Sang Hyang Adi Buddha

This article is about Sanghyang Adi Buddha of Buddhayana, Indonesia. For the global use of Adi-Buddha, seeAdi Buddha.

Sanghyang Adi Buddhais aconcept of GodinIndonesian Buddhism.This term was used byAshin Jinarakkhitaat the time of Buddhist revival inIndonesiain the mid-20th century to reconcile the first principle of the official philosophical foundation of Indonesia (Pancasila), i.e.Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa(lit. "Recognition of the Divine Omnipotence" ) that requires the belief in asupreme God,which Buddhism, strictly speaking, does not believe in.This concept is used by the Indonesian Buddhist Council, an organization that seeks to represent all Buddhist traditions in Indonesia such asTheravada,Mahayana,andVajrayana.

Adi-Buddhais a term used inTantric Buddhismto refer to the Primordial Buddha. The termSanghyang Adi Buddhais agreed upon and used by the Indonesian Supreme Sangha and the Indonesian Buddhist Council as the designation for God Almighty.This term is not found inPāli Canon,but used in some oldIndonesianVajrayana texts such asSanghyang Kamahayanikan.

Conception

Sang Hyang Adi Buddha refers to "the seed ofBuddhahood"inside every being. InMahayana Buddhism,Adi Buddha refers to the primordial Buddha that outlines the same UniversalDhamma.The Adi-buddha is not a monotheistic deity as in the Abrahamic traditions, but is rather the primordial nature of mind, the part of the mind that never enters samsara, and is thus the "primordial Buddha." As the Primordial Buddha never entertains conceptual ignorance or proliferation, all that arises is referred to as "self-liberated." Sogyal Rinpoche writes: "[Kuntuzangpo] represents the absolute, naked, sky-like primordial purity of the nature of our mind.""

For the purposes of official recognition as a religion by the state, Mahabhiksu Ashin Jinarakkhita encouraged Indonesian Buddhists to present the Adi-Buddha as: "a concept of “supreme divinity” in the Dharma that would be most readily recognizable and acceptable to predominantly Muslim authorities. "

Adi-Buddhais the Primordial Buddha, orParamadi Buddha(The first and incomparable Buddha). He has some other names in other Buddhist traditions such asAdau‐Buddha(Primordial Buddha),Anadi‐Buddha(Uncreated Buddha),Uru‐Buddha(Buddha of the Buddhas). He also calledAdinatha(The first Protector),Svayambhulokanatha(self-originating World Protector),Vajradhara(Vajra Holder),Vajrasattva(Vajra Being),Svayambhu(the Self-Originating One), orSanghyang Adwaya(Unequalled). InChinese language,Adi‐Buddha isPen‐chu‐fu(Chinese:Bổn sơ phật;pinyin:Běnchūfó), whilearamadi‐Buddhais translated asSheng‐chu‐fu.In TibetDan‐pohi‐sans‐rgyas,Mchog‐gi‐dan‐pohi‐sans‐rgyas,orThogmahi‐sans‐rgyasare all refers to "Buddha of the Buddhas", that existed since the beginning, as the first:Paramadi‐buddhoddhrta‐sri‐kalacakra‐nama‐tantrarajaandJnanasattva‐manjusryadi‐buddha‐nama‐sadhana.

Mahayana Buddhismbelieves thatBuddhahas three bodies (Trikaya), i.e.: "The Created Body" (Nirmanakaya) to teach common human being; "Body of Mutual Enjoyment" (Sambhogakāya) or the body of bliss or clear light; and "Truth Body" (Dharmakāya) which is eternal, omnipresent, non-individual, almighty, non-dual, and self-originating (svabhava‐kaya). There may be many Buddhas, but only one Dharmakaya. This Dharmakaya is identical with Adi‐Buddha. The sources of this Trikaya doctrine areAvatamsaka SutraandMahayana‐sraddhotpada‐shastra.The last one was the work of Asvagosha, amonkwho lived around the first century AD. Vetulyaka Lokottaravada School says thatSakyamunioriginally was the manifestation of Adi‐Buddha in this world. Herman S. Hendro (1968) wrote:

"Dalam Kitab Sutji Sang Hyang Kamahayanikan, pupuh ke-19 didjelaskan bahwa Sang Buddha Gautama telah menunggal dengan Sang Hyang Adhi Buddha atau dengan kata lain bahwa Sang Buddha Gautama adalah pengedjawantahan dari Sang Adhi Buddha. Karena itu bila kita menjebut Sang Adhi Buddha maka itu adalah Sang Buddha jang tidak berkarya (saguna)."

"In the Sacred Book of Sanghyang Kamahayanikan, 19th stanza, is explained that the Buddha Gautama was merged with Sang Hyang Adhi Buddha, or in other words the Buddha Gautama was the manifestation of the Adhi Buddha. Therefore if we refers the Adhi Buddha then He is the Buddha who is inactive (saguna). "

With his power, he emanates into fiveDhyani Buddhas.The Pure Land of the Adi Buddha is calledOgamininTibetanorAkanisthainSanskrit(lit. "not down" or "without (back) to the bottom" ).

Buddhist concept

InUdanaNikaya (viii: 3),Sakyamunigave his teaching:

There is, O monks, an Unborn, Unoriginated, Uncreated, Unformed. Were there not, O monks, this Unborn, Unoriginated, Uncreated, Unformed, there would be no escape from the world of the born, originated, created, formed. Since, O monks, there is an Unborn, Unoriginated, Uncreated, Unformed, therefore is there an escape from the born, originated, created, formed. What is dependent, that also moves; what is independent does not move. Where there is no movement, there is rest; where rest is, there is no desire; where there is no desire, there is neither coming nor going, no ceasing-to-be, no further coming to be. Where there is no ceasing-to-be, no further coming-to-be, there is neither this shore [this world] nor the other shore [Nirvana], nor anything between them.

From thePali language:Athi Ajatam Adbhutam Akatam Samkhatamor "the Unborn, Unoriginated, Uncreated, and Absolute One". The Primordial Buddha is something without ego (anatta), unpersonified, and indescribable in any form. But for there is the Absolute, the unconditioned (Asamkhatam), one can attain the freedom from thewheel of life(samsara) by meditating.

Sanghyang Adi Buddha is the origin of everything in the universe, but he himself is without beginning or end, self-originating, infinite, omnipotent, unconditioned, absolute, omnipresent, almighty, incomparable, and immortal. However, those words are unable to describe the true self of Sanghyang Adi Buddha. The existence of Adi Buddha demonstrates that this life is not the product of chaos, but the product of spiritual hierarchy. By the presence of Adi Buddha, this life becomes useful and be possible to attain enlightenment and Buddhahood.

The Indonesian Supreme Sangha describes God inBuddhismand (for the purposes of state recognition as a religion) defines God as "the source of everything that exists": Almighty, eternal, everything in the universe are His exposition, intangible and doesn't manifest Himself.

Indonesian National Encyclopedia

Indonesian National Encyclopedia (1988) describes Adi Buddha and the traditions that are used this term thus:

Adi-Buddha is a term for the Almighty God in Buddhism. This title came from the Aisvarika tradition of Mahayana in Nepal, which is spread through Bengal, and became also known in Java. Aisvarika is the term for the disciples of theist view in Buddhism. This word came from 'Isvara' which means 'God' or 'Great Buddha' or 'the Almighty', and 'ika' which means 'follower' or 'disciple'. This term is used by the Svabhavavak Buddhism in Nepal. This school is one of the branch of Tantrayana school of Mahayana. The term for God Almighty in this school is Adi-Buddha. Later, this view also spread to Java in the time ofSrivijayaandMajapahit.The present scholars knows this term from the paper of B.H. Hodgson, a researcher who studied the religious in Nepal. According to this view, one can coalesce (moksha) with Adi-Buddha or Isvara through his efforts with the ascetic path (tapa) and meditating (Dhyana).

The Seeker's Glossary of Buddhism

The Seeker's Glossary of Buddhismgives the following definition for Adi Buddha:

Term used inMahayana Buddhism,especially inNepalandTibet,for the 'primordial Buddha', the Buddha without beginning. "(Ling: 8)

The primordial Buddha. Although the concept itself can be traced to early Buddhism, it is widely acknowledge that the notion of the Adi-Buddha was fully developed in esoteric Buddhism. In [traditional Mahayana] Buddhism, the Adi-Buddha is represented by Mahavairocana Buddha ". (Preb: 38)

Indonesia

Since the time ofSailendraandMataram Kingdom,Indonesian Buddhists have had a belief in the existence of the Adi-Buddha similar to the Buddhists inTibet,Nepal,and the northern schools. Nepalese Buddhism uses the termAdinata,which means "main protector," andSwayambhulokanatta,which means "the unborn protector of the universe". The Tibetan form of the term isVajradhara(TibetanDorjechang;lit. "ruler of all the mysteries" ). The Namasangiti text composed byCandrakīrti(a monk who lived in Indonesia), and the symbolism ofBorobudur'smandalastupa,provided evidence that the Buddhism embraced by Indonesian people since the days ofSrivijaya,Ancient Mataram,Sailendra,andMajapahitis a Buddhism that honors the Primordial Buddha.

Some Indonesian sacred texts that contain the name of Sanghyang Adi Buddha are:

Guna Karanda Vyuha text

In the time of nothingness, Shambu was already exist, this is what is calledSvayambhu(self-manifested), and preceded all things, this is why he is called the Adi Buddha.

Sanghyang Kamahayanikantext

All praises for Sanghyang Adi Buddha, this is the Sanghyang Kamahayanikan that I have been wanted to teach you, to the sons of Buddha (whom also) the family of Tathagata, the grandeur of 'Sanghyang Mahayana' practices is what i have to teach you.

Herman S. Hendro (1968), in his paper, mentioned:

The closed uppermost large stupa [of Borobudur] is the epitome of a man who has reached the Absolute Freedom (Nibbana/ Nirvana) and united with Adi Buddha. Inside that stupa once was anincomplete and rough Buddha statuewhich is depicting the Adi Buddha which is unimaginable by human.

Modern Indonesia

The unfinished buddha statue of the main stupa of Borobudur Temple atKarmawibhangga Museum

At the timeIndonesian independencein 1945, the leaders of the nascent state agreed on a proposed ideology that would serve all ethnicities, religions, and races,(i.e.,Pancasila) as the basic foundation of the state and nationhood. The first precept ofPancasilais "Belief in the Almighty Godliness" ( "Recognition of the Divine Omnipotence" ).The majority of Indonesian people mistranslated thesanskrit"Esa"(" Almighty ") as"Eka"(" One "). This misconception has brought doubt upon the Indonesian conception of Buddhism as a monotheist religion.

Followingan alleged coup attemptby theCommunist Party of Indonesia(PKI) in 1965, Indonesian Government rejects and prohibits the development of all views that correspond tocommunismoratheism.Consequently, there was some doubt within the Indonesian Government at the time whetherBuddhismcan be accepted as an official religion.Ashin Jinarakkhitaproposed the name of Sanghyang Adi Buddha as the god of Buddhist teachings. He sought confirmation for this uniquely Indonesian version of Buddhism in ancient Javanese texts, and even the shape of the Buddhist temple complex at Borobudur in Central Java.It was submitted to the Minister of Religious Affairs, and the government eventually accepted Buddhism as a state religion in 1978, as stated in GBHN (Outlines of Indonesian State Policy) of 1978, Presidential Decree No. 30 of 1978, and the Form Letter ofIndonesian Department of the InteriorNo.477/74054/1978 (November 18, 1978).

Controversy

The use of Sanghyang Adi Buddha as a name for a supreme God is controversial amongIndonesian Buddhiststo the present day. The reason is that the concept of Sanghyang Adi Buddha, which only exists inTantrayana/Vajrayanatraditions, is not a god in the sense of a personal god of the monotheistic religions. The use of the name of Sanghyang Adi Buddha as apersonal god,is the product of a compromise with political reality, and is contrary to the teachings ofBuddhism.Because of this political compromise,Indonesian Buddhismdiffers from mainstream Buddhism. This controversy also extends to Very VenerableAshin Jinarakkhitaas the originator of the term Sanghyang Adi Buddha as a god in Buddhism.

While the State seemed to be easily satisfied withAshin Jinarakkhita's assurance, questions came from their fellow Buddhists and, later, also his primary disciples who were on the same boat with him in the beginning. Since then, debates, disintegration, and splits could not be avoided within Buddhist organizations. The strongest opposition was coming from theTheravādinmembers, and it seemed to happen partly because of the influence of theThaiBuddhist’s purification movement started in the nineteenth century byKing Mongkutas later on many ThaiBhikkhuscoming toIndonesia.Though there were also Buddhist monks coming fromSri LankaandMyanmar,such asNarada Mahathera,Mahasi Sayadawand other Sangha members, they only came a few times during these early years.

In the same year when the controversy was erupting (1974), the Indonesian Directorate General Guidance of Hindu-Buddhism (Gde Puja, MA.) issued a resolution on all schools/ traditions of Buddhism that they should believe in the presence of an Almighty God (First precept of Pancasila), and while each of this sects may give different names to Him, He is essentially the same entity. This resolution became indirectly a government imposition of the doctrine of Oneness of God on all schools/ traditions of Buddhism. Any schools/ traditions that do not believe in the existence of One God would be dissolved. This happened to theMahayanaschool/ tradition of the monk Sun Karma Chandra which was dissolved on July 21, 1978.

Nowadays, the term of Sanghyang Adi Buddha only used mostly by Indonesian Buddhayana Council and Indonesian Supreme Sangha. Some schools treat the concept indifferently, while the others simply refuse and consider the idea as heresy (especially the Indonesian Theravada Sangha), and only a fraction supports it fully or partially.

Usage

Religious usage

Salutation

Sanghyang Adi Buddha is used in greeting especially by Indonesian Buddhayana Council, i.e.Namo Sanghyang Adi Buddhaya.This salutation was popularized by the late Venerable Mahawiku Dharma-ajiUggadhammo,one of the five first disciples ofAshin Jinarakkhita,whose ordained as the first Indonesian Buddhist monks after theindependence of Indonesia.

The complete salutation which is commonly used as a greeting in the books' preface, letters, or meeting is:

Namo Sanghyang Adi Buddhaya.
Namo Buddhaya, Bodhisatvaya Mahasatvaya.

Vandana

The tribute to Sanghyang Adi Buddha is often included in thevandana(devotion) section of ritual books.
1.Vandana

Terpujilah Sanghyang Adi Buddha Tuhan Yang Maha Esa

( "Homage to Sanghyang Adi Buddha the Almighty God" )

Terpujilah Bhagavā, Yang Maha Suci, Yang telah mencapai Penerangan Sempurna

( "Homage to the Blessed One the Worthy One, the Fully Enlightened One" )

Terpujilah Para Bodhisattva-Mahasattva

( "Homage to allHoly BeingsandGreat Beings")

2.Vandana

Namo Sanghyang Ādi Buddhaya (3x)

"Homage to the Almighty God, shout the whole world"

Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Sammā-sambuddhassa (3x)

"Homage to the Blessed One the Worthy One, the Fully Enlightened One"

Namo Sabbe Bodhisattvāya-Mahāsattvāya (3x)

"Homage to allHoly BeingsandGreat Beings"

Politics

Indonesian Government Regulation Number 21/1975 about the vow of the civil bureaucrat, arranges the vow for the Buddhist bureaucrat by mentions "Demi Sanghyang Adi Buddha"(" by Sanghyang Adi Buddha ") in the beginning of the vow.

Gallery

• 
  "Namo Sanghyang Adi Buddhaya" is used as a welcome greeting on Vihara Buddhayana Dharmawira Centre,Surabaya,Indonesia.
• 
  Namo Adi Buddhayawritten inJavanese scriptat Tjen Ling Kiong Temple,Yogyakarta.

See also

• Acintya
• Creator in Vajrayana Buddhism
• Creator in Buddhism
• Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
• Unfinished Buddha

Bibliography

• Brown, Iem (1987).Contemporary Indonesian Buddhism and Monotheism,Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 18 (1), 108-117