singh, an Aggarwal Jain who laid the foundations of the present-day city on the site of an army cantonment. The nearest settlements at that time wereShekhpuraand Malhipur. Saharanpur was a walled city, with four gates: the Sarai Gate, the Mali Gate, the Buria Gate, and the Lakhi Gate. The city was divided into the neighbourhoods named Nakhasa Bazar, Shah Behlol, Rani Bazar and Lakhi Gate. The ruins of Shah Ran Veer Singh's old fort can still be seen in the Chaudharian locality of Saharanpur, not far from the better known 'Bada-Imam-bada'. He also built a largeJaintemple in Muhallah/Toli Chaundhariyan,[5]it is now known as the 'Digamber-Jain Panchayati Mandir'.

The Sayyids and Rohillas

[edit]

Mughal emperorsAkbarand laterShah Jahan(1592–1666) bestowed the administrativeparganaof Sarwat on MuslimSayyidfamilies. In 1633, one of them founded a city and named it and the surrounding regionMuzaffarnagar,in honour of his father, Sayyid Muzaffar Ali Khan. The Sayyids ruled the area until the 1739 invasion byNadir Shah.After his departure, anarchy prevailed across the entiredoabwith the region ruled in succession by Jats. Taking advantage of this anarchy, theRohillastook control of the entire trans-Gangetic region.

Ahmad Shah Durrani,theAfghanruler who invaded Northwestern and Northern India in the 1750s, conferred the territory of Saharanpur as Jagir on Rohilla chief Najaf Khan, who assumed the title of NawabNajeeb-ud-Daulaand took up residence in Saharanpur in 1754. He made Gaunsgarh his capital and tried to strengthen his position againstMaratha Empireattacks by entering an alliance with the HinduGurjarchieftain Manohar Singh. In 1759, Najeeb-ud-Daula issued a Deed of Agreement handing over 550 villages to Manohar Singh, who became the Raja ofLandaura.

Maratha period

[edit]

In 1757, the Maratha army captured the Saharanpur region, which resulted in Najeeb-ud-Daula losing control of Saharanpur to the Maratha rulersRaghunath RaoandMalharao Holkar.The conflict between Rohillas and Marathas came to an end on 18December 1788 with the arrest ofGhulam Qadir,the grandson of Najeeb-ud-Daula, who was defeated by the Maratha generalMahadaji Scindia.The most significant contribution of Nawab Ghulam Qadir to Saharanpur city is the Nawab Ganj area and the Ahmedabadi fortress therein, which still stands. The death of Ghulam Qadir put an end to the Rohilla administration in Saharanpur and it became the northernmost district of the Maratha Empire. Ghani Bahadur Banda was appointed its first Maratha governor. The Maratha Regime saw the construction of the Bhuteshwar Temple and Bagheshwar Temple in Saharanpur city. In 1803, following theSecond Anglo-Maratha War,when theBritish East India Companydefeated the Maratha Empire, Saharanpur came under British suzerainty.[6]

British colonial period (1803–1947 AD)

[edit]

When India rebelled in 1857 against the foreign Company's occupation, now referred to as the First War of Indian Independence, the Saharanpur and the present-day Muzaffarnagar Districts were part of that uprising. The centre of freedom fighters' operations was Shamli, a small town in the Muzaffarnagar region which was liberated for some time. After the uprising failed, British retribution was severe. Death and destruction was particularly directed against the Muslims of the region, whom the British considered as the main instigators of the rebellion (even thoughHinduGurjarswere the ones who had led the revolt ).[7]When social reconstruction started, the cultural and political history of Muslims began to revolve around Deoband and Aligarh.Muhammad Qasim NanautawiandRashid Ahmad Gangohi,both proponents of the reformerShah Waliullah's ideology for social and political rejuvenation, established a school in Deoband in 1867. It found popularity and global recognition as theDarul Uloom Deoband.Its founders' mission was twofold: to raise and spread a team of scholars able to awaken the religious and social consciousness of Muslims through peaceful methods and to make efforts, through them, to educate Muslims in their faith and culture; and to bring about a feeling of nationalism and national unity by promoting the concept of Hindu-Muslim unity and a united India. Muslim scholars in the city of Saharanpur were active supporters of this ideology and went on to establish theMazahir Uloomtheological seminary six months later.

Geography and climate

[edit]
Barbers in Saharanpur, a painting byEdwin Lord Weeks(1849–1903)

Saharanpur is located at29°58′N77°33′E/ 29.97°N 77.55°E/29.97; 77.55,about 130 kilometres (81 mi) south-southeast ofChandigarh,170 kilometres (110 mi) north-northeast ofDelhi,65 kilometres (40 mi) north-northeast ofShamliand about 61 kilometres (38 mi) south-west ofDehradun.It has an average elevation of 291 metres (955 ft). Saharanpur is a part of a geographicaldoabregion. Saharanpur district joins four states togetherHimachal Pradesh,Uttar Pradesh,UttarakhandandHaryana.

Climate data for Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 20
(68) 		22
(72) 		28
(82) 		41
(106) 		44
(111) 		46
(115) 		36
(97) 		35
(95) 		36
(97) 		34
(93) 		28
(82) 		24
(75) 		30
(86)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13
(55) 		15
(59) 		20
(68) 		26
(79) 		30
(86) 		31
(88) 		29
(84) 		28
(82) 		27
(81) 		23
(73) 		18
(64) 		13
(55) 		23
(73)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0
(32) 		4
(39) 		9
(48) 		14
(57) 		17
(63) 		23
(73) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		22
(72) 		16
(61) 		10
(50) 		1
(34) 		16
(61)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 30
(1.2) 		40
(1.6) 		20
(0.8) 		10
(0.4) 		10
(0.4) 		70
(2.8) 		240
(9.4) 		200
(7.9) 		120
(4.7) 		20
(0.8) 		0
(0) 		10
(0.4) 		830
(32.7)
Average precipitation days 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.4 2.8 7.5 7.6 2.7 1.0 0.6 0.9 30.3
Source: Weatherbase[8]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
190166,254—
191162,850−5.1%
192162,261−0.9%
193178,665+26.3%
1941105,622+34.3%
1951148,435+40.5%
1961185,213+24.8%
1971225,396+21.7%
1981295,355+31.0%
1991374,945+26.9%
2001455,754+21.6%
2011705,478+54.8%
Source:[9]: 470–471 

According to the2011 Indian census,Saharanpur had a population of 705,478, 12.5% of whom were under the age of six, living in 129,856 households within the municipal corporation limits.[10]: 26–27 The city is spread over an area of 46.74 km2(18.05 sq mi) and with a population density of 15,093.67/km2(39,092.4/sq mi), is theeleventh most populous cityin Uttar Pradesh.[11]Saharanpur had a population of 455,754 in 2001 and 374,945 in 1991.[9]

Malesconstitute of 52.7% of the total population whilefemalesconstitute of 47.3% of the total population and thus, the city has asex ratioof 891 females for every 1,000 males. The city has an average literacy rate of 76.32%.Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribesaccount for 14.2% and 0.1% of the population respectively.[10]There are 233,196 people, constituting about 33% of the total population, who live in slums in the city.[9]

Religions in Saharanpur City (2011)[12]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 50.92%
Islam
 
 45.89%
Sikhism
 
 1.23%
Jainism
 
 1.03%
Other or not stated
 
 0.45%

Roughly half of the city's population areHindus,who form a slight majority, whileMuslimsconstitute about 45 percent of the total population.SikhsandJainsare also present in smaller numbers.[12]

Languages in Saharanpur town (2011)[13]

Hindi(71.23%)
Urdu(27.08%)
Khari Boli(1.23%)
Others (0.46%)

The most widely spoken language in Saharanpur isHindi,which along withUrduis the official language of Uttar Pradesh.[14]There are significant numbers of Urdu andPunjabispeakers, whileHaryanviis also spoken, as the district shares a border with Haryana.[13]The standard dialect of Hindi spoken is theKhari Boli dialect.[15]

Government and politics

[edit]

Saharanpur city is governed by Saharanpur Municipal Corporation, erstwhile Municipal Council.[16]The city is divided into 4 zones and 70wards,[17]represented by 70councillorswho were elected by municipal or local elections in 2017 for a five-year term.[18]The head of the administrative wing is the Municipal Commissioner, currently Ms.Gazal Bharadwaj,[19]while the head of the elected wing is themayor,Dr Ajay Kumar Singh, from theBJP.[20][21]

The city is also part of theSaharanpur Lok Sabhaconstituency, which electedImran Masoodfrom theIndian National Congressin 2024 as theMember of Parliament,and part of theSaharanpur Assembly constituencythat electedAshu Malikfrom theSamajwadi Partyin 2022 as theMLA.[22]

Civic utilities

[edit]

There is only onesewage treatment plantlocated in Saharanpur,[23]while most of the waste water is discharged into theHindonriver, further polluting it.[24]

Culture

[edit]

Places of interest

[edit]

Company Garden

[edit]

The Saharanpur Botanical Gardens, known as the Company Garden and once the preserve of British East India Company, is one of the oldest existing gardens in India, dating to before 1750. Then named Farahat-Bakhsh, it was originally a pleasure ground set out by a local chief, Intazam ud-ullah. In 1817, it was acquired by theBritish East India Company[25]and placed under the authority of the DistrictSurgeon.Joseph Dalton Hookersays of this Botanical Garden that "Amongst its greatest triumphs may be considered the introduction of the tea-plant from China, a fact I allude to, as many of my English readers may not be aware that the establishment of the tea-trade in theHimalayaandAssamis almost entirely the work of the superintendents of the gardens ofCalcuttaand Seharunpore."[26]

In 1887, when theBotanical Survey of Indiawas set up to reform the country'sbotanical sciences,Saharanpur became the centre for the survey of the northern Indianflora.The Garden is seen historically as being second only to theCalcutta Gardensfor its contribution to science and economy in India. Under private auspices today, it is full of greenery and has many different kinds of plants and flowers.[27]

Shakumbari Devi Temple

[edit]

Siddhpeeth Shri Shakumbhari Devi Temple is an important and ancient Hindu temple. It is situated in the Shivalik hills in Behat tehsil, 40 km from Saharanpur in Uttar Pradesh.[28]It is one of the most visited pilgrimage centres in India. Every year lakhs of visitors visit the temple. Shakumbhari devi is a famousShaktipeeth(shrine) of maa Durga.[29]

Wood Carving City

[edit]

Saharanpur, known as the "Wood Carving City," is a cultural and artistic hub in India noted for its hand-carved wooden artifacts.[30][31][32]

Archaeological site Hulas

[edit]

Situated about 40 km south of Saharanpur is an archaeological site yielding evidence of lateHarappansettlement dating back to 2000 BC. It is one of the few significant Harappan sites in Western Uttar Pradesh besidesAlamgirpur(Meerut district) andBargaon(also in Saharanpur district).

Transport

[edit]
A trainpassing throughSaharanpur Railway Station

Two major National Highways pass through Saharanpur –NH 709BandNH 344.The NH 709B originates in Saharanpur and connects it toDelhiviaShamliandBaghpat,[33]while the NH 344 connects Saharanpur withAmbala,YamunanagarandRoorkee[34]and further connected to Panchkula in Haryana and Haridwar and Dehradun in Uttarakhand.Uttar Pradesh State Highway 57,commonly known as Delhi-Yamunotri highway, also passes through the city.[35]TheDelhi–Saharanpur–Dehradun Expresswayhas also been proposed, which will be ready by March 2024.[36][37]Shamli- Ambala six lane expressway which is expected to be completed by 2025 will connect Gangoh Block of the district directly to Ambala.

Saharanpur Junctionis the primary railway station serving the city. The station is under the administrative control ofAmbala railway divisionof theNorthern Railways,[38]and is located at the junction ofMoradabad–Ambala line,Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur lineand theDelhi–Shamli–Saharanpur line.Saharanpur was connected with rail lines when theScinde, Punjab & Delhi Railwaycompleted the 483-kilometre-long (300 mi)Amritsar–Ambala–Saharanpur–Ghaziabadline in 1870 connectingMultan(now in Pakistan) withDelhi.[39]Another line connecting Saharanpur withMoradabadwas completed in 1886.[40][41]

The Shahdara–Saharanpur light railway connectingShahdarain Delhi with Saharanpur was opened to traffic in 1907. The railway was built in2 ft 6 in(762 mm)narrow gaugeand total length was 94.24 miles (151.66 km).[42][43][44]However, due to increasing losses, the railway was closed in 1970. It was later converted to1,676 mm(5 ft 6 in) broad gauge and was repopened in the late 1970s.[43][44][45]Saharanpur falls on the route of the proposed 1,839-kilometre (1,143 mi)Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridorproject.[46]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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[edit]
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