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Semen

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(Redirected fromSeminal fluid)
Not to be confused withSperm.
For other uses, seeSemen (disambiguation).

Spermatozoa,in this case human, are a primary component in normal semen, and the agents of fertilization of femaleova.

Semen,also known asseminal fluid,is abodily fluidthat containsspermatozoa.Spermatozoa are secreted by the malegonads(sexual glands) and other sexual organs ofmaleorhermaphroditicanimalsand canfertilizethefemaleovum.Inplacental mammals,semen also contains secretions from themale accessory glandsand is discharged from thepenisthrough theurethral orificeduringejaculation.In humans, seminal fluid contains several components besides spermatozoa:proteolyticand otherenzymesas well asfructoseare elements of seminal fluid which promote the survival of spermatozoa and provide a medium through which they can move or "swim". The fluid is adapted to be discharged deep into thevagina,so the spermatozoa can pass into theuterusand form azygotewith an egg.

Semen is collectedfrom animals forartificial inseminationorcryoconservationof genetic material.Cryoconservation of animal genetic resourcesis a practice that calls for the collection of semen in efforts for conservation of a particular breed.

Physiology

Fertilization

Depending on thespecies,spermatozoa can fertilize ova externally or internally. Inexternal fertilization,the spermatozoa fertilize the ova directly, outside of the female's sexual organs. Femalefish,for example,spawnova into their aquatic environment, where they are fertilized by the semen of the male fish.

Internal fertilizationoccurs inside the female's sexual organs after a maleinseminatesa female throughcopulation.In mostvertebrates,includingamphibians,reptiles,birdsandmonotrememammals, copulation is achieved through the physical mating of thecloacaof the male and female.[1]Inmarsupialandplacental mammals,copulation occurs through thevagina.[2][3]Inmacropods,semen coagulates and forms amating plugin the vagina after copulation.[2][4]

Human

Composition

During the process ofejaculation,sperm passes through theejaculatory ductsand mixes with fluids from theseminal vesicles,theprostate,and thebulbourethral glandsto form the semen. The seminal vesicles produce a yellowish viscous fluid rich in fructose and other substances that makes up about 70% of human semen.[5]The prostatic secretion, influenced by dihydrotestosterone, is a whitish (sometimes clear), thin fluid containing proteolytic enzymes, citric acid, acid phosphatase and lipids.[5]The bulbourethral glands secrete a clear secretion into the lumen of theurethrato lubricate it.[6]

Sertoli cells,which nurture and support developingspermatocytes,secrete a fluid into seminiferous tubules that helps transport sperm to the genital ducts. The ductuli efferentes possess cuboidal cells withmicrovilliandlysosomalgranules that modify the ductal fluid by reabsorbing some fluid. Once the semen enters the ductus epididymis the principal cells, which containpinocytotic vesselsindicating fluid reabsorption, secrete glycerophosphocholine which most likely inhibits prematurecapacitation.The accessory genital ducts, theseminal vesicle,prostate glands,and thebulbourethral glands,produce most of the seminal fluid.

Seminal plasma of humans contains a complex range oforganicandinorganicconstituents.

The seminal plasma provides a nutritive and protective medium for the spermatozoa during their journey through the female reproductive tract. The normal environment of thevaginais a hostile one (c.f.sexual conflict) forspermcells, as it is veryacidic(from the native microflora producinglactic acid), viscous, and patrolled by immune cells. The components in the seminal plasma attempt to compensate for this hostile environment. Basicaminessuch asputrescine,spermine,spermidineandcadaverineare responsible for the smell and flavor of semen. These alkaline bases counteract and buffer the acidic environment of the vaginal canal, and protectDNAinside thespermfrom acidic denaturation.

The components and contributions of semen are as follows:

Gland(s) Approximate fraction Description
testes 2–5% Approximately 200 million to 500 million spermatozoa (also calledspermorspermatozoans), produced in thetestes,are released per ejaculation. If a man has undergone avasectomy,he will have no sperm in the ejaculate.
seminal vesicles 65–75% Amino acids,citrate,enzymes,flavins,fructose(2–5 mg per mL semen,[7]the main energy source of sperm cells, which rely entirely on sugars from the seminal plasma for energy),phosphorylcholine,prostaglandins(involved in suppressing an immune response by the female against the foreign semen),proteins,vitamin C.
prostate 25–30% Acid phosphatase,citric acid,fibrinolysin,prostate specific antigen,proteolytic enzymes,zinc.(The zinc level is about135±40 μg/mLfor healthy men.[8]Zinc serves to help to stabilize the DNA-containingchromatinin the sperm cells. A zinc deficiency may result in lowered fertility because of increased sperm fragility. Zinc deficiency can also adversely affectspermatogenesis.)
bulbourethral glands < 1% Galactose,mucus(serve to increase the mobility of sperm cells in the vagina and cervix by creating a less viscous channel for the sperm cells to swim through, and preventing their diffusion out of the semen. Contributes to the cohesive jelly-like texture of semen),pre-ejaculate,sialic acid.

A 1992World Health Organizationreport described normal human semen as having a volume of 2 mL or greater,pHof 7.2 to 8.0, sperm concentration of 20×106spermatozoa/mL or more, sperm count of 40×106spermatozoa per ejaculate or more, and motility of 50% or more with forward progression (categories a and b) of 25% or more with rapid progression (category a) within 60 minutes of ejaculation.[9]

A 2005 review of the literature found that the average reported physical and chemical properties of human semen were as follows:[10]

Property Per 100 mL In average volume (3.4 mL)
Calcium(mg) 27.6 0.938
Chloride(mg) 142 4.83
Citrate (mg) 528 18.0
Fructose(mg) 272 9.25
Glucose(mg) 102 3.47
Lactic acid (mg) 62 2.11
Magnesium(mg) 11 0.374
Potassium(mg) 109 3.71
Protein (mg) 5,040 171
Sodium(mg) 300 10.2
Urea(mg) 45 1.53
Zinc (mg) 16.5 0.561
Buffering capacity(β) 25
Osmolarity(mOsm) 354
pH 7.7
Viscosity(cP) 3–7
Volume(mL) 3.4
Values for average volume have been calculated androundedto threesignificant figures.All other values are those given in the review.

Appearance and consistency

Human semen in aPetri dish

Semen is typically translucent with white, grey or even yellowish tint. Blood in the semen can cause a pink or reddish colour, known ashematospermia,and may indicate a medical problem which should be evaluated by a doctor if the symptom persists.[11]

After ejaculation, the latter part of the ejaculated semencoagulatesimmediately,[12]forming globules,[13]while the earlier part of the ejaculate typically does not.[14]After a period typically ranging from 15 to 30 minutes,prostate-specific antigenpresent in the semen causes the decoagulation of the seminal coagulum.[15]It is postulated that the initial clotting helps keep the semen in the vagina,[12]whileliquefactionfrees the sperm to make their journey to the ova.[12]

A 2005 review found that the average reported viscosity of human semen in the literature was 3–7centipoises(cP), or, equivalently, millipascal-seconds (mPa·s).[10]

Quality

Main article:Semen quality

Semen quality is a measure of the ability of semen to accomplish fertilization. Thus, it is a measure of fertility in a man. It is the sperm in the semen that is the fertile component, and therefore semen quality involves both sperm quantity and sperm quality.[16]

Quantity

The volume of semen ejaculate varies but is generally about 1 teaspoonful or less. A review of 30 studies concluded that the average was around 3.4 milliliters (mL), with some studies finding amounts as high as 5.0 mL or as low as 2.3 mL.[10]In a study with Swedish and Danish men, a prolonged interval betweenejaculationscaused an increase of the sperm count in the semen but not an increase of its amount.[17]

Storage

Semen can be stored in diluents such as theIllini Variable Temperature(IVT) diluent, which have been reported to be able to preserve high fertility of semen for over seven days.[18]The IVT diluent is composed of several salts, sugars and antibacterial agents and gassed withCO2.[18]

Semen cryopreservationcan be used for far longer storage durations. For human sperm, the longest reported successful storage with this method is 21 years.[19]

Health

Infection transmission

Semen can transmit manysexually transmitted infectionsandpathogens,including viruses likeHIV[20]andEbola.[21]Swallowing semen carries no additional risk other than those inherent infellatio.This includes transmission risk forsexually transmitted infectionssuch ashuman papillomavirusorherpes,especially for people with bleeding gums, gingivitis or open sores.[22][23]Viruses in semen survive for a long time once outside the body.[24][25][26]

Bloodiness

Main article:Hematospermia

The presence of blood in semen orhematospermiamay be undetectable (it can only be seen microscopically) or visible in the fluid. Its cause could be the result ofinflammation,infection,blockage, or injury of the male reproductive tract or a problem within theurethra,testicles,epididymisorprostate.It usually clears up without treatment, or withantibiotics,but if persistent furthersemen analysisand otherurogenital systemtests might be needed to find out the cause.

Allergy

In rare circumstances, humans can develop an allergy to semen, called human seminal plasma sensitivity. It appears as a typical localized or systemicallergic responseupon contact with seminal fluid. There is no one protein in semen responsible for the reaction. Symptoms can appear after first intercourse or after subsequent intercourse. A semen allergy can be distinguished from a latex allergy by determining if the symptoms disappear with use of acondom.Desensitization treatments are often very successful.[27][28]

Benefits to females

Among numerous species in the animal kingdom, females may benefit from absorbing nutrients and proteins from seminal fluid for food, antiviral and antibacterial properties, and enhanced fertilisation. In humans, seminal fluid provides anti-viral activity towardsherpes simplex virusand can transfer anti-microbial peptidescathelicidinandlactoferrin.In birds and mammals, mutalistic bacteria such asLactobacillushave been detected in fluid transferral.[20]

Society and culture

Qigong

QigongandChinese medicineplace huge emphasis on a form of energy called tinh (pinyin:jīng, also a morpheme denoting "essence" or "spirit" )[29][30]– which one attempts to develop and accumulate. "Jing"is sexual energy and is considered to dissipate with ejaculation, somasturbationis considered "energy suicide" amongst those who practice this art. According to Qigong theory, energy from many pathways/meridians becomes diverted and transfers itself to the sexual organs during sexual excitement. The ensuing orgasm and ejaculation will then finally expel the energy from the system completely. The Chinese proverb nhất tích tinh, thập tích huyết (pinyin: yì dī jīng, shí dī xuè, literally: a drop of semen is equal to ten drops of blood) illustrates this point.

The scientific term for semen in Chinese is tinh dịch (pinyin: jīng yè, literally: fluid of essence/jing) and the term forspermis tinh tử (pinyin: jīng zǐ, literally: basic element of essence/jing), two modern terms with classical referents.

Indian philosophy

InAyurveda,semen is said to be made from forty drops of blood. It is considered to be the end of the food digestion cycle.[31]

One of the key aspects ofHindureligion is abstinence calledbrahmacharya.It can be lifelong or during a specific period or on specific days.Brahmacharyaattaches great importance to semen retention.

Many yogic texts also indicate the importance of semen retention and there are specificasanasand Bandhas for it like Mula Bandana and Aswini Mudra.[32]

Greek philosophy

InAncient Greece,Aristotleremarked on the importance of semen: "For Aristotle, semen is the residue derived from nourishment, that is of blood, that has been highly concocted to the optimum temperature and substance. This can only be emitted by the male as only the male, by nature of his very being, has the requisite heat to concoct blood into semen."[33]According to Aristotle, there is a direct connection between food and semen: "Sperms are the excretion of our food, or to put it more clearly, as the most perfect component of our food."[34]

The connection between food and physical growth, on the one hand, and semen, on the other, allows Aristotle to warn against "engag[ing] in sexual activity at too early an age... [since] this will affect the growth of their bodies. Nourishment that would otherwise make the body grow is diverted to the production of semen. Aristotle is saying that at this stage thebodyis still growing; it is best for sexual activity to begin when its growth is 'no longer abundant', for when the body is more or less at full height, the transformation of nourishment into semen does not drain the body of needed material. "[35]

Additionally, "Aristotle tells us that the region round the eyes was the region of the head most fruitful of seed (" most seedy "σπερματικώτατος), pointing to generally recognised effects upon the eyes of sexual indulgence and to practices which imply that seed comes from liquid in the region of the eyes."[36]This may be explained by the belief of thePythagoreansthat "semen is a drop of the brain [τὸ δε σπέρμα εἶναι σταγόνα ἐγκέφαλου]."[37]

GreekStoicphilosophy conceived of theLogosspermatikos( "seminal word" ) as the principle of active reason that fecundated passivematter.[38]The Jewish philosopherPhilosimilarly spoke in sexual terms of the Logos as the masculine principle of reason that sowed seeds of virtue in the feminine soul.[39]

The Christian PlatonistClement of Alexandrialikened the Logos to physical blood[40]as the "substance of the soul",[41]and noted that some held "that the animal semen is substantially foam of its blood".[42]Clement reflected an early Christian view that "the seed ought not be wasted nor scattered thoughtlessly nor sown in a way it cannot grow."[43]

Women were believed to have their own version, which was stored in the womb and released during climax. Retention was believed to causefemale hysteria.[44]

Inancient Greek religionas a whole, semen is considered a form ofmiasma,andritual purificationwas to be practised after its discharge.[45]

Reverence

In somepre-industrialsocieties, semen and other body fluids were revered because they were believed to be magical.Bloodis an example of such a fluid, but semen was also widely believed to be of supernatural origin and effect and was, as a result, considered holy or sacred. The ancientSumeriansbelieved that semen was "a divine substance, endowed on humanity byEnki",the god of water.[46]: 28 [47]The semen of a god was believed to have magical generative powers.[46]: 49 InSumerian mythology,when Enki's seed was planted in the ground, it caused the spontaneous growth of eight previously nonexistent plants.[46]: 49 [48]Enki was believed to have created theTigrisandEuphratesrivers by masturbating and ejaculating into their emptyriverbeds.[46]: 32, 49 The Sumerians believed that rain was the semen of the sky-godAn,[49]which fell from the heavens to inseminate his consort, the earth-goddessKi,[49]causing her to give birth to all the plants of the earth.[49]

Theorchid's twin bulbs were thought to resemble thetesticles,which is the etymology of the diseaseorchiditis.There was an ancient Roman belief that the flower sprang from the spilled semen of copulatingsatyrs.[50]

In a number of mythologies around the world, semen is often considered analogous tobreast milk.In the traditions of Bali, it is considered to be the returning or refunding of the milk of the mother in an alimentary metaphor. The wife feeds her husband who returns to her his semen, the milk of human kindness.[51]

Nancy Friday's book,Men in Love – Men's Sexual Fantasies: The Triumph of Love over Rage(1982), suggests that swallowing semen is high on a man's intimacy scale.[52]

Espionage

Semen stain on carpet observed with and without ultraviolet light

When the BritishSecret Intelligence Servicediscovered that semen made a goodinvisible ink,Sir Mansfield George Smith-Cummingnoted of his agents that "Every man (is) his ownstylo".[53]

Ingestion

Spiritual

TheBorborites,also known as the Phibionites, were an early ChristianGnosticsect during the late fourth century AD whose alleged practices involving sacred semen are described by the early Christian heretic-hunterEpiphanius of Salamisin hisPanarion.[54][55][56][57]Epiphanius claims that the Borborites had a sacred text called theGreater Questions of Mary,which contained an episode in which, during a post-resurrection appearance,JesustookMary Magdaleneto the top of a mountain, where he pulled a woman out of his side and engaged in sexual intercourse with her.[55][54][57]Then, uponejaculating,Jesus drank his own semen and told Mary, "Thus we must do, that we may live."[55][54][57]Upon hearing this, Mary instantly fainted, to which Jesus responded by helping her up and telling her, "O thou of little faith, wherefore didst thou doubt?"[55][57]This story was supposedly the basis for the BorboriteEucharistritual, in which they allegedly engaged in orgies and drank semen and menstrual blood as the "body and blood of Christ" respectively.[54][57][55]Bart D. Ehrman,a scholar of early Christianity, casts doubt on the accuracy of Epiphanius's summary, commenting that "the details of Epiphanius's description sound very much like what you can find in the ancient rumor mill about secret societies in the ancient world".[54]

In some cultures, semen is considered to have special properties associated withmasculinity.Several tribes ofPapua New Guinea,including theSambiaand theEtoro,believe that semen promotes sexual maturation among the younger men of their tribe. To them, semen possesses the manly nature of the tribal elders, and in order to pass down their authority and powers, younger men of their next generation mustfellatetheir elders and ingest their semen. Prepubescent and postpubescent males are required to engage in this practice.[58][59]This act may also be associated with the culturally active homosexuality throughout these and other tribes.[60]

Semen ingestion has had central importance in some cultures around the world. InBaruyaculture, there is a secret ritual in which boys give fellatio to young males and drink their semen, to "re-engender themselves before marriage".[61]

Sexual

An illustration bySeedfeederofgokkun
An Illustration bySeedfeederof snowballing

There are several sexual practices involving the ingestion of semen, which may be done with one or more partners. Practices involving the oral intake of semen include:

  • Felchingis asexual practiceinvolving the act of sucking semen out of theanusof one's partner. According to the entry for "felch" in theOxford English Dictionary,the earliest occurrence of the word in print appears to have been inThe Argot of the Homosexual Subcultureby Ronald A. Farrell in 1972, although this usage was as a synonym foranilingus.[62]
  • Gokkun(ごっくん)is aJapaneseterm for sexual activity in which a person, usually a woman, consumes the semen of one or more men, often from some kind of container.[63]"Gokkun" can also refer to the sexual act of swallowing semen after performing fellatio or participating in abukkake.[63][64]The word "gokkun" isonomatopoetic,and translates roughly as the English word "gulp", the sound made by swallowing.[65]
  • Cum swapping/snowballing/snowdroppingis the sexual practice in which one person takes someone's semen into their mouth and then passes it to the mouth of the person who ejaculated the semen, usually throughkissing.[66][67][68][69][70][71]The term was originally used only bygayandbisexualmen.[67]Researchers who surveyed over 1,200 gay or bisexual men at New YorkLGBTcommunity events in 2004 found that around 20% said they had engaged in snowballing at least once.[72]

Euphemisms

A huge variety ofeuphemismsanddysphemismshave been invented to describe semen. For a list of terms, seesexual slang.

Slang terms for semen includecum,jizz,spunk(primarilyBritish English),spoogeand/orsplooge,load,nut,seed,andlove juice.[73][74]The termcumcan also refer to anorgasm(when used as a verb rather than as a noun), whileloadis derived from the phraseblowing a load,referring to an ejaculation. The termnutoriginally refers to thetesticles,but can be used to refer to both semen and ejaculation.

See also

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