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Scarritt College for Christian Workers

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Coordinates:36°8′46″N86°47′48″W/ 36.14611°N 86.79667°W/36.14611; -86.79667
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Scarritt College Historic District
The Wightman Chapel in the Scarritt College Historic District
Scarritt College for Christian Workers is located in Tennessee
Scarritt College for Christian Workers
Scarritt College for Christian Workers is located in the United States
Scarritt College for Christian Workers
Location19th Avenue South,Nashville, Tennessee,U.S.
Coordinates36°8′46″N86°47′48″W/ 36.14611°N 86.79667°W/36.14611; -86.79667
Area1.8 acres (0.73 ha)
Built1925-1928
ArchitectHenry C. Hibbs
Architectural styleGothic Revival
NRHP referenceNo.82003965[1]
Added to NRHPAugust 26, 1982[2]

Scarritt College for Christian Workerswas a college associated with theUnited Methodist ChurchinNashville, Tennessee,USA. The campus is now home toScarritt Bennett Center.

History of Scarritt College (1892–1988)[edit]

The Scarritt College for Christian Workers started as the Scarritt Bible and Training School inKansas City, Missouriin 1892.Belle Harris Bennett,a Southern Methodist woman missionary leader fromRichmond, Kentucky,presented the idea to create a training school for missionaries in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South.[3]She imagined it to be similar to whatLucy Rider Meyerhad created at theChicago Training School for Home and Foreign Missions.[4]The idea was agreed upon at the Southern Methodist Woman's Board of Foreign Missions annual conference in 1889. Board member Mrs. Nathan Scarritt of Kansas City, Missouri (the child of missionaries in India) was the first to offer a pledge for the new training school. Her husband, Reverend Nathan Spencer Scarritt later offered a $25,000 challenge and land in Missouri to begin the school. Within one year, Bennett had secured the matching pledges from throughout the Church and other Mission Boards. Despite some dispute within the Woman's Board, the Southern Methodist General Conference approved the plan, and work began in earnest in April 1891. The first building's cornerstone was laid in Kansas City on July 2, 1891.[5]

In 1891 the Board of Managers of the Scarritt Bible and Training School elected Miss Laura Askew Haygood to be recalled from her missionary work in China[6]to be the principal. But Haygood was not able to leave China so Miss Maria Layng Gibson, principal of a private high grade school inCovington, Kentuckywas elected instead in 1892.[7]The first building was dedicated on September 14, 1892, and school officially opened with three students. As that first year progressed, school enrollment increased to thirty-four, fourteen of whom were boarders. Miss Layona Glenn was the first graduate in the spring and she was sent to Brazil to serve as a missionary.[8]Curriculum included church history, history of missions, religious pedagogy, methods of work, phonetics, hymnology, and bookkeeping. A small hospital was started up for the training of nurses but was discontinued in 1905 due to difficulty in financing it.[5]

Photograph of the Scarritt Bible and Training School, Kansas City, Missouri (c 1900)

In 1895 Bennett turned over $52,394.58 collected so far by her fundraising speeches and $20,000 given by the Conference Societies for the Belle Bennett Chair (to maintain the Bible Department). The Women's Board also allocated $55,000 for an endowment fund for scholarships, lectureships and a small student loan fund.[5]In 1902 the Southern Methodist General Conference agreed to the plan presented byBelle Harris Bennettto establish the deaconess movement and the Scarritt Bible and Training School blossomed under the new standards for professionalizing women lay leaders.

In 1918 Dr. Edwin F. Cook, formerly Foreign Secretary for the Board of Missions, was elected president of the School with the task of finding a way to enlarge the school and expand its offerings.[9]He resigned after one year to become a secretary of the Board of Education, and his replacement was Methodist ministerJesse Lee Cuninggim.[10]

Photograph of the Scarritt College for Christian Workers, Nashville, Tennessee (c1928)

By 1924, under President Cuninggim's leadership,[10]the college was moved toNashville, Tennesseeand rechartered under the name of Scarritt College for Christian Workers.[11]ArchitectHenry C. Hibbs,who had designed the campus buildings of theGeorge Peabody College for Teachers,designed the campus buildings in the lateGothic Revival architectural style.[2]Construction of the Belle Bennett Memorial, which included Scarritt Hall, Bennett Hall, Wightman Chapel and the Tower, as well as the Susie Gray Dining Hall began in 1925.[12]Built withCrab Orchardstone, it was completed in 1928.[12]The Wightman Chapel was named in honor of Maria Davies Wightman, awomen's rightsactivist inLouisianaand the wife of BishopWilliam May Wightman.[13]Sartain Lanier,the chairman ofOxford Industries,married his wife in Wightman Chapel in 1934.[14]

By the 1930s, the college "offered a bachelor's degree and graduate education in the fields of community and family service, social work, and religious education."[11]From 1940 into the 1960s, the campus was expanded with the construction of six additional buildings.[12]During thecivil rights movement,Martin Luther King Jr.spoke in Wightman Chapel.[15]In 1973, J. Richard Palmer, formerly ofBerea College,was brought in as president to increase fundraising and enrollment.[11]However, he resigned in 1977 due to internal politics.[11]

The college became known as the Scarritt Graduate School from 1981 to 1988.[15]During that time, it was a graduate school for Church Music and Christian Education.[15]The school closed in 1988.

Architectural significance[edit]

Several of the campus buildings have been listed on theNational Register of Historic Placessince August 26, 1982. The historic district is made up of the original campus buildings built before 1940: Administration Building, Memorial Tower, Susie Gray Dining Hall, Bennett Hall, and Wightman Chapel.[12]

Civil rights history[edit]

Desegregation[edit]

Scarritt College welcomed its first black students—Leila Robinson and DeLaris Johnson—in 1952,[15]making it one of the first private, predominately white colleges inTennesseetodesegregate.[16]Robinson and Johnson became active in student life on campus: Robinson served as editor of the yearbook, and Johnson became Treasurer of the student council 1953–54.[17]Scarritt College's desegregation also promptedVanderbilt University,which is located across the street, to reconsider its policies onraceandintegration,since the two schools were affiliated through Joint University Center and Library at the time.[17]

Visit from Martin Luther King Jr.[edit]

On April 25, 1957,Martin Luther King Jr.spoke in Wightman Chapel at Scarritt College to the Conference on Christian Faith and Human Relations.[18]The Conference on Christian Faith and Human Relations was hosted by Scarritt College andVanderbilt Divinity Schooland co-sponsored by the Tennessee Council of Churches and the Fellowship of Southern Churchmen.[19]“The salvation of the world lies in the hands of the maladjusted,” King said, “…the challenge to you is to be maladjusted to the evils of segregation [...], the madness of militarism, and the self-defeating method of physical violence.”[15]Dr. King spoke on the last day of the conference and addressed some 350 church leaders,[18]the day after receiving the Social Justice Award from the Religion and Labor Foundation in New York.[20]King's speech was titled, "The Role of the Church in Facing the Nation’s Chief Moral Dilemma".[18][21]

Student civil rights activism[edit]

Campus Grill boycott (1963)[edit]

In the spring of 1963, Lorine Chan, a Scarritt College student fromFiji,was denied service at the Campus Grill, a local “greasy spoon.”[22]Around the same time,Rev. Abel Muzorewaand his wife, Maggie Chigodora, arrived in Nashville to attend Scarritt College. The localMethodistchurch near Scarritt College who had sponsored them refused membership to them upon their arrival in Nashville because Maggie was black.[22]In response to these events, Gerry Bode, Sue Thrasher, Archie Allen, Mary Pless, and others formed the Christian Action Fellowship to work againstracial discrimination.[22]They also joined students atPeabody Collegeand Vanderbilt University to form the Joint University Council on Human Relations.[23]The Joint University Council on Human Relations coordinated a boycott of the Campus Grill, coordinating with black student leaders,John Lewisand Lester McKinnie.[22]By November, Vanderbilt, Peabody and Scarritt College students and faculty organized a boycott of the restaurant until it served black students.[22]

Downtown demonstrations (1964)[edit]

Following the Campus Grill boycott, Scarritt College students continued to participate in civil rights demonstrations. In 1964, demonstrators, led by John Lewis and Lester McKinnie, organized demonstrations focused on establishments that refused to desegregate, includingKrystal,Morrison's Cafeteria,and the Tic Toc restaurant.[24]During one demonstration, on April 27, 1964, Archie Allen was attacked by the employees and knocked down on the sidewalk while attempting to talk with Tic Toc employees.[24]On April 28, Scarritt College student, William Barbee, was severely beaten by police while Barbee was holding onto a light pole.[24]Barbee was arrested on disorderly conduct charges and later admitted to Hubbarb Hospital.[24]In addition to a concussion, the beatings Barbee endured resulted in injuries from which he suffered for the rest of his life.[24]

Scarritt Bennett Center (1988–present)[edit]

After Scarritt College closed, the campus was purchased by theWomen's Divisionof theUnited Methodist Church,who formed Scarritt Bennett Center, a nonprofit organization that operates on the campus today.[25]Scarritt Bennett Center is aconference,retreat,and education center that seeks to carry on the legacy of the Scarritt College students, faculty, and staff. Scarritt Bennett Center's mission is to create space where individuals and groups engage each other to achieve a more just world.[25]Scarritt Bennett Center's programming focuses on theempowerment of women,eradication ofracism,propheticjustice,radical hospitality,sacredrituals, spiritual enrichment, and transformativeeducation.[25]

References[edit]

  1. ^"National Register Information System".National Register of Historic Places.National Park Service.July 9, 2010.
  2. ^ab"Scarritt College Historic District".National Park Service.RetrievedNovember 27,2015.
  3. ^"Called to Justice: Belle Harris Bennett".United Methodist Women.RetrievedAugust 25,2019.
  4. ^McHenry, Robert, ed. (1980). "Bennett, Belle Harris (1852-1922)".Famous American Women: A Biographical Dictionary from Colonial Times to the Present.Mineola, NY: Dover Pub. p.29.ISBN9780486245232.
  5. ^abcMacDonell, Mrs. Robert W. (1928).Belle Harris Bennett: Her Life Work.Nashville, TN: The Woman's Section of the Board of Missions, Methodist Episcopal Church, South.
  6. ^"Haygood, Laura Askew (1845-1900)".Methodist Mission Bicentennial.The United Methodist Church. April 24, 2018.RetrievedAugust 25,2019.
  7. ^Gibson, Maria Layng; Haskin, Sarah Estelle (1928).Memories of Scarritt.Nashville, TN: Cokesbury Press.
  8. ^Tatum, Noreen Dunn (1960).A Crown of Service: A Story of Women's Work in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, from 1878-1940.Nashville, TN: Parthenon Press. p.309.RetrievedAugust 25,2019.
  9. ^Tatum, Noreen Dunn (1960).A Crown of Service: A Story of Women's Work in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, from 1878-1940.Nashville, TN: Parthenon Press. p.310.RetrievedAugust 25,2019.
  10. ^ab"Jesse L. Cuninggim"(PDF).Vanderbilt University.RetrievedNovember 27,2015.
  11. ^abcdVan West, Carroll (December 25, 2009)."Scarritt College for Christian Workers".The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture.RetrievedNovember 27,2015.
  12. ^abcd"National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form: Scarritt College Historic District".National Park Service.RetrievedNovember 27,2015.
  13. ^ Herbert, Walter I. (1928).Fifty Wonderful Years, 1878-1928. Story of Missionary Work by Methodist Women in South Carolina, Methodist Episcopal Church, South.Jubilee Committees of the two South Carolina conferences. p. 88.
  14. ^"sartain%2Blanier" "Bachelor Supper Honors Sartain Lanier".The Tennessean.October 30, 1934. p. 7.RetrievedMay 22,2018– viaNewspapers.com.
  15. ^abcde"Our Story".Scarritt Bennett Center.RetrievedNovember 27,2015.
  16. ^"Brown v. Board of Education",Wikipedia,January 22, 2019,retrievedJanuary 24,2019
  17. ^ab"Integration at Scarritt College, 1952/4 – Scarritt Bennett Center".February 3, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 24,2019.
  18. ^abc"Martin Luther King at Scarritt College, 1957 – Scarritt Bennett Center".February 10, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 24,2019.
  19. ^Gillespie McRae, Elizabeth (November 2006)."Fellowship of Southern Churchmen".In Powell, William S. (ed.).Encyclopedia of North Carolina.University of North Carolina Press.ISBN978-0-8078-3071-0.RetrievedOctober 31,2020.
  20. ^"King receives Social Justice Award; delivers" This Is a Great Time to Be Alive "before Religion and Labor Foundation in New York".King Encyclopedia.Stanford University | Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute.April 24, 1957.RetrievedDecember 4,2019.
  21. ^""The Role of the Church in Facing the Nation’s Chief Moral Dilemma," Address Delivered on 25 April 1957 at the Conference on Christian Faith and Human Relations in Nashville"(25 April 1957). Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project. Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute,Stanford University.Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  22. ^abcde"Campus Grill Boycott, 1963 – Scarritt Bennett Center".February 17, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 24,2019.
  23. ^L., Michel, Gregg (2004).Struggle for a better South: the Southern Student Organizing Committee, 1964-1969(1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.ISBN1403960100.OCLC54972697.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^abcde"William Barbee's Story, 1964 – Scarritt Bennett Center".February 23, 2016.RetrievedJanuary 24,2019.
  25. ^abc"Scarritt Bennett Center - About - Mission".RetrievedJune 22,2020.

External links[edit]

Media related toScarritt College for Christian Workersat Wikimedia Commons

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