Seah Eu Chin

In thisChinese name,thefamily nameisSeah(Chinese:Xa;pinyin:Shé).

Seah Eu Chin
Born	(1805-08-30)August 30, 1805 Guangdong,Qing Empire
Died	September 23, 1883(1883-09-23)(aged 78) Singapore,Straits Settlements
Nationality	Naturalized British subject
Other names	Siah U-Chin
Occupation(s)	Merchant, financier
Known for	Founder ofNgee Ann Kongsi

Seah Eu Chin(Chinese:Xa hữu tiến;pinyin:Shé Yǒujìn;Jyutping:Se4 Jau5 Zeon3;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Siâ Iú-chìn;a.k.a.Siah U-chin,Seah UchinorSeah You Chin;1805 – 1883) was an immigrant from South China to Singapore, later becoming a successful merchant, a prominent descendant ofSeah Clanand leader in theOverseas Chinesecommunity.

He became known as the "Gambier King" for his extensive plantations forpepperandgambier.

Early life

Seah Eu Chin was born in 1805 as the son of Seah Keng Liat (Chinese:Xa khánh liệt;pinyin:Shé Qìngliè;Jyutping:Se4 Hing3 Lit6;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Siâ Khèng-lia̍t), a minor provincial official ofGuek-po(i.e.Chinese:"Nguyệt phổ"inTeochew dialect)Villageat theChenghai Countyof the formerChaozhouFu.He was educated inChinese classicsin his youth, but decided to seek his fortune abroad. He came to Singapore in 1823, first working as a clerk, then becoming a plantation owner and finally becoming a trader and a merchant.

Plantation and mercantile activity

Seah Eu Chin was a successful plantation owner. He was the first to plant pepper andgambier(or white cutch) on a large scale in Singapore.By 1839, his gambier plantation had stretched for eight to ten miles, from the upper end of River Valley Road toBukit Timah Roadand Thomson Road. Mr Seah's holdings earned him the title: 'King of Gambier'. He made his fortune in gambier andpepperplantations. However, by the 1850s–60s, the planting of gambier and pepper was becoming less profitable in Singapore for several reasons, including the increasing scarcity of uncleared land for planting (gambier quickly exhausted the soil and so plantations had to keep shifting), the shortage of firewood from the clearing of forests, and the lack of land on Singapore Island itself.

Therefore, in his later years, he became involved in trading as a merchant and agent under the name of Eu Chin Co. which was based inNorth Bridge Road.His sons, especially the eldest, Seah Cheo Seah, and second sonSeah Liang Seah,helped manage the business, as did his brother-in-law, Tan Seng Poh.

Family life

In 1837, he married a daughter ofTan Ah Hun,theKapitan Cina(i.e. leader of the Chinese community) ofPerak.She died soon after from the effects ofsmallpox,and about a year later, he married her sister with whom he had several children. His brother-in-law,Tan Seng Poh,came with his sister to Singapore to be educated there. Seng Poh was anopiumand spirit farmer (i.e. he ran a government-tendered monopoly processing raw opium imported fromBritish India.The Opium and SpiritFarm,or Excise, was the main source of income for the Straits Settlements) and helped manage Eu Chin's mercantile firm after the latter's retirement in 1864. Most prominent among his children wereSeah Liang SeahandSeah Peck Seah,both of whom also became Justices of the Peace (JP) and prominent members of the Chinese community; the former was also an unofficial member of theLegislative Council of the Straits Settlements.His eldest son, Seah Cheo Seah, was also a JP but he died only two years after his father, in 1885. He had another son, Seah Song Seah, who died in China, and three daughters, about whom very little is known.

Community leadership

In 1830, he and representatives of twelve Teochew clans set up the Ngee Ann Kun which later became theNgee Ann Kongsiin 1845. He was the chairman of the Kongsi until his death whereupon power passed to his sons Seah Cheo Seah and Seah Liang Seah, followed by his grandson Seah Eng Tong, resulting in a Seah monopoly on power in the Kongsi until 1928. Resentment against them caused the formation of another Teochew clan association, theTeochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan.

Seah Eu Chin helped runTan Tock Seng Hospitalwhen it was first set up, being a member, and in some years treasurer, of its management committee.

Just as the European merchant community used Chinese middlemen in conducting their business, theStraits Settlementsgovernment relied on prominent Chinese businessmen to act as go-betweens with the Chinese community. Seah Eu Chin was the go-between with the Teochew community, which originated from theChaozhouprovince of Southern China. He rendered service in helping to quell several disturbances in the community, most notably the 1854 Hokkien-Teochew Riots which broke out on 5 May 1854. The incident ostensibly began because of a dispute over the price of rice, between aHokkienand a Teochew, but that dispute probably was only a trigger for the release of long-held resentment and animosity between the Hokkien (fromFujianprovince in China) and Teochew (from Chaozhou province) communities.In all over 400 people were killed over 10 days of violence. The British authorities on Singapore island met with Chinese leaders, including Seah Eu Chin representing Teochews andTan Kim Chingrepresenting the Hokkiens, and with their assistance helped to bring the situation to a close.

He was an early member of theSingapore Chamber of Commerce,established in 1837, and was made aJustice of the Peacein 1867. He had also been a member of theGrand Jurysince 1851, and also had cases involving Chinese referred to him by the court. In 1872, he was made an honorary police magistrate, along with four other Chinese including his brother-in-law Tan Seng Poh.

Last years

Seah Eu Chin finally retired from business in 1864, to concentrate on scholarly pursuits, though he still had an interest in community affairs. For instance, his name is with that of several other Chinese on a petition submitted to the government requesting the suppression of illegal "Wah-Weh" gambling among the Chinese community. In the last decade of his life he lived in a mansion built by his son Seah Cheo Seah that was among theFour Mansions(Chinese:Tứ đại thố;pinyin:Sì dà cuò) of the 19th-century Chinese in Singapore.

He died on 23 September 1883, and his widow in 1905.He was buried in the family estate near the SLF Building alongThomson Road.His tomb was re-discovered in late 2012.

Several streets in Singapore are named for Seah Eu Chin and his sons, namely Eu Chin Street for Seah,Liang Seah Street, andPeck Seah Street.Seah Street, inBras Basah,is believed to be named after the Seah family.

Further reading

• Buckley, Charles Burton (1902).An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore.Singapore: Fraser and Neave.
• Siah, U-Chin(1848). "General sketch of the numbers, tribes, and avocations of the Chinese in Singapore".Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia.2.Singapore: J.R. Logan: 283–289.