September 1901
Appearance
<< | September 1901 | >> | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Su | Mo | Tu | We | Th | Fr | Sa |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 |
22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 |
29 | 30 |
The following events occurred inSeptember 1901:
September 1, 1901 (Sunday)
[edit]- ThePhilippine Commission,composed of GovernorWilliam Howard Taftand four other Americans, added its first native Filipino members to have a vote on creating new laws for the American-occupied Philippine Islands. Benito Legarda, Trinidad Pardo de Tavera and Jose du Luzuriaga increased the size of the legislative body to eight people.[1]
- The first section of theHejaz railway,intended to connectIstanbulto the holy city ofMeccain theKingdom of Hejaz(now part ofSaudi Arabia), was completed, with a short section inSyria,running fromMuzayribtoDaraa.[2]
- Four missionaries ofthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saintsbecame the first to bring theMormon religiontoJapan.Heber J. Grant,who would later become the 7thPresident of the Church,was joined by Louis A. Kelsch, Horace S. Ensign and Alma O. Taylor. "However, much like the myriad Western faiths that have attempted to convert the Japanese people to their brand of spirituality," an author would later note, "the LDS Church has found only limited success in Japan."[3]
- Floods inClevelandcaused $500,000 worth of damage, equivalent to $13 million in 2016 dollars.[4]
- Born:Arthur Edward Murphy,American philosopher; inIthaca, New York(d.1962)
September 2, 1901 (Monday)
[edit]- Lord Curzon,the BritishViceroy of India,convened a group of educational officers atSimlato discuss a reform of the higher education system. Those present were members of the Executive Council, the colonial Director of Public Instruction, the Vice-Chancellors of the universities inBombayandMadras,and the principals of theDeccan Collegeand theMadras School of Arts,all Britons, and not a single Indian. Starting with the premise that university education inIndiahad "suffered... by a too slavish imitation of English models", including an over-reliance on entrance examinations, Curzon oversaw 16 days of meetings and drafted 150 resolutions for reform.[5]
- Dr.William A. Puseyof theUniversity of Illinoisbegan the first experiments withradiation treatmentforcancer,usingx-raysin an attempt to combatsarcomain 11 patients.[6]Pusey described the patient as a "man, aged twenty-four" who had had a tumor removed from his neck two weeks earlier and was found to have round-celledsarcoma."He was given vigorous x-ray exposures and the tumor mass began to subside immediately," Dr. Pusey wrote later, adding "At the end of four weeks... the tumor had entirely disappeared."[7]
- Vice President of the United StatesTheodore Rooseveltbecame identified with the words, "Speak softly and carry a big stick"at theMinnesota State FairinMinneapolis.[8][9]The phrase was not his own invention, as he told his audience that "A good many of you are probably acquainted with the old proverb, 'Speak softly and carry a big stick— and you will go far.'" He added that "If a man continually blusters, if he lacks civility, a big stick will not save him from trouble; and neither will speaking softly avail, if back of the softness there does not lie strength, power... if the boaster is not prepared to back up his words, his position becomes absolutely contemptible. So it is with the nation. It is both foolish and undignified to indulge in undue self-glorification, and, above all, in loose-tongued denunciation of other peoples. Let us make it evident that we intend to do justice. Then let us make it equally evident that we will not tolerate injustice in return."[10]The phrase had been used by Roosevelt (asGovernor of New York) in a 1900 newspaper interview, and he attributed it at time to being a motto "taken from the South African people".[11]
- Born:
- Adolph Rupp,American college basketball coach; inHalstead, Kansas(d.1977)
- Franz Karmasin,ethnic German native ofAustria-Hungarywho administered theSlovak Statecreated from the German annexation ofCzechoslovakia;inOlmütz(nowOlomouc,Czech Republic) (d.1970)
September 3, 1901 (Tuesday)
[edit]- The Board of Judges of thecompetition to design the new Australian Flagannounced inMelbournethat it had selected five finalists from 32,823 proposals. The day before, the Board report noted that the members had concluded that any design should have the British "Union Jackon a blue or red ground "," A six-pointed star, representing thesix federated States of Australia,immediately underneath theUnion Jackand pointing direct to the centre of theSaint George's Cross,of a size to occupy the major portion of one quarter of the flag "; and theSouthern Crossconstellation. The finalists were artistAnnie DorringtonofPerth;ships officer William Stevens ofAuckland,New Zealand;a teenaged optician's apprentice, Leslie Hawkins ofSydney;architect Egbert John Nuttall ofMelbourne;and 14-year old schoolboyIvor EvansofMelbourne.[12][13]
- The "Miss Stone Affair",sometimes described as" America's first hostage crisis "[14]began when an Americanmissionary,Miss Ellen Stone, was kidnapped by terrorists who demanded a ransom from theOttoman Empire.[15]Miss Stone and her pregnant Bulgarian colleague, Katerina Stefanova Cilka, were traveling throughBulgariaon horseback with a party of ten other students and teachers. At a point betweenBanskoand Gorna Dzhumaya (nowBlagoevgrad), the group was surrounded by about 30 masked men, who took Miss Stone and Mrs. Cilka away while leaving the others unharmed.[16][17]TheUnited Stateswould eventually agree to pay the ransom on January 13, 1902, and Stone, Cilka, and Mrs. Cilka's child would be freed on February 10.[18]
- Responding toLord Kitchener's proclamation ofAugust 7directing that Boer troops surrender by September 15 or be deported fromSouth Africato other British territory, Boer GeneralChristiaan de Wetissued a proclamation that all British troops found in theOrange River Colonyafter September 15 would be shot.[4]On the same day,Jan Smuts,the Assistant Commandant General of the Transvaal Army, crossed into the BritishCape Colonyand prepared for a major invasion to divert British troops.[19][20]
- Three men,James Outramand his guides, Christian Bohren and Christian Hasler, became the first people to climb to the top ofMount Assiniboine,a 11,870 foot (3,620 m) peak in theCanadian Rockies.After reaching the top, Outram would write later, "One at a time— the other two securely anchored— we crawled with utmost caution to the actual highest point and peeped over the edge of the huge, overhanging crest, down the sheer wall to a great, shining glacier 6,000 feet or more below."[21]
September 4, 1901 (Wednesday)
[edit]- Kaiser Wilhelmmet withPrince Zaifeng,the 18-year-old brother of theEmperor of China,atPotsdam.As demanded byGermanyand made one of the 11 conditions of theBoxer Protocol,an imperial prince delivered his message of his nation's atonement for the murder ofGermany's ambassador,Baron von Ketteler,in 1900 during theBoxer Rebellion.[22]After the Kaiser acceptedChina's regrets, Zaifeng touredGermanyand the rest ofEuropefor three weeks, and participated in several military reviews as a guest of the German royal family.[23]Earlier in the week, the Kaiser agreed to waive the normal procedure where visitors had to make a deep bow to the German Emperor, a humbling gesture which would have added to the humiliation ofChina's capitulation to the German.[24][25]
- U.S. PresidentWilliam McKinleyarrived inBuffalo, New York,by train for a three-day visit to thePan-American Exposition.As the Presidential Special passed theUnited States Armypost atFort Porter,three cannons fired a 21-gun salute in the President's honor. "Unfortunately the guns had been placed far too close to the tracks," an historian would write later, "and as the train reached the spot, a booming report shattered all seven windows on the right side of the first car." The presidential party was in the second car, however, and the only two people in the damaged coach were a newspaper reporter and an official of theLake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway,neither of whom was injured.[26][27]
- On the morning of McKinley's arrival,Leon Czolgoszmade up his mind to shoot PresidentWilliam McKinley,and purchased a.32 caliberrevolver. According to the statement he would make to the police days later, he said that the resolution "was in my heart; there was no escape for me. I could not have conquered it had my life been at stake," and said that he was standing "near the railroad gate when the Presidential party arrived" and that the police forced him and everyone else back "so that the great ruler could pass." Czolgosz, who was confused about what day of the week, McKinley arrived and spoke, claimed that when the President made his speech, he "stood right near the President, right under him near the stand from which he spoke."[28]
September 5, 1901 (Thursday)
[edit]- TheNational Association of Professional Baseball Leagueswas formed inChicagoby seven minor baseball leagues: theInternational League(at the time named the Eastern League), theWestern League,theIllinois–Indiana–Iowa League(commonly referred to as the Three-I League), thePacific Northwest League,theWestern Association,theNew England Leagueand theNew York State League.[29][30]
- The AmericanyachtColumbiawas selected over theConstitutionto defend theAmerica's Cupagainst the British yachtShamrock II,beginning on September 21.[31]
- On "President's Day" at thePan-American Exposition,U.S. PresidentWilliam McKinleyspoke on the way that modern communications technology had transformed the planet, remarking "After all, how near one to the other is every part of the world! Modern inventions have brought into close relation widely separated peoples and made them better acquainted." Looking toward the future, he commented "God and man have linked the nations together. No nation can longer be indifferent to any other."[32]The speech, which was overshadowed by the events of the following day, "marked significant change in McKinley's policy toward free trade"[33]as the U.S. president suggested an end to America's policy of isolationism in favor of reciprocal trade agreements negotiated by theUnited Statesin its new role as a major world power.[34][35]
- Walter Hampden,who would become one of the most celebrated stage actors of his day, made his professional acting debut, in a production ofHenry Vat theTheatre Royal, Brighton,delivering three lines in portraying theDuke of Gloucester.[36]
September 6, 1901 (Friday)
[edit]- U.S. PresidentWilliam McKinleywasshot and fatally woundedat 4:12 in the afternoon byLeon Czolgosz,an American anarchist who had been standing in line at thePan-American ExpositioninBuffalo, New York.[37]McKinley would die from complications of his abdominal injury eight days later. Earlier in the day, he and Mrs. McKinley rode the inclined train toNiagara Falls(where he had an aide mark the midway point on the International Bridge so that he would not inadvertently cross from theUnited StatesintoCanada),[38]and he told of his plans to spend the following week inClevelandwith his friend, SenatorMark Hanna.At 3:30 the train brought him back to the Exposition fairgrounds, and he and his party rode by carriage to theTemple of Musicfor the scheduled public reception where 20,000 people were waiting in line to shake his hand. HisSecret Serviceguard, Officer Ireland, stood opposite McKinley instead of by his side. As recounted later, the last people whom McKinley met were a woman and a little girl, "a tall, powerful negro" named Jim Parker, and a young man whose right hand was bound up tight in a handkerchief, Czolgosz. As McKinley extended his hand, Czolgosz fired two shots from a gun concealed beneath the bandage.James Benjamin Parkerknocked Czolgosz down before a third shot could be fired and was initially applauded for saving the President's life.[39]The President was transported to the first-aid station at the Exposition grounds 23 minutes after being shot, and at 5:30, the best available surgeon, obstetrician Dr.Matthew D. Mannof theUniversity at Buffalo,began operating in poor lighting,[40][41]but the bullet (which had passed through the walls of the President's stomach) could not be located. Dr. Mann patched the hole in McKinley's stomach, but stitched up the President without draining the wound.[42]After the President awoke from surgery, he was transported to the home ofJohn G. Milburn,the President of thePan-American Exposition.[43][44]
- McKinley's personal secretary,George B. Cortelyou,had urged McKinley to cancel the event at theTemple of Musicand had even removed it twice from the announced agenda, restoring it each time at the insistence of the President.[34]
- Vice PresidentTheodore Rooseveltwas at the home of formerVermontLieutenant GovernorNelson W. FiskonIsle La Motte,where a luncheon was being held for the Vermont Fish and Game League. Fisk received a phone call and brought the Vice President inside to hear the news fromBuffalo.[45]
- Early news bulletins reported that PresidentWilliam McKinleyhad died at the scene, including one telegraphed at 4:30 p.m. local time that said, "The president died shortly after the shooting. Particulars later."[46]and another that reported that "He died at 4:05 o'clock at the service hospital building."[47]
- Ottoman SultanAbdul Hamid IIordered the Muslim terrorists to release American missionaryEllen Stone,who had been kidnapped onAugust 21,but there was no compliance.[48]
September 7, 1901 (Saturday)
[edit]- TheBoxer RebellioninChinawas formally ended with the signing of theBoxer ProtocolbetweenLi HongzhangandYikuang(Prince Qing) for theChinese Empire,[49]and as representatives of 11 nations whose embassies had been besieged during the 1900 rebellion. There were 11 terms, including apologies toGermanyandJapanfor the murders of their diplomats, a monument toBaron von Ketteler,punishment of the rebels, reparations payable over a 39-year period, compensation to individual foreigners, a ban against importing weapons, fortification of the diplomatic quarter, the tearing down of theTaku Fortsand installation of foreign military bases, a death penalty for creators of anti-foreign organizations, and the end of the Chinese practice of thekowtow,the deep bowing that offended many of the foreign representatives.[4][22]
- TheVenezuelan Navybombarded the port ofRio HachainColombia.[50]
- Dr.Ramón Barros Lucowas appointed as thePresident of Chile.[4]
- Maude Willard attempted to become the first person to successfullygo over Niagara Falls in a barrel,but did not survive the trip because she took along her pet dog "but was unmindful of the fact that the air in the barrel was insufficient for the two to live on any length of time."[51]It was speculated that the dog, terrified by being sealed in the barrel, pressed its nose against the only air hole.[52]
- Died:Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Thudichum,82, German-British physician who pioneered the study ofbrain chemistry(b.1829)
September 8, 1901 (Sunday)
[edit]- Spanish educator and anarchistFrancisco Ferrerfounded theModern School movementby opening the first school embodying his philosophy, theEscuela Moderna,inBarcelona.The new school was opened with a sizable donation from a former pupil, Ernestine Meunie, and the first class had 30 pupils (18 boys and 12 girls) from a variety of social groups.[53]Among the innovations was the teaching of boys and girls together, a departure from the norms inSpain,and Ferrer emphasized practical education with "as much firsthand experience as possible, rather than the 'wearisome' practice of getting knowledge from books."[54]In the second year, there were 70 pupils, and by the fifth year, 126.[55]After Ferrer's execution in 1909, theModern School movementwould spread to theUnited Statesand other nations.
- The ill-fatedRussian NavybattleshipBorodinowas launched from theNew Admiralty shipyardatSaint Petersburg.[56]On May 27, 1905, during theBattle of Tsushimaagainst theImperial Japanese Army,theBorodinowould be sunk in thePacific Ocean,losing all but one of its crew of 855.
- U.S. PresidentWilliam McKinley's secretary,George B. Cortelyou,and his physicians, Dr. Herman Mynter and Dr. Rixey, began issuing regular statements of the President's vital signs to the national press, starting with the report that at 3:20 in the morning, his temperature was 102.4°, pulse 122 and respiration 24.[57]
- Born:Hendrik Verwoerd,Dutch-bornPrime Minister of South Africaandapartheidadvocate, from 1958 until his assassination in 1966; inAmsterdam
- Died:Johannes von Miquel,72,German Minister of Financefrom 1890 to 1901 (b.1828)
September 9, 1901 (Monday)
[edit]- TheOttoman Empireand theBritish Empiresigned a preliminary agreement that ended their conflict over the Emirate ofKuwait,located between the Turkish-controlledBasra Province(now part ofIraq) and the Turkish-ruled territory in what is nowSaudi Arabia.The two Empires agreed thatTurkeywould respect the British use ofKuwaitas long as the Britons did not attempt to annexKuwaitas a colony nor establish aprotectorateover it.[58]
- Born:
- James Blades,English percussionist; inPeterborough,Northamptonshire(d.1999)
- Louise Thompson Patterson,African-American social activist; inChicago(d.1999)
- Granville Hicks,AmericanMarxistactivist; inExeter, New Hampshire(d.1982)
- Died:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec,36, FrenchPost-Impressionistpainter, died of complications of syphilis and alcoholism (b.1864)
September 10, 1901 (Tuesday)
[edit]- Emma Goldmanand other anarchists were arrested in a nationwide roundup of suspected terrorists after presidential assassinLeon Czolgosztold investigators that he had been inspired by Goldman, and had met her inClevelandtwo months earlier.[59][60]Goldman, who had been in hiding, was arrested in aChicagoapartment. After initially denying her identity to police, "she acknowledged that she was anarchy's high priestess"[61]and went toCity Hallfor interrogation. Regarding McKinley, she reportedly said, "I consider him too insignificant a man for the purpose of assassination." Goldman remained in jail until September 23 and then was released after prosecutors inChicagoannounced that there was no evidence against them.
- The monarchs of theUnited Kingdom,Russia,GreeceandDenmark,along with 30 other members of royalty, rode together on a train fromFredensborgtoCopenhagenasTsar Nicholascompleted his visit toDenmark.Present at the Tsar's farewell luncheon on board the Russian imperial yachtStandariwereDenmark'sKing Christian,King GeorgeofGreece,and Britain'sKing Edward,who had arrived atHelsingørthe day before on his yacht,HMYOsborne.[62][63]
- Dr. Charles McBurney,leader of the team of doctors overseeing PresidentWilliam McKinley's recovery, announced that the President's condition had improved to the point that he could begin to consume liquid nourishment, starting with beef broth. Accordingly, newspapers reported the next day that "There is not the slightest doubt that President McKinley has made a wonderful step toward recovery, and danger to his life seems to have disappeared."[64]Vice PresidentTheodore Rooseveltand several members of the presidential cabinet departedBuffalo, New York[65]and it was speculated that McKinley would be able to return to his duties by October 1.[44]At 9:00 in the morning, McKinley's fever had broken and his temperature was 99.8°.[66]The announcement came after the second day of good news fromBuffalo.[67][68]
- U.S. Treasury SecretaryLyman J. Gageannounced that his cabinet department would buy back $20,000,000 worth ofUnited States Bondsin order to put some of the surplus budget money back into circulation.[4]
- TheLowie Museum of Anthropology(now thePhoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology) was founded by vote of theUniversity of CaliforniaBoard of Regents inBerkeley.[69]
- Born:Ho Feng-Shan,Chinese diplomat who issued exit visas to thousands of Jews inAustriafrom 1938 to 1940 after the 1938 Nazi German annexation; inYiyang,Hunanprovince (d.1997)
September 11, 1901 (Wednesday)
[edit]- Plans were made across theUnited Statesto celebrate U.S. PresidentWilliam McKinley's recovery from the assassination attempt of five days earlier. The Director-General of thePan-American Expositionannounced plans for "a day of special thanksgiving, a day of national jubilee over the escape of President McKinley from death" and said that provisional arrangements were being made for a series of events for September 21.[70]Clergymen attending a national conference inChicagoagreed that the idea of a secondThanksgiving Daywould be appropriate for 1901.[71][72]
- PresidentWilliam McKinley's physicians provided the most encouraging news bulletin released after he had been shot five days earlier, as Dr. Herman Mynter told reporters, "Good news, good news, nothing but good news. We have washed and fed the President, and moved him to another bed." Asked if McKinley was still improving, Dr. Mynter said, "He is; and to prove it I desire to say that a count of his blood shows that it is in a normal condition, and we feel that we can announce definitely that there is not the least indication of blood poisoning."[73]
- Kaiser WilhelmofGermanyandTsar NicholasofRussiamet on the Kaiser's personalyacht,SMYHohenzollern,which made a rendezvous with the Tsar'syacht,theStandart,on theBaltic Sea,with both anchored beyond sight of the German coast. Count Plateau, the Kaiser's aide, went on board theStandartand escorted the Russian Emperor over to theHohenzollern.The two monarchs then went to the quarterdeck, engaged "in animated conversation", then ate together at a luncheon that includedRussian Foreign MinisterVladimir LamsdorfandGerman ChancellorBernhard von Bülow.[74]TheNew York Tribunewould write that "As a result of the meeting between the Czar and the Kaiser one feels confident that the peace of Europe is assured as long as the Czar lives."[75]
- TheU.S. Circuit Court for New Yorkordered a refund of $490,139.09 from the federal government to the American Sugar Refining Company for the improper charge of foreign import duties on sugar brought to the U.S. mainland from Puerto Rico, in accordance with theMay 27decision of theU.S. Supreme Courtin one of the "Insular Cases".[4]
- Born:
- Theodore "Ted" Bates,American advertising executive who founded the agencyTed Bates, Inc.;inNew Haven, Connecticut(d.1972)
- Alexander Brunschwig,American cancer specialist; inEl Paso, Texas(d.1969)
September 12, 1901 (Thursday)
[edit]- New Zealandbecame the first nation to require the registration and regulation of nurses, with the passage of theNurses Registration Act 1901.[76]
- After being permitted to eat solid food in the morning, U.S. PresidentWilliam McKinleybegan to experience a steady decline in his recovery, and by 8:30 p.m., began to show signs of heart failure. By the next morning, it was clear that he was dying.[44]
- Born:
- Ben Blue,Canadian comedian and actor; inMontreal(d.1975)
- Shmuel Horowitz,Russian-born Israeli agronomist; inMinsk(d.1999)
- Wilhelm Meise,German ornithologist, inEssen(d.2002)
September 13, 1901 (Friday)
[edit]- With his health continuing to worsen,[77]PresidentWilliam McKinleyspoke for the last time to his wife, and at 8:00 in the evening, uttered his last words, which Dr.Matthew D. Mannwrote down as "Goodbye, all. Goodbye. It is God's way. His will be done."[44]According toMrs. McKinley,however, her husband drew her close and whispered the words to his favorite hymn, "Nearer, My God, to Thee".[59]Afterward, he was unconscious and never woke up.
- Earlier in the day, Vice PresidentTheodore Roosevelthad been camping in theAdirondack Mountainsinupstate New York,and had traveled with a group to the summit ofMount Marcy,the highest point in the state. Shortly before noon, two telegrams were brought to a lodge atTahawus, New York,near the mountains. Harrison Hall, a 50-year old mountain guide, was given the task of locating the Vice President and bringing him back down. After more than three hours and a hike of 14 miles, Hall found Roosevelt near the summit by the shore ofLake Tear of the Clouds.[78]The second of the two bulletins from Roosevelt's secretary,William Loeb Jr.,said, "The President is critically ill. His condition is grave. Oxygen is being given. Absolutely no hope." Arriving atTahawus,Roosevelt got a third telegram that said "The President appears to be dying and members of the Cabinet in Buffalo think you should lose no time coming."[79]Deciding to rest rather than departing theAdirondacksin the dark, Roosevelt went to bed at 9:00.
September 14, 1901 (Saturday)
[edit]- William McKinley,58, the 25thPresident of the United States,died ofgangrenepoisoning from his injuries at 2:15 in the morning, at the home of his friendJohn G. Milburn,at 1168 Delaware Avenue inBuffalo, New York.All of the members of his Cabinet, with the exception of the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury, were present when he died.[44][80]The postmortem report listed the cause of death as "Gangrene of both walls of stomach and pancreas following the gunshot wound."[81]
- In a remote area ofNew York state,Vice PresidentTheodore Roosevelthad been woken up shortly after midnight with two more telegrams and, at 12:30 in the morning, rode on a horse-drawnbuckboardwagon driven by David Hunter, the superintendent of the Tarawas Club, ten miles downhill toward the nearest telephone, in the lower clubhouse, and called the railroad station atNorth Creek, New York,where Mr. Loeb was waiting, and departed on the second leg of his journey at 2:10 in the morning in a wagon driven by Orrin Kellogg. "They had not made ten strides," a reporter would write later, before Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United States by the death of William McKinley.[78]A third driver, Mike Cronin, met him at the Alden Lair Lodge at 3:05 and took him on the dangerous road on the 16 mile trip to North Creek, arriving at 4:48, where Roosevelt was informed (by William Loeb) that he was now the President. They boarded the special train toAlbanyand then toBuffalo.The train arrived atBuffaloby 2:00 in the afternoon and, after offering his condolences to McKinley's family, Roosevelt went to the home of his friend,Ansley Wilcox,at 641 Delaware Avenue, where he was sworn in as the 26thPresident of the United StatesbyU.S. District JudgeJohn R. Hazelat 3:25.[44][82][83]At the age of 42, Roosevelt became the youngest man to ever serve as the U.S. president.
- InChina,the Imperial Court issued an edict directing that the academies in all of the Empire's provincial capitals were to be converted to colleges, and to offer both Confucian studies and a Western-world education.[84]
- What is believed to have been the firstbodybuildingcompetition in history was presented by German athleteEugen Sandow,before 15,000 people atRoyal Albert HallinLondon.The "Great Competition" was judged by Sandow, SirArthur Conan Doyle,and SirCharles Bennett Lawes.[85]
September 15, 1901 (Sunday)
[edit]- Memorial services were observed across theUnited Statesfor PresidentWilliam McKinleyand at the home ofJohn G. Milburn,with PresidentTheodore Roosevelt,members of the cabinet, and McKinley's friends and family present. After the service, McKinley's body was transported to the City Hall inBuffalo, New York,to lie in state while mourners paid their respects.[86]
- Born:
- Donald Bailey,British civil engineer who invented the portable, pre-fabricatedBailey bridgeused duringWorld War II,inRotherham,South Yorkshire(d.1985)
- Ernst von Salomon,Nazi German novelist, inKiel,Germany(d.1972)
- Died:Edith Simcox,57, British feminist author (b.1844)
September 16, 1901 (Monday)
[edit]- TheDuke of Cornwall and York,heir-apparent of theUnited Kingdomand the future KingGeorge V,arrived inCanadato make a five-week cross-country tour of the Dominion and its provinces, as his yacht docked inQuebec City.[87][88]
- The winning choice for theFlag of Australiawas first raised, although the winning design would not be officially announced until February 18. At the opening of the new Town Hall inTownsville,Queensland,theGovernor-General,Lord Hopetoun,presided as the banner created by Annie Dorrington was run up the flagpole.[12]
- The Western Transit Company steamerHudsonfoundered and sank inLake Superior,drowning all 25 of its crew, in view of people on the beach atEagle River, Michigan.[89]A legend among local residents is that, on every September 16 since the disaster, "the ship's ghost rises from the bottom, only to sink once more."[90]
- PresidentTheodore Rooseveltand the cabinet members rode along with PresidentWilliam McKinley's casket on a train fromBuffalo, New York,toWashington, D.C.[4]
- Leon Czolgoszwas indicted by theState of New Yorkon murder charges for the assassination of PresidentWilliam McKinley.At the arraignment, he was assigned two former judges, Robert C. Titus and Lorain L. Lewis, who reluctantly agreed to represent him.[44][91]
- William Henry Huntwas sworn in as the new AmericanGovernor of Puerto Rico.Elaborate ceremonies that had been planned for his inauguration were canceled in light of the death of PresidentWilliam McKinley,and Hunt was sworn into office with a simple oath. Afterward, he discarded his prepared inaugural address and delivered a brief eulogy for McKinley.[92]
- The city ofTonka Bay, Minnesota,a resort named for nearbyLake Minnetonka,was incorporated.Tonkaitself is theSioux Indian languageword for "large".
- Born:M. N. Kaul(Maheshwar Nath Kaul), Secretary-General of theLok Sabha,the lower house of the Parliament of India, during its first 12 years (1952–1964); inSrinagar,Jammu and Kashmirprincely state,British India(d.1984)
- Died:Henry Benjamin Whipple,79, Episcopal bishop inMinnesota,humanitarian, and advocate for the state's American Indian residents who were members of theDakota SiouxandOjibwetribes (b.1822)
September 17, 1901 (Tuesday)
[edit]- Lieutenant ColonelHubert Goughof theBritish Armyunderestimated his enemy, and led his 280-man Mounted Infantry force in a surprise attack on what he thought was a contingent of no more than 200 Boer soldiers, in theBattle of Blood River Poort.Without waiting to scout the area, Gough and his cavalrymen charged on horseback on a 1,000-yard (910 m) dash, and discovered that they had charged into the middle of a much larger Boer encampment. The 200 Boers that Gough had sighted began firing, and "500 enemy horsemen galloped out to Gough's right flank from which, almost at once, they began to envelop him." After a 20-minute battle, 23 of Gough's men were dead, 24 more wounded, and he and the remaining 235 were captured, along with two cannons, 180 rifles, 30,000 rounds of ammunition and 200 ponies. Gough and his men escaped or were disarmed and released over the next few days.[93]
- Plans byGuglielmo Marconito send the first wireless transmission fromEuropetoNorth Americawere dealt a setback when a powerful storm wrecked the nearly-completed antenna array at his transmitting station atPoldhu,located in the westernmost area ofGreat BritainatCornwall.[94]As he was making repairs atPoldhu,a gale would take down his North American receiving station atCape Cod,Massachusetts,on November 26. He would be able to rebuild before the end of the year, and the first trans-Atlantic wireless transmission would happen on December 12.[95]
- Hundreds of mourners were trampled, and several hospitalized, after the doors to theUnited States Capitolrotunda opened to admit people who had gathered inWashington, D.C.,to pay their last respects to PresidentWilliam McKinley.[96]The poorly controlled crowd of 40,000 people had been waiting outside the Capitol, and when the mass pushed forward, a panic set in. Those who had the misfortune of falling down were stepped upon "by those around them and by the horses of three mounted policemen". Nobody was killed, but "a number of persons sustained broken ribs and broken limbs" and many were taken to hospitals. In the evening, McKinley's body was placed on a special train back to be taken to his hometown ofCanton, Ohio.[97]
- Imperial Chinese troops returned toBeijingfollowing the signing of theBoxer Protocol,and American and Japanese officers relinquished control of theForbidden Cityquarter ofChina's capital.[4][98]
- TheGrand Canyon Railwaydelivered its first tourists to theGrand Canyonafter departing fromWilliams, Arizona,at 7:00 in the morning with 30 passengers in a railroad car pulled by Locomotive 282 and driven by engineer Harry Schlee. The trip covered the 60-mile distance in three hours each way, but the $3.95 ticket for the round trip (equivalent to $106 in 2016) "was a bargain by comparison with the day-long $20 stage trip" by horse-drawn coach.[99]
- Russian authorLeonid Andreyevbecame an instant success with the publication of his first book, a collection of ten short stories.[100]
- Born:Francis Chichester,English yachtsman sailor and navigator who made a solo trip around the world by sailboat in 1966 and 1967 in theGipsy Moth IV;inBarnstaple,Devonshire(d.1972)
September 18, 1901 (Wednesday)
[edit]- The British torpedo boatHMSCobrafoundered in a storm and sank off the coast ofLincolnshire,drowning 67 of the 79 people on board.[101]TheCobrawas the secondsteam turbinepropulsion ship to be wrecked in seven weeks; its sister vessel,HMSViper,had been ruined beyond repair on August 3, but without loss of life. Although the new steam turbine technology was not found to be at fault in either disaster, the Royal Navycourt-martialthat tried the case against the survivors concluded that "the loss of the ship was due to structural weakness, and expressed regret that she was ever purchased for His Majesty's Fleet."[102]
- Princeton Universityinaugurated its firstgraduate school,offering themaster's degreeprogram to students who had already obtained abachelor's degree.[103]
- Venezuelan troops occupied the Colombian city of Rio Hacha.[104]
- The body of PresidentWilliam McKinleylay in state a third time, as mourners passed by it inCanton, Ohio.[105]
September 19, 1901 (Thursday)
[edit]- A final funeral service for PresidentWilliam McKinleywas held inCanton, Ohio,during a day of national mourning, with business suspended throughout theUnited States.Memorial services were observed in the principal cities of the world.[106][107][108][109]Present inCantonwere the entire presidential cabinet, 67 U.S. Representatives and 30 U.S. Senators.[110]Schools and many businesses were closed, and those businesses that continued to operate paused in the afternoon. At 3:30 p.m. Eastern Time (12:30 Pacific), church bells were tolled to coincide with the end of the funeral service inCanton,and people stopped what they were doing for five minutes, as streetcars and trains came to a stop, factories halted work, horse-drawn and motor vehicles paused in the streets. At the end of five minutes, the bells were rung again and work was resumed.[111][112]The exception was the city ofBoston,which "did not interrupt its customary traffic and holiday avocations".[113]Nearly all sporting events were canceled, except for some scheduled races inIndiana.[114]
- Leon Czolgoszconsented to an interview with Frank A. Olozanowski, editor of aBuffalonewspaper read by the Polish-American community. Olozanowski would tell reporters later that the assassin "talked freely on every subject which I suggested, except his crime." Asked about the assassination, Czolgosz said, "What's the use of talking about that? I killed the President. I am an anarchist and simply did my duty, that's all I'll say."[115]
- Born:
- Ludwig von Bertalanffy,Austrian biologist and a founder ofgeneral systems theory;inAtzgersdorf,Austria-Hungary(d.1972)
- Clyde Connell,American abstract expressionist sculptor; nearBelcher, Louisiana(d.1998)
September 20, 1901 (Friday)
[edit]- The 1,000th anniversary of the rule of KingAlfred the GreatofEnglandwas celebrated with the unveiling of a statue in his honor by Lord Roseberry atWinchester."King Alfred wrought immortal work for us and our sister nation over the sea," Roseberry said, "which, in the supreme moment of stress and sorrow, is irresistibly joined to us across the centuries and across the seas."[116]King Alfred's reign had actually ended with his death on October 26,899,but a government committee relied on the traditional date from theAnglo-Saxon Chronicleof900AD, and chose to make the celebration from November 1900 to the end of October 1901. This came despite the dating discrepancies pointed out by historianW. H. Stevensonin 1898; the chroniclers "began the new year in September" starting with entries for the middle of the9th century.[117]
- Theodore Rooseveltheld his first cabinet meeting asPresident of the United Statesand pledged to continue the policies of the McKinley administration.[118]
September 21, 1901 (Saturday)
[edit]- Anton Chekhov's play,Three Sisters(Tri sestry) was performed for the first time, making its debut at theMoscow Art Theatre.[119]
- W. Scott Heywood began the first drilling for oil in the U.S. state ofLouisiana,placing a well inJefferson Davis Parishon the farm of Jules Clement, five miles north of the town ofJennings.Oil production and refining would soon become the most important part of theLouisianaeconomy.[120][121]
- TheChicago White Stockingsclinched theAmerican Leaguepennant despite a 10–4 loss to the fourth-placePhiladelphia Athletics,because the trailingBoston Americansfell toDetroit,3–1. The loss at home putBoston8 1/2 games behindChicago,which had won the 1900 title when the AL was a minor league, with only 8 games to play.[122]
- The legislature ofArgentinavoted to require compulsory military service.[123]
- TheChicago Orphans,later the Cubs, defeated theBoston Beaneaters,1–0, in 17 innings, the longest major league baseball game since August 18, 1882, when the Providence Grays beat the Detroit Wolverines by the same score in 18 innings.[124]
- Born:
- Learie Constantine,Trinidad-born cricket star for the West Indies, Trinidad High Commissioner, and (as Baron Constantine) the first black member of the BritishHouse of Lords;inDiego Martin,Trinidad and Tobago(d.1971)
- Lee Alvin DuBridge,American physicist who served as the president of Cal Tech from 1946 to 1969; inTerre Haute, Indiana(d.1994)
September 22, 1901 (Sunday)
[edit]- The comic strip "Alphonse and Gaston"made its debut, creating thecatchphrase"After you, my dear Alphonse" to express the idea of letting somebody else do something first, and the "Alphonse-and-Gaston routine", where neither side will do anything constructive until the other one acts first. Created byFrederick Burr Opperfor the SundayNew York Journal,the feature was based on the premise of two exceedingly polite Frenchmen.[125]
- District Attorney Thomas Penney, leading the prosecution in the Czolgosz murder trial, announced inBuffalo, New York,that forensic tests had ruled out the theory that poisoned bullets had been used in the shooting of PresidentWilliam McKinley.The President's death fromgangreneof the stomach had been the result of improper care of the wound, rather than a contaminant used by the assassin.[126]
- Born:
- Charles Brenton Huggins,Canadian-born cancer researcher, recipient of the 1966Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine;inHalifax, Nova Scotia(d.1997)
- Nadezhda Alliluyeva,second wife ofJoseph Stalin;inBaku(committed suicide,1932)
September 23, 1901 (Monday)
[edit]- GermangastroenterologistGeorg Kellingintroduced the minimally invasive diagnostic surgery and gave the first public demonstration of a modernlaparoscopic procedure.Dr. Kelling appeared before a conference of naturalist scientists inHamburgand, operating upon the abdomen of a live dog, combined two relatively new technologies. With two small incisions, he placed acystoscopethrough one side to view the abdominal cavity, and atrocarfrom another side to blow filtered air toinsufflatethe cavity without damaging the dog's internal organs.[127]
- PresidentTheodore Roosevelttook up residence at theWhite House,eight days after PresidentWilliam McKinley's death and the shipment of the last of the McKinley family belongings back toOhio.[128]On his first evening, he invited his two sisters,Anna Roosevelt CowlesandCorinne Roosevelt Robinson,along with their husbands, to dine with him in celebration of the 70th birthday of their father, the lateTheodore Roosevelt Sr.,who had died in 1878.[129][130]
- The murder trial ofLeon Czolgoszbegan at 10:00 in the morning inBuffalo, New York,six days after his arraignment for theMcKinley assassination.Testimony did not begin until 3:00, after a panel of 12 jurors was selected, and the first witness was former city engineer Samuel J. Fields, who presented a diagram of theTemple of Musicand showed the position of the President. Four others testified before Judge Truman White adjourned court at 4:03.[131]
- The Auctioneer,a three-act comedy written byCharles Kleinand produced byDavid Belasco,premiered at theBijou TheatreinManhattan.ActorDavid Warfieldperformed what would become his signature role, as suddenly wealthy auctioneer Simon Levi.[132]
- Emma Goldmanand eight other anarchists inChicagowere released from jail after the city prosecutor admitted that no evidence had been found linking them to theMcKinley assassination.They had been incarcerated since September 10 on charges of conspiracy.[133]
- Born:
- Jaroslav Seifert,Czech writer, and 1984 Nobel Prize laureate; inŽižkov,Austria-Hungary(now in theCzech Republic) (d.1986)
- Ruth Andreas-Friedrich, German social worker and partner withLeo Borchardin a covert campaign to rescue Jews from persecution; inBerlin.After her suicide in 1977, she would be posthumously named as one of theRighteous Among the NationsinIsrael.
- Died:
- Nathaniel Buchanan,75, Irish-born pioneer of the Australian outback during the19th century(b.1826)
- Doc McJames(Dr. James McCutchen James), 27, American major league baseball pitcher and physician who had appeared in a game forBrooklynas recently as July 13, died of complications from injuries in a horse-drawn carriage accident (b.1874)
September 24, 1901 (Tuesday)
[edit]- Following a trial and deliberation that lasted a total of 8 hours and 26 minutes,Leon Czolgoszwas found guilty of themurder of President William McKinley.The appointed defense attorneys called no witnesses, and Czolgosz refused to cooperate with them. At 3:52 p.m., the jury retired for deliberations, and the announcement that they had reached a verdict came 28 minutes later. Jury foreman Henry W. Wendt announced the verdict at 4:26.[134]Two days later, Czolgosz would be sentenced to die in theelectric chair,with the execution scheduled for the week of October 28.[135]
- Born:
- Joseph Schmid,German commander of theLuftwaffeintelligence branch duringWorld War II;inGöggingen(d.1956)
- Gerald Warner Brace,American novelist who wrote about New England rural life; inIslip, New York(d.1978)
- John Faulkner,American novelist who wrote about Southern rural life; inRipley, Mississippi(d.1963)
- Died:John Logan Power,67, Irish-born American journalist, Confederate government official, andSecretary of State of Mississippisince 1895
September 25, 1901 (Wednesday)
[edit]- King Edwardreturned to theUnited Kingdomafter more than a month away on a tour of the other European nations.[136]
- An international college track and field competition was held, pittingHarvardandYaleof theUnited StatesagainstOxfordandCambridgein theUnited Kingdom,and the American team won six of the nine events.[137]
- During the war games of theUnited States Navy's North Atlantic squadron, the submarineUSSHollandgave a dramatic demonstration of the vulnerability of surface ships to an underwater vessel. With his crew, U.S. Navy LieutenantH. H. Caldwell,the first American submarine commander, guided theHollandpast a simulated blockade ofRhode Island'sNarragansett Bay,moved unobserved up to within 100 yards (91 m) of the lead battleship, theUSSKearsarge(even after flashing a warning signal), and made a simulated attack. When the sub surfaced, Lt. Caldwell climbed up to the conning tower, turned on a light and shouted "HelloKearsarge,you are blown to atoms. This is the submarine boat, theHolland."[138]
- Born:
- Robert Bresson,French film director; inPuy-de-Dômedépartement; (d.1999)
- Gordon Coventry,Australian rules footballer, Hall of Famer andVictorian Football Leaguescoring leader of the1920sfor the Collingwood Magpies, inDiamond Creek, Victoria(d.1968)
- Died:Arthur Lyon Fremantle,65, British military officer, Governor of Malta, and bestselling author who wrote contemporary accounts of his observations of theConfederate States Armyduring theAmerican Civil War(b.1835)
September 26, 1901 (Thursday)
[edit]- The body of U.S. PresidentAbraham Lincolnwas re-interred beneath theLincoln Tombat theOak Ridge CemeteryinSpringfield, Illinois,after the remains had been properly identified. In order to protect against any future attempts at grave robbery, the tomb was protected by a layer of concrete that was several feet thick.[139]Eighteen people were permitted to look at the body after Lincoln's casket was opened, and it was reported that the features were "extremely pallid... due to a film that has crept over the face", but that Lincoln's beard "could be plainly seen and the chin was prominent, while the hair had begun to fall out". Five of the 18 signed a statement saying that they had seen the remains the last time the casket had been opened (on April 14, 1887) and that "we again identify them as the same".[140]
- A year after its victory over theAshanti Empirein theWar of the Golden Stool,the British government issued the Northern TerritoriesOrder in Council,declaring that "The territories in West Africa... heretofore known as Ashanti have been conquered by His Majesty's forces, and it has seemed expedient to His Majesty that the said territories should be annexed to and should henceforth form part of His Majesty's dominions." The area was administered by the Governor of the Gold Coast Colony and is now part ofGhana.In the Ashanti capital,Kumasi,a cannon was fired... at noon every day to remind its residents of Britain's occupation ", while the sacred object of the war, the Golden Stool, remained hidden.[141]
- Guglielmo Marconisecured a worldwide monopoly throughout theBritish Empirefor hiswirelesstelegraphysystem as theMarconi International Marine Communication Companysigned a 14-year exclusive agreement withLloyd's of London,which controlled most of the signaling of information to establish the location of merchant ships.[142][143]
- Two days after being convicted of murder,Leon Czolgoszwas informed that he would be executed in theelectric chairatAuburn State Prisonduring the week of October 28. Czolgosz was reported to be terrified after showing no emotion during the trial; one of his defense attorneys, Judge Titus, asked the Court to allow Czolgosz the chance to make a statement, stating that "it seems to me, in order that the innocent should not suffer by this defendant's crime, the court should permit him to exculpate at least his father, brother and sisters." In a feeble voice, Czolgosz said, "There was no one else but me. No one else told me to do it, and no one paid me to do it. I was not told anything about that crime, and I never thought anything about murder until a couple of days before I committed the crime." At 2:26, Judge White told Czolgosz, "In taking the life of our beloved President you committed a crime which shocked and outraged the moral sense of the civilized world," and then signed the death warrant directing the state prison "to pass through the body of said Leon F. Czolgosz a current of electricity of sufficient intensity to cause death, and that the application of the said current of electricity be continued until he, the said Leon F. Czolgosz, be dead." Czolgosz was placed in a special railroad car at 9:45 that evening and sent toAuburn, New York.[144]
- A report fromSouth Africawas published, showing that 1,268 Boer civilians had died in British internment camps in theTransvaal,and 1,052 in those in theOrange River Colony.The overwhelming majority of the deaths were those of children.[123]
- Born:
- George Raft,American film actor; as George Ranft inNew York City(d.1980)
- Ted Weems,American jazz musician bandleader; as Wilford Theodore Wemyes inPitcairn, Pennsylvania(d.1963)
- Gordon McGregor,Canadian air ace for the RCAF and businessman who was the first president ofAir Canada;inMontreal(d.1971)
- Died:John George Nicolay,70, private secretary and adviser to PresidentAbraham Lincoln(b.1832)
September 27, 1901 (Friday)
[edit]- Escorted by Sheriff Samuel Caldwell and Jailer George M. Mitchell ofErie County, New York,and deputies of both officials, convicted assassinLeon Czolgoszarrived inAuburn, New York,at 3:13 in the morning and found an angry mob of several hundred people waiting for him outside the gates of theAuburn State Prison,across the street from the railroad station. "There was a mad rush for the prisoner as he was led from the car," a reporter for theNew York Sunnoted the next day. "The deputies were assailed on all sides. They drew their revolvers andbilliesand tried to drive back the crowd... Blows were aimed at the murderer and Jailer Mitchell was struck twice in the abdomen. "The officers finally got their captive through the prison gate, and Czolgosz" was led in, under a black bordered portrait of his victim which hung over the entrance "and placed in cell number five on the prison's Death Row.[145][146]
- PresidentTheodore Roosevelt's wife Edith, and six children (who ranged in age from 3 years old to 17), moved into theWhite House.[128]
- ThePittsburgh Piratesclinched theNational Leaguepennant with eight games left to play, beating third-placeBrooklyn5–4, while second placePhiladelphia Phillieslost inSt. Louis,9–0. The Pirates win gave them an 86–45 record, 9 1/2 games ahead of the 77–55 Phillies, who were mathematically eliminated even if they won all their remaining contests andPittsburghlost all of its last games.[147]Hall of FamerHonus Wagnerhit a single in the 8th inning that tied the game, 4–4, and then crossed the plate for the winning run.[148]
- Born:
- John Sung(Sung Shang-chieh), Chinese Christian evangelist who was influential in spreading the Christian religion in mainland China,Taiwanand much ofSoutheast Asia;inFujian Province(d.1944oftuberculosis)
- Roy Simmons Jr.,American lacrosse player and coach, andNational Lacrosse Hall of Famemember; inPhiladelphia(d.1994)
- Jean Berger,German-American composer and pianist, as Arthur Schlossberg, inHamm(now inNorth Rhine-Westphalia),Germany(d.2002)
- Beasley Smith,American composer and big band leader; inMcEwen, Tennessee(d.1968)
- Gero von Schulze-Gaevernitz,German-born American intelligence officer who assisted Allen Dulles in the U.S. Office of Strategic Services duringWorld War II,and assisted as negotiator; inFreiburg im Breisgau(d.1971)
September 28, 1901 (Saturday)
[edit]- Filipino guerrillas killed 48 membersof Company C of theU.S. 9th Infantry Regiment,including Captain Thomas W. Connell and two other officers, in a surprise attack on the town ofBalangigaonSamar Island,Philippines.[149]Another 24 Americans, all but four of them injured, were able to flee to bring the news of the attack.[150]In the week before the attack, Captain Connell had rounded up 143 male residents and forced them to clean up the town, following an altercation between two U.S. soldiers and the brothers of a local girl; Balangiga police chief Valeriano Abanador plotted revenge and was assisted by two guerrilla officers. The day before the attack, Private Adolph Gamlin told his superiors that the women and children were leaving down; at the same time, nearly 700 men, many of them dressed as women, were assembling in town withbolo knivesand axes. At 6:45 on the morning of the 28th, while the men of Company C were unarmed and having breakfast, Chief Abanador grabbed Private Gamlin's rifle, then shouted the command to begin the ringing of church bells, the signal to start the assault.[151]Nearly all of the dead infantrymen were hacked to death, and their bodies were mutilated.[152]U.S. ArmyGeneralJacob H. Smithwould order a brutal retaliation against the people ofSamarover the next five months, and would eventually be convicted in a court-martial for directing a "kill and burn" policy.[153]
- King C. Gilletteincorporated the American Safety Razor Company, which would be renamed theGillette Safety Razor Companyin 1904, a year after manufacturing its first safety razor.[154]
- ARoyal Navywarship arrived at tiny (2.3 square miles (6.0 km2))Banaba Island,raised the British flag, and announced to the locals that the reef had become part of theprotectorateof theGilbert and Ellice Islands.[155]
- TheMunicipal Theater of Kievbegan operations, with the performance of the operaA Life for the Tsar.[156]
- SirJoseph Dimsdalewas electedLord Mayor of London.[157]
- Born:
- William S. Paley,American businessman who presided over the transformation of the small (16 stations)CBSradio network into a television and radio broadcasting conglomerate; inChicago(d.1990)
- Ed Sullivan,American newspaper columnist who created the longest running television variety show in American history, inHarlem,New York City(d.1974)
- Kurt Otto Friedrichs,German-born American mathematician; inKiel(d.1983)
- Died:J. H. Haverly,80, American theater producer who entertained Americans in the19th centurywith his innovativeminstrel shows,and created the popular blackface troupeHaverly's United Mastodon Minstrels(b.1837)
September 29, 1901 (Sunday)
[edit]- An attempt to introduce automobiles into the sport ofbullfightingproved to be "a grotesque fiasco" in the city ofBaiona(Bayonne) inSpain,and "spectators were first amused by the scene, but afterward became enraged" when the car ran over one of the bull's hooves. Thepicadors,who normally rode on horseback, drove about in a 12-horsepower electric car that was protected by a steel cage, while thematadorstood in the usual fashion.[158]
- Thevellum parchmentpages of theConstitution of the United States document produced in 1787were transferred from theU.S. Department of Stateoffices onPennsylvania Avenue,to theLibrary of Congressbuilding onIndependence Avenue.The three-mile distance was made by car in a U.S. mail wagon, and the steel case housing the document would be kept in a safe at the library until it could be safely placed on public display.[159]
- PresidentTheodore Rooseveltconferred withBooker T. Washingtonat theWhite Houseand outlined his plan on how he would improve the lives ofAfrican Americans.At the close of the meeting, Roosevelt invited Washington to dine with the First Family on October 16.[160]
- Born:
- Enrico Fermi,Italian theoretical atomic physicist, and 1938 Nobel Prize laureate; in theCastro Pretoriodistrict ofRome(d.1954)
- Lanza del Vasto,Italian philosopher, poet and activist, inSan Vito dei Normanni(d.1981)
September 30, 1901 (Monday)
[edit]- Twelve coal miners inNanaimo,British Columbia,were killed after they went back into a burning coal mine to extinguish a fire that had been started by a pit lamp. They and the other members of the crew had safely escaped when flames had first been spotted in the number 2 mine.[161]
- TheU.S. Treasuryissued a check for the pro-rated portion of PresidentWilliam McKinley's presidential salary, payable to the McKinley estate, in the amount of $1,856.88. The figure was based on the annual presidential salary of $50,000 which was paid at $4,166.66 for September, based on $12,500 per quarter and the extra penny paid for the third month of each quarter. Given thatTheodore Roosevelthad been president for the last 17 days of September running from September 14 to September 30, the Auditor's office calculated that Roosevelt was due 17/92 of the $12,500 payable during the 92-day quarter ($2,309.79) and that McKinley would receive the remainder.[162]
References
[edit]- ^Kratoska, Paul H. (2001).South East Asia, Colonial History: Empire-building in the Nineteenth Century.Taylor & Francis.p. 374.
- ^Ozyuksel, Murat (2014).The Hejaz Railway and the Ottoman Empire: Modernity, Industrialisation and Ottoman Decline.I.B.Tauris.pp. 123–124.
- ^Hoffmann, John P.(2007).Japanese Saints: Mormons in the Land of the Rising Sun.Lexington Books.p. 1.
- ^abcdefghThe American Monthly Review of Reviews(October 1901) pp. 408-413
- ^Nanda, Bal Ram(2015).Gokhale: The Indian Moderates and the British Raj.Princeton University Press.pp. 183–184.
- ^Sagar, Tenali G.; Chandra, Anita (2005). "Progress in Hodgkin's Disease Research".Trends in Hodgkin's Disease Research.Nova Publishers.p. 74.
- ^Pusey, William Allen;Caldwell, Eugene Wilson(1903).The Practical Application of the Röntgen Rays in Therapeutics and Diagnosis.W. B. Saunders & Company.p. 518.
- ^"The Vice President's Eloquent Oration".Minneapolis Journal.September 2, 1901. p. 16.
- ^"Roosevelt Captured Them— North Star State Turned Loose All Its Enthusiasm on the Popular Vice President".St. Paul Globe.September 3, 1901. p. 1.
- ^"Address by Vice-President Theodore Roosevelt at the Minnesota State Fair, Minneapolis, September 2, 1901".The American Monthly Review of Reviews.October 1901. p. 443.
- ^"Gambling and Vice in the State Capital".The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.April 1, 1900. p. 39.
- ^abCarol A. Foley,The Australian Flag: Colonial Relic Or Contemporary Icon?(Federation Press, 1996) pp. 63-72
- ^"Federal Flag and Seal— Exhibition Opened",The Age(Melbourne), September 4, 1901, p. 6
- ^Teresa Carpenter,The Miss Stone Affair: America's First Modern Hostage Crisis(Simon and Schuster, 2004) p. 16
- ^Andrea Walton,Women and Philanthropy in Education(Indiana University Press, 2005) pp. 181-182
- ^"How Bandits Got Miss Stone",Chicago Daily Tribune,October 1, 1901, p. 2
- ^"Brigands Carry Off American Women",New York Times,September 6, 1901
- ^"Stone, Ellen (Kidnapping of)", inHistorical Dictionary of Bulgaria,by Raymond Detrez (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014) p. 469
- ^Denis Judd and Keith Surridge,The Boer War: A History(I.B.Tauris, 2013) pp. 210-211
- ^"British Told to Go or Be Shot",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 4, 1901, p. 2
- ^Walter Wilcox,The Rockies of Canada: A Revised & Enlarged Edition of Camping in the Canadian Rockies(Rocky Mountain Books, 2011)
- ^abPaul U. Unschuld,The Fall and Rise of China: Healing the Trauma of History(Reaktion Books, 2013) pp. 84-85
- ^Edward J. M. Rhoads,Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928(University of Washington Press, 2000) p. 73
- ^"Chun Need Not Bow to Kaiser",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 3, 1901, p. 1
- ^"Kaiser Hears China's Apology",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 5, 1901, p. 1
- ^Roger Pickenpaugh,McKinley, Murder and the Pan-American Exposition: A History of the Presidential Assassination, September 6, 1901(McFarland, 2016) p. 192
- ^"Fainted While Cannon Roared— Mrs. McKinley Shocked on Arrival at Buffalo",St. Louis Post-Dispatch,September 5, 1901, p. 1
- ^"Confession of the Assassin; His Almost Toy Pistol",Chicago Tribune,September 7, 1901, p. 4
- ^"Minor Leagues in Union",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 6, 1901, p6
- ^Neil J. Sullivan,The Minors: The Struggles and the Triumph of Baseball's Poor Relation from 1876 to the Present(Macmillan, 1990) p. 44
- ^"Columbia Named to Defend Cup",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 6, 1901, p. 1
- ^"President M'Kinley's Address at Buffalo, September 5, 1901", inThe American Monthly Review of Reviews(October 1901) p. 432
- ^Carl C. Hodge and Cathal J. Nolan,U.S. Presidents and Foreign Policy: From 1789 to the Present(ABC-CLIO, 2007) p. 188
- ^abWillard M. Oliver and Nancy E. Marion,Killing the President: Assassinations, Attempts, and Rumored Attempts on U.S. Commanders-in-chief(ABC-CLIO, 2010) p. 60
- ^"High Priest of Tariff Strikes Down His Joss",Atlanta Constitution,September 6, 1901, p. 1 (the archaic word "joss" referred to a religious idol used by Chinese priests in leading worship services)
- ^Geddeth Smith,Walter Hampden: Dean of the American Theatre(Associated University Presses, 2008) p. 37
- ^"ATTEMPT TO MURDER PRESIDENT M'KINLEY— Nation's Highest Official Shot Twice While at the Pan-American Exposition".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 7, 1901. p. 1.[dead link]
- ^Givens, George W. (2006).500 Little-Known Facts in U.S. History.Bonneville Books. p. 234.
- ^"Hanna Thanks 'Big Jim'— Negro Who Sprang Upon Assassin Last Friday the Guest of the Buffalo Club".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 10, 1901. p. 3.
- ^"Surgeon Tells of Operation".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 13, 1901. p. 2.
- ^Goldman, Mark (1983).High Hopes: The Rise and Decline of Buffalo, New York.SUNY Press.p. 19.
- ^Kean, Sam(2014).The Tale of the Dueling Neurosurgeons: The History of the Human Brain as Revealed by True Stories of Trauma, Madness, and Recovery.Little, Brown and Company.
- ^"McKINLEY SHOT—The Doctors Say He May Live But a Short Time".El Paso Herald.El Paso, Texas.September 6, 1901. p. 1.
- ^abcdefgWellman, Walter(October 1901)."The Last Days of President McKinley".The American Monthly Review of Reviews.pp. 414–430 – viaGoogle Books.
- ^Morris, Edmund(2001).The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt.Modern Library.p. 777.
- ^"President McKinley Shot and Killed".Bismarck Daily Tribune.Bismarck, North Dakota.September 6, 1901. p. 1.
- ^"McKinley Killed".Abilene Daily Reflector.Abilene, Kansas.September 6, 1901. p. 3.
- ^"Sultan Orders Her Release— Turkish Ruler to the Rescue of Miss Ellen Stone, the American Carried Off by Brigands".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 7, 1901. p. 1.
- ^Patrick Taveirne,Han-Mongol Encounters and Missionary Endeavors: A History of Scheut in Ordos (Hetao) 1874–1911(Leuven University Press, 2004) p. 540
- ^"Venezuela Opens War on Colombia— President Castro's Fleet Bombards City of Rio Hacha on North Coast",Chicago Tribune,September 7, 1901, p. 7
- ^"Killed in Niagara Rapids— Miss Willard Smothered to Death in Carlisle Graham's Barrel",Philadelphia Times,September 8, 1901, p. 2
- ^Ian Harrison,Take Me to Your Leader(Penguin, 2007) p. 101
- ^Sandie Eleanor Holguin,Creating Spaniards: Culture and National Identity in Republican Spain(University of Wisconsin Press, 2002) pp. 28-29
- ^David Weir,Anarchy & Culture: The Aesthetic Politics of Modernism(University of Massachusetts Press, 1997) p. 133
- ^Judith Suissa,Anarchism and Education: A Philosophical Perspective(PM Press, 2010) p. 79
- ^Robert Forczyk,Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship: Yellow Sea 1904–05(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013) pp. 13-15
- ^"M'Kinley Is Passing the Danger Line",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 9, 1901, p1
- ^Husain M. Albaharna,The Legal Status of the Arabian Gulf States: A Study of Their Treaty Relations and Their International Problems(Manchester University Press, 1968) pp. 43-44
- ^abJay Robert Nash,Terrorism in the 20th Century: A Narrative Encyclopedia From the Anarchists, through the Weathermen, to the Unabomber(Rowman & Littlefield, 1998) p. 6
- ^Paul J. Smith,The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-First Century(Routledge, 2015) pp. 21-22
- ^"Emma Goldman in Law's Grasp",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 10, 1901, p. 1
- ^"Czar Greets King Edward— British Ruler Arrives at Elsinore and Is Met by Royal Families",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 10, 1901, p. 3
- ^"Train Loaded with Royalty— Four Kings, Two Queens, and Twenty-eight Princes and Princesses Travel Together from Fredensborg",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 11, 1901, p. 5
- ^"M'Kinley Safe; Fast Recovery Now Expected",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 11, 1901, p. 1
- ^"Vice President off for Home",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 11, 1901, p. 1
- ^"Official Bulletins on President's Condition",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 10, 1901, p. 1
- ^"Unlike Case of Garfield— President M'Kinley's Wound Is Not So Serious",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 10, 1901, p. 4
- ^"M'Kinley Jokes with Dr. Mann",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 10, 1901, p. 3
- ^Hugh H. Genoways,Museum Philosophy for the Twenty-first Century(Rowman Altamira, 2006) p. 120
- ^"PLAN DAY OF THANKSGIVING— Buffalo Exposition Managers Organizing to Return Thanks for President Being Spared and Will Have Appropriate Exercises",Belvidere (IL) Daily Republican,September 11, 1901, p. 1
- ^"A Special Thanksgiving— Chicagoans Want to Celebrate the Recovery of the President",Washington Evening Times,September 11, 1901, p. 1
- ^"Want a Day of Thanks— Chicago Churchmen Unite in Favoring Plan",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 12, 1901, p. 3
- ^"President's Blood Free from Poison— Gratifying Result of Count of Corpuscles— No Trace of Peritonitis",New York Times,September 12, 1901, p. 1
- ^"Czar and Kaiser Meet on the Sea",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 12, 1901, p. 4
- ^"Peace of Europe Assured by Czar",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 13, 1901, p. 5
- ^Gabby Koutoukidis, et al.,Tabbner's Nursing Care: Theory and Practice(Elsevier Australia, 2012) p. 8
- ^"M'Kinley Has Bad Relapse; His Heart Begins to Fail; All Doctors Summoned",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 13, 1901, p. 1
- ^ab"Roosevelt's Perilous Ride from Mount Marcy to North Creek the Night McKinley Died",St. Louis Post-Dispatch,September 29, 1901, pp. 7, 19
- ^Dan White,Under the Stars: How America Fell in Love with Camping(Henry Holt and Company, 2016) p. 78
- ^"M'KINLEY DEAD; ROOSEVELT PRESIDENT",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 14, 1901, p. 1[dead link]
- ^"Death Caused by Gangrene",Chicago Sunday Tribune,September 15, 1901, p. 1
- ^"Roosevelt Is Now President; Takes the Oath",Chicago Sunday Tribune,September 15, 1901, p. 1
- ^Edmund Morris,Theodore Rex(Random House, 2010)
- ^Eunice V. Johnson,Timothy Richard's Vision: Education and Reform in China, 1880–1910(Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2014) p. 94
- ^David Waller,The Perfect Man: The Muscular Life and Times of Eugen Sandow, Victorian Strongman(Victorian Secrets, Ltd., 2011) p. 173
- ^"Tears Shed for M'Kinley, Man and President",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 16, 1901, p. 1
- ^"Quebec Greets Royal Guests".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 17, 1901. p. 5.
- ^Bridge, Carl;Fedorowich, Kent (2004).The British World: Diaspora, Culture and Identity.Routledge. p. 157.
- ^"Steamer Hudson Lost with Crew— Big Liner Founders in Fierce Gale on Lake Superior Last Monday".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 20, 1901. p. 9.
- ^"Book Review:Haunted Lakesby Frederick Stonehouse ".Boating.January 1998. p. 54.
- ^"Assassin Silent When Indicted— Leon Czolgosz Is Formally Charged with Murder of William McKinley".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 17, 1901. p. 3.
- ^"Governor Hunt Takes Oath".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 17, 1901. p. 1.
- ^Henry Paget, 7th Marquess of Anglesey,A History of British Cavalry, Volume 4: 1899–1913(Pen and Sword, 1993) pp. 264-265
- ^Hay, William W. (2016).Experimenting on a Small Planet: A History of Scientific Discoveries, a Future of Climate Change and Global Warming.Springer. p. 211.
- ^Smil, Vaclav (2005).Creating the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations of 1867–1914 and Their Lasting Impact.Oxford University Press.p. 249.
- ^"Panic at Door of Death Hall— Hundreds Are Injured in Wild Rush to See Body of the President",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 18, 1901, p. 4
- ^"Funeral Leaves Washington",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 18, 1901, p. 2
- ^The Cambridge History of China, Volume 11: Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911,John King FairbankandKwang-ching Liu,editors (Cambridge University Press, 1978) p. 127
- ^Rudy J. Gerber,The Railroad and the Canyon(Pelican Publishing, 1998) p. 51
- ^Frederick H. White,Degeneration, Decadence and Disease in the Russian Fin de Siècle: Neurasthenia in the Life and Work of Leonid Andreev(Oxford University Press, 2015) p. 97
- ^"Warship Lost; 67 Drown— British Torpedo Boat Destroyer Cobra Goes Down".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 20, 1901. p. 9.
- ^Smith, Edgar C. (1938).A Short History of Naval and Marine Engineering.Cambridge University Press.p. 278.
- ^"Grad School Begins Second Quarter Century".The Princeton Alumni Weekly.September 24, 1926. p. 7.
- ^"La Hacha in Rebel Control".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 19, 1901. p. 1.
- ^"M'Kinley Rests in His Old Home; Canton Weeps".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 19, 1901. p. 1.
- ^"Wm. M'Kinley Is at Rest; His Tragedy Ended— Tomb Is Closed Upon All That Is Mortal of the Man Whom Whole World Mourns".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 20, 1901. p. 1.
- ^"England Unites in Sad Tribute".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 20, 1901. p. 8.
- ^"German Cities Show Sorrow".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 20, 1901. p. 8.
- ^"Service at St. Petersburg".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 20, 1901. p. 8.
- ^"Members of Congress on Way".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 19, 1901. p. 3.
- ^"Nation to Stand Still— Entire Country Prepares to Join Funeral Service".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 19, 1901. p. 1.
- ^"Entire Nation Comes to Stop— For Period of Five Minutes Industries of the United States Are Stilled".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 20, 1901. p. 3.
- ^"Boston Does Not Stop Work".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 20, 1901. p. 4.
- ^"Quiet in Sporting World".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 20, 1901. p. 11.
- ^"Assassin Finds His Tongue".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 20, 1901. p. 6.
- ^"Statue of King Alfred Unveiled".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 21, 1901. p. 4.
- ^Abels, Richard(2013).Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England.Routledge. pp. 2–3.
- ^"Roosevelt Goes Without Guard— President Evades Secret Service Men and Takes Walk in Parks Alone— Calls Cabinet Meeting".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 21, 1901. p. 3.
- ^Philip Callow,Chekhov: The Hidden Ground(Rowman & Littlefield, 2001) p365
- ^Tonja Koob Marking and Jennifer Snape,Images of America: Louisiana's Oil Heritage(Arcadia Publishing, 2012) p. 7
- ^Gay N. Martin,Louisiana Off the Beaten Path: A Guide to Unique Places(Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) p. 66
- ^"White Sox Keep Their Pennant",Chicago Sunday Tribune,September 22, 1901, p. 17
- ^abThe American Monthly Review of Reviews(November 1901) pp. 535-538
- ^"Remnants in Great Game",Chicago Sunday Tribune,September 22, 1901, p. 17
- ^Brian Walker,The Comics: Before 1945(Harry N. Abrams, 2004) p. 42
- ^"Assassin Had No Poisoned Bullet",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 23, 1901, p. 2
- ^Camran Nezhat, M.D.,Nezhat's History of Endoscopy: A Historical Analysis of Endoscopy's Ascension Since Antiquity(EndoPress, 2011) p79
- ^abWhitcomb, John; Whitcomb, Claire (2002).Real Life at the White House: Two Hundred Years of Daily Life at America's Most Famous Residence.Routledge. p. 219.
- ^"Roosevelt Now in White House".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 24, 1901. p. 3.
- ^Caroli, Betty Boyd(1999).The Roosevelt Women.Basic Books.p. 157.
- ^"Czolgosz Is on Trial; Begins to Show Fear".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 24, 1901. p. 1.
- ^Fisher, James;Londré, Felicia Hardison,eds. (2009). "Auctioneer, The".The A to Z of American Theater: Modernism.Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 36–37.
- ^"Emma Goldman Is Free Again".Pittsburgh Press.September 24, 1901. p. 1.
- ^"Leon Czolgosz Guilty; Death to Be His Fate".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 25, 1901. p. 1.
- ^Carrier, Jerry (2015).Hard Right Turn: The History and the Assassination of the American Left.Algora Publishing.p. 76.
- ^"King Edward Is at Home Again".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 26, 1901. p. 5.
- ^"Americans Win the Track Meet— English Athletes First in Only Three of Nine Events at Berkeley Oval".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 26, 1901. p. 4.
- ^Delgado, James P.(2011).Silent Killers: Submarines and Underwater Warfare.Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 108.
- ^Wilson, Scott (2016). "Lincoln, Abraham".Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons.McFarland. p. 445.
- ^"Lincoln's Face Shown to Few".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 27, 1901. p. 1.
- ^Meredith, Martin(2014).The Fortunes of Africa: A 5000-Year History of Wealth, Greed, and Endeavor.PublicAffairs.p. 434.
- ^"To Use Marconi's System— Lloyd's Stations All Over the World to be Equipped with It".The New York Times.October 8, 1901. p. 3.
- ^Raboy, Marc (2016).Marconi: The Man Who Networked the World.Oxford University Press.
- ^"Assassin Hears Doom in Terror— Czolgosz Sentenced to Die in Electric Chair in Week Beginning Oct. 28".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 27, 1901. p. 3.
- ^"Mob Waits for Czolgosz",New York Sun,September 28, 1901, p. 3
- ^Isaac Cronin,Confronting Fear: A History of Terrorism(Basic Books, 2002) p. 26
- ^"Pittsburg Wins a Flag",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 28, 1901, p. 6
- ^Ronald T. Waldo,Honus Wagner and His Pittsburgh Pirates: Scenes from a Golden Era(McFarland, 2015) pp. 16-17
- ^"Americans in Filipino Trap; 48 Are Slain",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 29, 1901, p. 1
- ^"Officers Killed in Samar Fight— First Report of Massacre of Company C Fails to Tell Full Disaster",Chicago Daily Tribune,October 1, 1901, p. 4
- ^Carole McEntee-Taylor,From Colonial Warrior to Western Front Flyer: The Five Wars of Sydney Herbert Bywater Harris(Pen and Sword, 2015) pp. 87-88
- ^William F. Nimmo,Stars and Stripes Across the Pacific: The United States, Japan, and Asia/Pacific Region, 1895–1945(Greenwood Publishing, 2001) p. 40
- ^"Balangiga Massacre (Philippines)", inEncyclopedia of the Spanish-American & Philippine-American Wars,Jerry Keenan, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2001)
- ^"Gillette Company" inThe Advertising Age Encyclopedia of Advertising,John McDonough and Karen Egolf, editors (Routledge, 2015)
- ^W. David McIntyre,Winding up the British Empire in the Pacific Islands(Oxford University Press, 2014) p. 14
- ^Edward H. Tarr,East Meets West: The Russian Trumpet Tradition from the Time of Peter the Great to the October Revolution(Pendragon Press, 2003) p. 112
- ^"Dimsdale Now Lord Mayor",Chicago Daily Tribune,September 29, 1901, p. 5
- ^"Bull-Auto Fight a Fiasco— Attempt to Modernize Spanish Sport Fails".Chicago Daily Tribune.September 30, 1901. p. 5.
- ^Leebrick, Kristal (2002).The United States Constitution.Capstone. p. 35.
- ^Quigley, Joan (2015).Just Another Southern Town: Mary Church Terrell's Fight for Racial Justice in the Nation's Capital.Oxford University Press.p. 47.
- ^"Perished in a Nanaimo Coal Mine".San Francisco Chronicle.October 1, 1901. p. 1.
- ^"M'Kinley's Salary Paid".Philadelphia Times.October 1, 1901. p. 1.