Saudi Arabian National Guard
| Saudi Arabian National Guard | |
|---|---|
| الحَرَس الوَطنيّ al-Ḥaras al-Waṭanī | |
 Flag of the Ministry of National Guard | |
| Founded | 1910[a] |
| Country | Saudi Arabia |
| Allegiance | CTHM |
| Branch | Army,Air force |
| Type | National guard |
| Role | Reserve army Counter-insurgency |
| Size | 153,000[b] |
| Part of | Ministry of National Guard |
| Regional HQ | Riyadh(central) Western Province Eastern Province |
| Nickname(s) | "The White Army","SANG" |
| Anniversaries | 23 September;92 years ago |
| Website | www.sang.gov.sa |
| Commanders | |
| Supreme commander |  PrinceAbdullah bin Bandar |
| Commander-in-Chief | Maj. GenMohammed bin Zaid Al-Qahtani |
| Notable commanders | King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz
|
TheSaudi Arabian National Guard(SANG) (Arabic:الحَرَس الوَطنيّ,romanized:al-Ḥaras al-Waṭanī), also known as theWhite Army,is one of the three major branches of the military forces of theKingdom of Saudi Arabia.[5]
The national guard is under the administrative control of theMinistry of National Guard,instead of theMinistry of Defence.It differs from the regularSaudi Arabian Armyin being forged out of tribal elements loyal to theHouse of Saudand tasked with protecting the royal family from internal dangers such as acoup d'état.[6]
Organisation and roles
[edit]
The Saudi Arabian National Guard has a standing force of 125,000 troops and a tribal militia of some 28,000 Fouj (tribal levies).[3]It serves both as a defence force against external attack and an internal security force. Its duties include protecting theSaudi ruling family,guarding against military coups, safeguarding strategic facilities and resources, and providing security for the cities ofMeccaandMedina.
It reports directly to the king through the Minister of the National Guard and, unlike the army, navy and air force, is not under the control of theMinistry of Defense.The Guard's command structure and communication network are entirely separate from those of the Ministries of Defense and the Interior.
Its personnel are drawn from tribes loyal to the king and theroyal family,whose high-ranking members are always appointed its commander. It has been described as an institution that "ties the tribes to the House of Saud" (bySandra Mackey).[7]It also draws recruits from official Wahhabi religious establishment. [8]It differs from the army in that its officers command units (e.g. battalions) "largely made up of their own tribal cousins, which makes the leaders and their followers less susceptible to subversive ideas and outside ideologies."[8]
According to journalistJohn R. Bradley,its leaders and their followers are 'supposed to have a vested interest in maintaining the status quo. "[8]The force was extensively reorganised and retrained by theVinnell Corporation(using over a thousand USVietnam Warveterans)[citation needed]in the 1980s. The United States' support for the SANG has been delivered both through private contractors and theU.S. army'sOffice of the Program Manager, Saudi Arabian National Guard Modernization Program.
History
[edit]
The SANG was founded as the successor to theIkhwan,the tribal army ofKing Abdulaziz.The Ikhwan had helped King Abdulaziz conquer theArabian Peninsulaand take it from theHashimitesinWorld War I.However, the Ikhwan committed many excesses and atrocities not just on theHejaziArmybut on other Arabs as well. The various tribal groups of the Ikhwan also had a tendency to go off and do their own things and thus needed to be brought under a more centralised control. The SANG acquired its moniker of the "White Army" during this period due to its wearing of traditional Arab dress instead of Western-style military uniforms. In 1954, the office of Jihad and Mujahidin was transformed into the modern National Guard.[9]It was called White Army until 1963 when a British military mission reorganized it.[10]
Training of the National Guard became the responsibility of the USVinnellcorporation in 1975. About 1,000 United States Vietnam veterans were initially recruited to serve in the long-term training program designed to convert the guard into a mobile and hard-hitting counterinsurgency force that could also reinforce the regular army if necessary. These contractors were supervised by a United States military group with the designation Office of the Program Manager—Saudi Arabian National Guard (OPM-SANG).
Extensive military infrastructure facilities have been built to ensure the comfort and well-being of national guard units. Their major cantonments were inAl-Ahsa OasisnearAl-Hufufand the major oil installations of theEastern Provinceand atAl-Qasimin theNejd,in an area where many of the tribal elements were recruited and most training was conducted. A large new housing project for guard personnel, with associated schools, shops, and mosques, has been constructed nearRiyadh,also the site of the guard's military academy, theKing Khalid Military College.Other National Guard military cities were located atAt-Ta'if,Dammam,andJeddah,while a new headquarters complex was built in Riyadh in the early 1980s.
During the 1950s and early 1960s, the regular army and the national guard were both small and of roughly equal strength. The guard suffered when the army's expansion was given priority, but in the 1970s the decline was reversed when the guard was converted to a light mechanized force with the help of United States advisers. Initially consisting of four combined arms battalions, the active-duty component had by 1992 been enlarged to two mechanized brigades, each with four infantry battalions, an artillery battalion, and engineering and signals companies. The guard's mobility over desert terrain was assured by 1,100Commando V-150armoured cars. Firepower came from 105 mm and 155 mm towed howitzers, 106 mm recoilless rifles, 90mm guns andBGM-71 TOWplatforms. In the 1990s, the V-150s were replaced in the mechanized battalions with overLAV-25Family of Vehicles bought from DDGM/GD in Canada.
The second component of the national guard, made up of tribal battalions under the command of local sheikhs, was organised into four infantry brigades (called the Fowj). These men, often the sons of local chiefs or of veterans of the original Ikhwan forces, reported for duty about once a month for the purpose of receiving stipends. They were provided withHeckler & Koch G3rifles, although many had individually acquiredAK-47sand other automatic weapons. They also have radios and are equipped with Toyota pickup trucks or Land Rovers. Many units are stationed along the borders of the Kingdom and have the mission to patrol the border areas. Although neither particularly well trained nor well equipped, they could be counted on to be loyal to the House of Saud if called for service. Their enrollment in the guard was largely a means to bolster the subsidies paid to local shaykhs and to retain the support of their tribes.
The national guard's King Abdulaziz Mechanized Brigade was swiftly deployed to the border area afterIraq's invasion of Kuwaitin 1990 and was actively engaged in the war, notably in the fighting to retake the town ofRa's al Khafji.After the war ended, it was reported that an enlargement of the national guard to eleven or twelve active brigades was contemplated. In addition, the ageing Commandos were to be replaced by more than 1,000 eight-wheeledLAV-25sand LAV variants manufactured byGeneral Motorsin Canada. The LAVs were to be mounted with a variety of armaments, such as 25 mm autocannon, larger-calibre 90 mm guns, 120mm mortars and TOW missile launchers.
Command
[edit]The Saudi Arabian National Guard's communications and chain of command maintained a separate network from regular Saudi Arabian military channels with a senior member of the royal family as its head. This structure was established byKing Saudin 1956.[11]Prior to 1956 the Guard was led by tribal sheikhs.[11]Following the 1956 reorganization the first royal,Khalid bin Saudwho was King Saud's son, was assigned to command the Guard in July 1957.[11]In 1959Saad bin Saud,another son of King Saud, became the commander.[11]
King Abdullahcommanded SANG for four decades, from 1962 until 17 November 2010 when he appointed his son,Prince Mutaib bin Abdullah,as the new commander.[12]In addition, three of his sons hold high positions within the organization. SANG's Deputy Commander wasPrince Badruntil 2010, who was a senior member of theAl Saud.Prince Mutaib was later arrested because of corruption and was imprisoned for a few months.[13]Its general headquarters, located inRiyadh,directly controlled the three regional sectors and the training facilities and the King Abdulaziz Independent Mechanized Brigade of four battalions.
The three regional (eastern, central, and western) sectors each command one or more mechanized or motorized brigades, several independent Security andMilitary Policeand logistical battalions, but also the irregularfowjbattalions.
Structure
[edit]The SANG was restructured with the help of theVinnell Corporationinto a light mechanized force equipped with over a thousandCadillac Gage Commandoarmored fighting vehicles(replaced withLAV-25sin the 1990s). Its mobile force consisted of three mechanized brigades and five motorized infantry brigades. Themilitiaportion consists of around 24 battalions offowj,tribal warriors on "retainer".
Brigades
[edit]The twenty one SANG brigades include:
- King Abdulaziz Mechanized Brigade (KAAMB), the second of the original mechanized brigades formed in the late 1970s with Cadillac-Gage V-150 vehicles. These were replaced in the 1990s by the more-capable LAV series of tactical vehicles. This was also the brigade that fought at theBattle of Khafji.Its reported garrison in early 1991 wasAl Hofuf.[14]
- King Faisal Light Infantry Brigade (KFB) based in Medina
- King Khalid Light Infantry Brigade's strength is unknown
- Prince Mohammad bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud Light Infantry Brigade
- Imam Muhammad bin Saud Mechanized Brigade (IMBSMB) the first of two mechanized brigades created in the late 1970s with Cadillac-Gage V-150 vehicles. These were replaced in the 1990s by the more-capable LAV series of tactical vehicles.
- Prince Saad bin Abdul Rahman Mechanized Brigade (PSARMB)was formed in the late 1990s and equipped with LAV series of tactical vehicles
- Prince Turki bin Abdulaziz Mechanized Brigade (PTAMB) was formed by 2006 and equipped with LAV series of tactical vehicles
- King Saud Light Infantry Brigade (KSB) based in Jeddah
- Omar bin Khattab light infantry brigade based in al-Taif
The two original motorized brigades, IMBSMB and KAAMB, had V-150 Commando armored cars, M‑102 howitzers (IMBS) and 155 mm M‑198howitzers,plusTOWanti-tank guided missile systemsin the anti-tank platoons of the line motorized companies; two in each company in the IMBS and six in the KAAB. The two brigades each had a headquarters company, four-line motorized battalions, afield artillerybattalion, a support battalion, and air defense, signals, and engineers companies.[15]
Regions
[edit]Central
[edit]Riyadh Regional Headquarters controlled:
- Imam Muhammad bin Saud Mechanized Brigade (IMBS), which controls four battalions (1st–4th) as well as the 1st SANG Artillery Battalion, and is based in Riyadh
- Prince Saad Abdulrahman Mechanized Brigade (PSAR), which controls four combined-armed battalions, and is based in Riyadh
- Turki Mechanized Brigade was reported to be in formation in 2002. As of 2006, it remains uncertain as to how developed this unit is.
- King Khalid Light Infantry Brigade's strength is unknown
- Ceremonial Cavalry Squadron
- King Khalid Military College
- Military Police battalion
- 1st Special Security Brigade based in Riyadh
- 1st Rapid Deployment Special Brigade
- Irregular (Fowj) tribal regiments
Eastern
[edit]Eastern Regional Headquarters, which is located in Dammam, controlled:
- King Abdulaziz Mechanized Brigade (KAAB), was in information in 2002, but its strength and organization is still unknown. Stanton, writing in 1996, identified this brigade as the King Abdul Aziz Brigade, stationed inHofufsouth of Dammam. It comprised the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Combined Arms Battalions and the 2nd Artillery Battalion (155mmM-198towed howitzers).[15]
- Prince Mohammad bin Abdulrahman al-Saud Light Infantry Brigade
- Military Police battalion
- 3rd Special Security Brigade based in Dammam
- 3rd Rapid Deployment Special Brigade
- Irregular (Fowj) tribal regiments
Western
[edit]Western Regional Headquarters, which is located in Jeddah, controlled:
- King Saud Light Infantry Brigade (KSB) based in Jeddah
- King Faisal Light Infantry Brigade (KFB) based in Medina
- Khalifa Omar bin Khattab Light Infantry Brigade (KOKB) based in Taif
- Military Police battalion
- 2nd Special Security Brigade based in Jeddah
- 2nd Rapid Deployment Special Brigade
- Irregular (Fowj) tribal regiments
Other units
[edit]National Guard Aviation
[edit]- Dirab Air Base- Center of Excellence and Aviation Training Brigade[16]
- Khasm Alan Air Base- 1st Aviation Brigade[17]
- Al Hofuf Air Base- 2nd Aviation Brigade[18]
- Prince Abdullah Air Base- 3rd Aviation Brigade[19]
Independent battalions
[edit]- In addition to the battalions under the control of the three regional headquarters, SANG has four independent light infantry battalions, which appear to be dedicated to protecting facilities and installations[20][failed verification]
Tribal militia
[edit]The second component of the national guard is theFowj(Arabic:فَيْج (also fayj) "legman, courier; company" ),[21]made up ofBedouin tribal(militia) battalions under the command of localsheikhs.These men, often the sons of local chiefs or of veterans of the original Ikhwan forces, reported for duty about once a month for the purpose of receiving stipends. They were provided with obsolete rifles, although many had individually acquiredKalashnikovassault rifles. Although neither particularly well trained nor well equipped, they could be counted on to be loyal to the House of Saud if called for service. Their enrollment in the guard is largely a means to bolster the subsidies paid to local sheikhs and to retain the support of their tribes.[22]The Fowj is currently organized into 27 battalions with approximately 27,000 men.[23]
Uniforms
[edit]Uniforms worn by personnel of Saudi Arabia's national guard are closely patterned on the British and United States models that influenced them during their early development. The most common uniform colors are khaki or olive drab. Officers had semidress uniforms for various functions and dress uniforms for formal occasions. All personnel wear berets, and officers also havepeaked caps.[24]
When in modern uniforms personnel wear a red beret. British three color BritishDesert pattern DPM[25]used throughout theMiddle East,AmericanDesert Camouflage Uniform(DCU), used in Iraq and other desert regions throughout theMiddle East and North Africa(MENA) regions. Some units still wear the AmericanDesert Battle Dress Uniformof which a Saudi grey variant is worn by SANG security guards. These are being replaced by several new digital or pixelated camouflage designs with an embedded Saudi Arabian National Guard crest.[26]National guardsmen often wear the traditional red-checkeredkeffiyehArab headdress. Tribal units often wear thethawbwith crossedbandoliers.[24]
Equipment
[edit]
The SANG is not, by tradition, issued equipment not used by the regular military; it does not possess any tanks but has several thousand wheeledarmored fighting vehiclesandarmoured personnel carriers.It possesses its ownhelicoptersand light aircraft and all the remaining types of military hardware including artillery.
A$2.2 billion foreign military sale contract delivered 724LAV‑II8×8 wheeledarmored personnel carriersin ten different varieties in 2001.
In December 2012, the Saudi National Guard ordered 68 French Multi-Purpose Combat Vehicle (MPCV) air-defense vehicles.[27] In September 2014, 24Boeing AH-6i Little Birdlight attack and reconnaissance helicopters were ordered fromBoeingwith deliveries to begin in 2016.[28]
| Model | Image | Origin | Variant | Quantity | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Small arms | |||||
| FN Five-Seven |  |
 Belgium |
Standard issue pistol. | ||
| FN P90 |  |
Belgium |
|||
| H&K MP5 |  |
 West Germany |
|||
| AK-47 |  |
 Soviet Union |
Used by tribal militias of the National Guard. | ||
| H&K G36 |  |
Germany |
|||
| FN FAL |  |
Belgium |
Used for ceremonial purposes. | ||
| FN F2000 |  |
Belgium |
|||
| FN MINIMI |  |
Belgium |
|||
| FN MAG |  |
Belgium |
|||
| Vektor SS-77 |  |
 South Africa |
|||
| WKW Wilk(Tor) |  |
 Poland |
<15 | ||
| Explosives, anti-tank weapons | |||||
| RPG-7 |  |
Soviet Union |
|||
| FN GL1 |  |
Belgium |
Attaches to the rifle. | ||
| Mk19 |  |
 United States |
|||
| Armored personnel carriers | |||||
| LAV-III |  |
 Canada |
19[29] | 900 LAV 6.0 on order. Some of the 900 combat vehicles will be fitted with a 105 mm anti-tank cannon known as the Cockerill CT-CV 105H and the rest will be fitted with a CPWS 20-25-30 which can be armed from a 20 mm to a 30 mm auto-cannon. | |
| Al-Fahd | Saudi Arabia | 100 | First indigenously designed APC. | ||
| Piranha II |  |
Switzerland | 1,117 | 172 more on order. | |
| LAV-25 |  |
United States
|
Multiple variants | N/A | |
| LAV II | Canada
|
ten different varieties | 724 | ||
| Cadillac Gage Commando | 
|
United States
|
V-150S | 579+ | between 7 and 10 of the Saudi V-150s were destroyed when they were used against Iraq |
| EE-11 Urutu |  |
 Brazil |
20 | ||
| Al-Naif | Saudi Arabia |
||||
| Artillery | |||||
| CAESAR |  |
France | 156[30][31] | ||
| Aircraft | |||||
| Boeing AH-64 Apache | 
|
United States |
36 | 12 + 24 on order | |
| Boeing AH-6 |  |
United States |
24[32] | ||
| Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk |  |
United States |
UH-60M | 48 | 72 order. 3 batches of 24. Introduced during 2015.[33] |
| Air Defense | |||||
| MPCV |  |
 France |
68[30] | ||
| VL-MICA |  |
France |
5[30] | ||
| M167 VADS |  |
United States |
30[30] | ||
Ranks
[edit]- Officers
| Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Saudi Arabian National Guard |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||||
| فريق Fariq |
لواء Liwa |
عميد Amid |
عقيد Aqid |
مقدم Muqaddam |
رائد Ra'id |
نقيب Naqib |
ملازم أول Mulazim awwal |
ملازم Mulazim | ||||||||||||||||
- Enlisted
| Rank group | Senior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabian National Guard |
|
|
|
|
|
|
No insignia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| رئيس رقباء Rayiys ruqaba' |
رقيب أول Raqib 'awal |
رقيب Raqib |
وكيل رقيب Wakil raqib |
عريف Earif |
جندي أول Jundiun awwal |
جندي Jundiun | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2013 reorganization
[edit]The SANG was transformed into a ministerial body on 27 May 2013.[34]PrinceMutaib bin Abdullah,former commander of the SANG, became the minister of national guard on the same day.[34]On 4 November 2017, Prince Mutaib was replaced by PrinceKhalid bin Abdulaziz bin Eyaf Al Saud(until December 2018)[35]
References
[edit]- ^The Ikhwan of Najd and Their Role in the Creation of the Sa'udi Kingdom, 1910–1930.John S. Habib. 1977.ISBN978-90-04-05757-9.
- ^"List of countries by number of reserve personnel".Armed Forces.Archivedfrom the original on 6 March 2020.Retrieved21 May2020.
- ^ab"Mapping the Saudi State, Chapter 5: The Saudi Arabian National Guard"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 14 November 2021.Retrieved14 October2019.
- ^"السعودية.. مزايا لنحو ربع مليون عسكري في الحرس الوطني"(in Arabic). 2019.Archivedfrom the original on 14 February 2023.Retrieved22 April2020.
- ^"Saudi Arabian National Guard (SANG)"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 9 January 2016.Retrieved30 September2015.
- ^Anthony H. Cordesman (2009).Saudi Arabia: National Security in a Troubled Region.ABC-CLIO. pp. 175–7.ISBN9780313380761.Archivedfrom the original on 22 March 2015.
- ^Mackey,The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom,p. 207.
- ^abcJohn R. Bradley (2005).Saudi Arabia Exposed: Inside a Kingdom in Crisis.Palgrave. p.69.ISBN9781403964335.
The National Guard, in contrast to the army, has institutionalized and cemented tribal, social, and religious ties in the kingdom because it is made up of young men drawn from the various ranks of the Bedu, tribes, and official Wahhabi religious establishment. Commanders, for instance, often head battalions largely made up of their own tribal cousins, which makes the leaders and their followers less susceptible to subversive ideas and outside ideologies. Since they and their families reap all of the benefits of being part of the state apparatus, they are supposed to have a vested interest in maintaining the status quo. (p.69)
- ^"History of the Saudi National Guard".Asharq Alawsat.11 September 2006.Archivedfrom the original on 1 February 2014.Retrieved5 April2013.
- ^Stephanie Cronin (2013)."Tribes, Coups and Princes: Building a Modern Army in Saudi Arabia".Middle Eastern Studies.49(1): 2–28.doi:10.1080/00263206.2012.743892.S2CID143713882.Archivedfrom the original on 14 February 2023.Retrieved11 December2020.
- ^abcdBruce R. Nardulli (2002).Dance of Swords: U.S. Military Assistance to Saudi Arabia, 1942-1964(PhD Thesis thesis). The Ohio State University.Retrieved13 September2020.[permanent dead link]
- ^"Saudi king transfers National Guard duties to son".The Washington Post.17 November 2010.[dead link]
- ^"Saudi anti-corruption drive: Prince Miteb freed 'after $1bn deal'".BBC News.29 November 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2022.Retrieved5 February2022.
- ^Martin Stanton (12 March 2009).Somalia on $5 a Day: A Soldier's Story.Random House Publishing Group. p. 4.ISBN978-0-307-54699-9.Archivedfrom the original on 14 February 2023.Retrieved11 December2020.
- ^abMartin N. Stanton (March–April 1996),"The Saudi Arabian National Guard Motorized Brigades"(PDF),Armor magazine,pp. 6–11
- ^"Saudi Arabian National Guard - Riyadh/Dirab (--)".Scramble.nl.Archivedfrom the original on 15 December 2022.Retrieved15 December2022.
- ^"Saudi Arabian National Guard - Riyadh/Khasm Alan (OEKA)".Scramble.nl.Archivedfrom the original on 15 December 2022.Retrieved15 December2022.
- ^"Saudi Arabian National Guard - Al Hofuf (--)".Scramble.nl.Archivedfrom the original on 15 December 2022.Retrieved15 December2022.
- ^"Saudi Arabian National Guard - Jeddah/Prince Abdullah Air Base (OEJN)".Scramble.nl.Archivedfrom the original on 15 December 2022.Retrieved15 December2022.
- ^Tartter (1993)
- ^"فوج - Wiktionary".en.wiktionary.org.Archivedfrom the original on 5 February 2023.Retrieved10 March2019.
- ^Saudi Arabia: A Country Study, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
- ^"About OPM SANG".Archivedfrom the original on 26 June 2018.Retrieved10 March2019.
- ^ab"Archived copy".Archived from the original on 10 January 2009.Retrieved3 November2018.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^Armies of the Gulf War, Elite 45, Osprey Publishing 1993, Gordon L Rottman,ISBN185532 277 3
- ^"Saudi Arabia - Camopedia".camopedia.org.Archivedfrom the original on 13 January 2019.Retrieved2 June2019.
- ^Saudi Arabia National Guard ordered 68 MPCV air defense vehiclesArchived30 December 2012 at theWayback Machine– Army Recognition, 26 December 2012
- ^Gareth Jennings (11 October 2015)."Saudi AH-6i deliveries to begin mid-2016".Janes Defence Weekly.Archived fromthe originalon 4 March 2016.Retrieved30 March2017.
- ^"Canadian arms exports hit 12 billion last year 4 billion sent to Saudi Arabia".Ottawa Citizen.Archivedfrom the original on 27 February 2012.Retrieved15 March2017.
- ^abcdInternational Institute for Strategic Studies(2022).The military balance. 2022.Abingdon, Oxon. p. 368.ISBN978-1032279008.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^"Trade Registers".armstrade.sipri.org.Retrieved15 June2023.
- ^"Trade Registers".SIPRI Arms Transfers Database.Retrieved7 May2023.
- ^AirForces Monthly.Stamford,Lincolnshire,England:Key Publishing Ltd.May 2022. p. 18.
- ^ab"King Abdullah transforms National Guard into ministry".Asharq Alawsat.28 May 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 8 June 2013.Retrieved29 May2013.
- ^"Minister of National Guard, Prince Mutaib bin Abdullah removed from his position".Al Arabiya.4 November 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 7 November 2017.Retrieved5 November2017.
Notes
[edit]Sources
[edit]- Mackey, Sandra.The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom.Updated Edition. Norton Paperback.W.W. Norton and Company,New York. 2002 (first edition: 1987).ISBN0-393-32417-6pbk.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.Jean R. Tartter (1993).Helen Chapin Metz(ed.).Saudi Arabia: A Country Study.Federal Research Division.Saudi Arabian National Guard.
External links
[edit]
- Official site
- SANG Health Affairs official site
- Office of the Program Manager, Saudi Arabian National Guard Modernization Program – OPM-SANG
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