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Sai Baba of Shirdi

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Sai Baba
Sai Baba
Sai Baba (sitting near Dhuni in Dwarkamai circa 1903)
Personal
Died(1918-10-15)15 October 1918[1]
Shirdi,Bombay Presidency,British India
(present-dayAhmednagar District,Maharashtra,India)
Resting placeSamadhi Mandir,Shirdi
NationalityIndian
Organization
TempleShri Saibaba, Samadhi Mandir, Shirdi
Websitesai.org.in

Sai Baba of Shirdi(c. 1838? – 15 October 1918),[2]also known asShirdi Sai Baba,was an Indian spiritual master andfakir,considered to be asaint,[3]revered by bothHinduandMuslimdevotees during and after his lifetime.

According to accounts from his life, Sai Baba preached the importance of "realisation of the self" and criticised "love towards perishable things". His teachings concentrated on a moral code of love, forgiveness, helping others, charity, contentment, inner peace, and devotion to God andGuru.

Sai Baba condemned discrimination based on religion or caste. He had both Hindu and Muslim followers, but when pressed on his own religious affiliations, he refused to identify himself with one to the exclusion of the other.[4]: 3 His teachings combined elements of Hinduism and Islam: he gave the Hindu nameDwarakamayito the mosque in which he lived,[5]practised both Hindu and Muslim rituals, and taught using words and figures that drew from both traditions. According to theShri Sai Satcharita,a hagiography written shortly after his death, his Hindu devotees believed him to be an incarnation of the Hindu deityDattatreya.[6][4]

Biography

Most information about Shirdi Sai Baba comes from theŚrī Sāī Saccaritawritten by G.R. Dabholkar in Marathi (1859-1929). Dabholkar's biography was influenced by theVākarī Sampradāyaand the MarathiGurucaritrabySarasvatī Gaṅgādhar.[7]

Early years

Sai Baba sitting on a stone.
Sai Baba with some devotees

Sai Baba is noted to have been born as a HinduBrahminbefore he was adopted by aSufifakeer. However, he himself gave no importance to the questions about his origins.[4]: 8–9 [8]: 129 [9]Baba reportedly arrived at the village ofShirdidressed as afaqīrin theAhmednagar DistrictofMaharashtra,India,when he was about sixteen years old. Although there is no agreement among biographers about the date of this event, it is generally accepted that Baba stayed in Shirdi for three years, disappeared for a year, and then returned permanently around 1858. This suggests a possible birth year of 1838.[4]: 45 [7]He led an ascetic life, sitting motionless under aneemtree andmeditatingwhile sitting in anasana.The Sai Satcharita recounts the reaction of the villagers.

The people of the village were wonder-struck to see such a young lad practicing hard penance, not minding heat or cold. By day he associated with no one, by night he was afraid of nobody.[4]: 46 

Some of the religiously-inclined villagers (Mahalsapati, Appa Jogle and Kashinatha) visited him regularly. The village children considered him mad and threw stones at him.[10]After some time he left the village and it is unknown where he went or what happened to him. There are some indications that he met with many saints and fakirs and worked as a weaver. He is reported to have said that he fought with the army ofRani LakshmibaiofJhansiduring theIndian Rebellion of 1857.[11]

Name

Sai Baba's real name is unknown. The nameSaiwas given to him by the temple priest Mahalsapati when he returned to Shirdi in 1858. The wordSairefers to a religious mendicant but can also meanGod.[12]In several Indian and Middle Eastern languages the termBabais an honorific signifying grandfather, father, old man or sir. Thus Sai Baba denotes "holy father", "saintly father".[4]

Return to Shirdi

Sai Baba in his usual attire

Around this time Sai Baba adopted the practice of dressing in a knee-length one-piecekafnirobeand a cloth cap, articles of typical Sufi clothing. Ramgir Bua, a devotee, testified that Sai Baba was dressed like an athlete and sported 'long hair flowing down to the end of his spine' when he arrived in Shirdi, and that he never had his head shaved. It was only after Baba forfeited a wrestling match with one Mohiddin Tamboli that he took up thekafniand cloth cap.[13]This attire contributed to Baba's identification as a Muslim fakir and was one reason for the initial hostility toward him in a predominantly Hindu village.[4]

For four to five years, Baba lived under a neem tree, and undertook long periods of meditation. His manner was said to be withdrawn and uncommunicative, and he often wandered for long periods in the jungle around Shirdi.[14]He was eventually persuaded to take up residence in an old and dilapidated mosque, where he lived a solitary life, surviving by begging foralmsand receiving itinerant Hindu or Muslim visitors. In the mosque, he maintained a sacred fire (dhuni), and gave sacred ash ('Udi') from the fire to guests on their departure. The ash was believed to have healing andapotropaicpowers. He performed the function of a localhakimand treated the sick by application of ashes. He delivered spiritual teachings to his visitors, and recommended the reading of theRamayanaandBhagavat Gitafor Hindus and theQur'anfor Muslims. He insisted on the indispensability of the unbroken remembrance of God's name (dhikr), and often expressed himself in a cryptic manner with the use ofparables,symbols,andallegories.[4]: 86 

Baba is believed to have tended a garden called Lendi Baug, named after a riverlet called Lendi which flowed nearby.[15]The garden still exists; it contains temples (samadhis) commemorating people and animals associated with Baba's life, and continues to be visited by pilgrims.[16]

Some of Shirdi Sai Baba's disciples became well-known spiritual figures and saints, most notably Mahalsapati, a priest of theKhandobatemple in Shirdi, andUpasani Baba Maharaj,who himself became the teacher ofMeher Baba.He was revered by other saints as well, such as Bidkar Maharaj,Gagangiri Maharaj,Janakidas Maharaj and Sati Godavari Mataji.[17][18]Sai Baba referred to several saints as 'my brothers', especially the disciples ofSwami Samartha of Akkalkot.[18]

In 1910, Shirdi Sai Baba's fame began to spread inMumbai.[19][20]Being regarded as a saint with the power of performing miracles, and even as anavatar,numerous people came to visit him.[21]They built his first temple atBhivpuri,Karjat.[22]

Final years and death (Samadhi)

In August 1918, Sai Baba told some of his devotees that he would soon be "leaving his mortal body".[23]Towards the end of September, he had a high fever and stopped eating.[24]As his condition deteriorated, he asked his disciples to recite holy texts to him, although he also continued to meet visitors. He died on 15 October 1918, coinciding with theVijayadashamifestival.[25][26]His remains were interred at Buti Wada in Shirdi, which later became a place of worship that is known today as Shree Samadhi Mandir or Shirdi Sai Baba Temple.

Teachings and practices

Sai Baba, leaning against the wall of Dwarakamayi, with devotees

Sai Baba opposed all persecution based on religion orcaste.He was an opponent of religious orthodoxy – Christian, Hindu, and Muslim.[4]: 139 

Sai Baba encouraged his devotees to pray, chant God's name, and read holy scriptures. He advised Muslims to study theQur'anand Hindus to study texts such as theRamayana,Bhagavad GitaandYoga Vasistha.[27]He instructed his devotees and followers to lead a moral life, help others, love every living being without any discrimination, and develop two important features of character: faith (Shraddha) and patience (Saburi). He criticisedatheism.[28]

In his teachings, Sai Baba emphasised the importance of performing one's duties without attachment to earthly matters and of being content regardless of the situation. In his personal practice, he observed worship procedures belonging to Islam; although he did not engage in regular rituals, he allowed the practice ofSalah,chanting ofAl-Fatiha,and Qur'an readings at Muslim festival times.[29]Occasionally reciting the Al-Fatiha, Baba enjoyed listening tomawlidandqawwaliaccompanied by thetablaandsarangitwice daily.[30]

Sai Baba interpreted the religious texts of both Islam and Hinduism. He explained the meaning of the Hindu scriptures in the spirit ofAdvaita Vedanta,with a strong emphasis on the path ofbhakti(devotion). All three of the main Hindu spiritual paths –Bhakti Yoga,Jnana Yoga,andKarma Yoga– influenced his teachings.[4]: 261–352  Sai Baba encouraged charity and sharing. He said:

Unless there is some relationship or connection, nobody goes anywhere. If any men or creatures come to you, do not discourteously drive them away, but receive them well and treat them with due respect. SriHari(God) will certainly be pleased if you give water to the thirsty, bread to the hungry, clothes to the naked, and your verandah to strangers for sitting and resting. If anybody wants any money from you and you are not inclined to give, do not give, but do not bark at him like a dog. "[31]

Sai Baba stressed the importance of surrender to the truesatguru,who, having trodden the path to divine consciousness, can lead the disciple through the jungle of spiritual growth.[32]True devotees, he said, always meditate upon thesatguruwith love, and surrender themselves completely to him. When he spoke of himself in this sense he explained his meaning thus:

You need not go anywhere in search of Me. Barring your name and form, there exists in you, as well as in all beings, a sense of Being or Consciousness of Existence. That is ‘Me’. Knowing this, you see Me inside yourself, and in all beings. If you practice this, you will realize all-pervasiveness and thus be as one with Me.[33]

Worship and devotees

Sai Baba's Temple in Shirdi
TheMandir KalashaOf The Samadhi Mandir, Shirdi

A localKhandobapriest, Mahalsapati Nagre, is believed to have been Sai Baba's first devotee.[34][35]In the 19th century, Sai Baba's followers were only a small group of inhabitants of Shirdi and a few people from other parts of India.[20]

Today, because of Sai Baba, Shirdi has become a famousreligious touristdestination in India and is counted as one of the most popular Hindu places of pilgrimage.[36][37]The first Sai Baba temple is situated atKudal,Sindhudurg.This temple was built in 1922.

The Sai Baba Temple in Shirdi is visited by an average of 25,000 pilgrims a day. During religious festivals, this number can reach up to 100,000.[38]Both the interior of the temple and the exterior cone are covered with gold. Inside the temple, the statue of Sai Baba is carved out of Italian marble and is seen draped with royal cloth, wearing a gold crown and adorned with fresh flower garlands. The temple is managed by the Shri Sai Baba Sansthan Trust.

Following rituals and traditions dating back to when Baba was still alive, fouraartisare held daily (corresponding to the time of the day) inside the Samadhi Mandir.[citation needed]

  • Kakad Aarti(The Morning Aarti)at 04:30
  • Madhyan Aarti(The Afternoon Aarti)at 12:00
  • Dhup Aarti(The Evening Aarti)at 18:30
  • Shej Aarti(The Night Aarti)at 22:30

The Palanquin procession of Sai Baba takes place every Thursday from the Samadhi Mandir to Dwarkamayi, onward to Chavdi and back to the Sai Baba Mandir. Devotees belonging to all faiths are welcome to take Darshan in the Samadhi Mandir and have free meals in the Prasadalaya, irrespective of caste, creed, and religion.[citation needed]

Sai Baba of Shirdi is especially revered and worshiped in the states ofMaharashtra,Odisha,Andhra Pradesh,Telangana,Karnataka,Tamil Nadu,andGujarat.[citation needed]

In recent years, the following of Sai Baba has spread to the Netherlands, the Caribbean, Nepal, Canada, United States, Australia, United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, United Kingdom,[39][40]Germany, France, and Singapore,[41]due to theHinduIndian Diasporain those countries.

Hindus and Muslims

A household shrine (Deoghar) in a Hindu Marathi family with Saibaba at the center

In a verse of the midday arti, devotees sing:

In essence, there is no difference whatever between Hindu and Muslim. You took birth in human body to show this. You look with affection on both Hindus and Muslims. This, Sai, who pervades all, as the soul of all, demonstrates.

Baba often talked about the Hindu gods and quoted from sacred texts. On occasion he would comment on passages from the Bhagavad Gita, the Isha Upanishad, and others. The names of Krishna and Rama were sacred to him. With Muslim followers, he talked of Allah and the Qur'an, often quoting Persian verses. He frequently used the expression "Allah rakhega vaiia rahena"(" Let us be content with what we have, and submit our will to Allah "). He told his listeners that he, like them, was but a devotee of Allah, a humble faqir with two arms and two legs. In later years, Parsis and Christians would also visit him in Shirdi. He respected all faiths, and taught that all are particular paths toward one ineffable goal.[4]: 70–71 

His notion of the unity of all mankind was congruous with bothAdvaitismandSufism."God being one and the master of all also meant that all his creatures were part of one big family," writes Sikand. "This belief was entirely in keeping with both the Bhakti philosophy as well as the teachings of the Sufis, who believed that the light of God exists in every creature, indeed in every particle of His creation."[42]For Sai Baba, it is commonly believed that he viewed all religious paths as being equally valid, with him considering "Ishwar" (the Hindu God) and "Allah" to be synonymous. People coming to his abode were so taken aback to see Hindus, Muslims, and others living together so peacefully that in many instances it proved to be life-changing.[43]

Followers

Sai Baba depicted on atapestry
Padukas of Sai Baba

Shirdi Sai Baba left behind no spiritual heirs, appointed no disciples, and did not provide formal initiation (diksha), despite requests. Some of Sai Baba's notable disciples include Mahalsapathi, Madhav Rao (Shama), Nanasaheb Peshway, Bayijabai, Tatya Kote Patil, Kakasaheb Dixit, Radhakrishna Maai, Hemadpant, Bhuti, Das Ganu, Lakshmi Bai, Nanavali, Abdul Baba, Sapatanekar, Nanasaheb Chandodkar, B.V. Narashima Swamiji.[44]Some disciples became well-known spiritual figures, such asUpasani MaharajofSakori.After the death of Sai Baba, his devotees offered the dailyAartito Upasani Maharaj when he paid a visit toShirditwice within 10 years.[45]

Hindus

The Hindu saint Anandanath of Yewala called Sai Baba a "precious diamond."[46]Another saint, Gangagir, said "Blessed is Shirdi, that it got this precious jewel."[46]Sri Beedkar Maharaj greatly revered Sai Baba and when he met him in 1873, bestowed the titleJagad guruupon him.[47][48]Sai Baba was also greatly respected byVasudevananda Saraswati(known as Tembye Swami).[49]He was also revered by a group ofShaivicyogis, known as theNath-Panchayat.[50]He is considered an avatar of the "Supreme Reality" (Brahman or God), a satguru, or saint, depending on individual proclivities[citation needed].This is not uncommon in Hinduism where there is no central doctrine or cosmology, but a basis in individual faith and spirituality.

Muslims

Abdul Baba was a close devotee of Sai Baba and was the caretaker of the shrine from 1918 to 1922. A large number of Muslim devotees used to come to the shrine until the 1980s.[8]

Parsis

Shirdi Sai Baba was revered by prominentZoroastrianssuch asNanabhoy Palkhivala,Farhaad Panthaky, andHomi Bhabha,and has been cited as the Zoroastrians' most popular non-Zoroastrian religious figure.[51]

Meher Baba,who was born into a Zoroastrian family, met Sai Baba in December 1915 and considered this event among the most significant in his life.Shri Sai Satcharita(Sai Baba's life story) makes no mention of Meher Baba, but inLord Meher,the life story of Meher Baba, there are numerous references to Sai Baba.[45]Meher Baba declared Sai Baba to be aQutub-e-Irshad,or the highest of the fiveQutubs,a "Master of the Universe" in Meher Baba's spiritual hierarchy.[52]

In culture

Sacred art and architecture

There are many temples of Shirdi Sai Baba in India.[53]Temples are also located in countries outside India, including the United States, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Fiji, Mauritius, South Africa, Netherlands, Kenya, Benin, Cuba, Canada, Pakistan, Australia, United Kingdom, Germany, Japan and New Zealand.[54]In the mosque in Shirdi where Sai Baba lived, there is a life-size portrait of him by Shama Rao Jaykar, an artist from Mumbai. There are numerous monuments and statues, designed to serve a religious function, of Sai Baba of Shirdi. One of these, made of marble by a sculptor named Balaji Vasant Talim, is in the Samadhi Mandir in Shirdi where Sai Baba was buried.[55]

In 2008, India Post issued a commemorative postage stamp of ₹5 to honour Shirdi Sai Baba.[56][57]

Film and television

Sai Baba has been the subject of feature films in various languages produced by theIndian film industry.

Year Film Title role Director Language Ref(s)
1955 Shirdi Che Sai Baba Dattopant Aangre Kumarsen Samarth Marathi [58]
1977 Shirdi Ke Sai Baba Sudhir Dalvi Ashok V. Bhushan Hindi [59]
1986 Sri Shirdi Saibaba Mahathyam Vijayachander K. Vasu Telugu [60]
1989 Bhagavan Shri Sai Baba Sai Prakash Sai Prakash Kannada [61]
1993 Sai Baba Yashwant Dutt Babasaheb S. Fattelal Marathi [62]
1999 Maya / Guru Poornima / Jayasurya Rama Narayanan Tamil
Telugu
Kannada		 [63]
2000 Sri Sai Mahima Sai Prakash Ashok Kumar Telugu [64]
2001 Shirdi Sai Baba Sudhir Dalvi Deepak Balraj Vij Hindi
2005 Ishwarya Avatar Sai Baba Mukul Nag Ramanand Sagar Hindi
2010 Malik Ek Jackie Shroff Deepak Balraj Vij Hindi
2010–11 Bhagwan Sri Shirdi Sai Baba Surya Vasishta Bukkapatna Vasu Kannada [65]
2012 Shirdi Sai Nagarjuna Akkineni K. Raghavendra Rao Telugu
2017–2023 Mere Sai Abeer Soofi

Tushar Dalvi

Sachin P. Ambre
Harsh Agarwal		 Hindi [66]

See also

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  66. ^"SET India – Indian Television, Hindi Serials, TV Shows & Live Reality Soaps| Entertainment Channel".www.setindia.com.Archivedfrom the original on 1 December 2017.Retrieved23 November2017.

Bibliography

  • Arulneyam, Durai,The Gospel of Shri Shirdi Sai Baba. A Holy Spiritual Path,New Delhi, Sterling, 2008.ISBN978-81-207-3997-0
  • Babuji, Sri Sainathuni Sarath, 'Arati Sai Baba,The Psalm Book of Shirdi Aratis, Saipatham Publications, 1996available online
  • Kamath, M. V.& Kher, V. B.,Sai Baba of Shirdi: A Unique Saint,India: Jaico Publishing House (1997).ISBN81-7224-030-9
  • Osborne, Arthur,The Incredible Sai Baba. The Life and Miracles of a Modern-day Saint,Hyderabad, Orient Longman, 1957.ISBN81-250-0084-4
  • Panday, Balkrishna,Sai Baba's 261 Leelas. A Treasure House of Miracles,New Delhi, Sterling, 2004.ISBN81-207-2727-4
  • Parthasarathy, Rangaswami,God Who Walked on Earth. The Life and Times of Shirdi Sai Baba,New Delhi, Sterling, 1996.ISBN81-207-1809-7.
  • Rao, Sham P. P.,Five Contemporary Gurus in the Shirdi (Sai Baba) Tradition,Bangalore: Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, 1972.LCCN75-905429.
  • Venkataraman, Krishnaswamy,Shirdi Stories,Srishti Publishers, New Delhi, 2002.ISBN81-87075-84-8
  • White, Charles S. J.,The Sai Baba Movement: Approaches to the Study of India SaintsinJournal of Asian Studies,Vol. 31, No. 4 (Aug. 1972), pp. 863–878
  • White Charles S. J.,The Sai Baba Movement: Study of a Unique Contemporary Moral and Spiritual Movement,New Delhi, Arnold-Heinemann, 1985.
  • Williams, Alison,Experiencing Sai Baba's Shirdi. A Guide,revised edition, Shirdi, Saipatham Publications. 2004ISBN81-88560-00-6available online
  • Walshe-Ryan, Lorraine,I am always with you,Reprint 2008, New Delhi,Sterling Publishing,2006.ISBN978-81-207-3192-9.
  • Guruji Vij Rajesh, Service to Living beings is service to god Jai Sai Naam (1995) India
  • Pandya, Samta P. (2018),Faith Movements and Social Transformation: Guru Charisma in Contemporary India,Springer,ISBN978-9811328237
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