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Sequel

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For other uses, seeSequel (disambiguation).
The Return of Tarzan,official sequel toTarzan of the Apes

Asequelis a work ofliterature,film,theater,television,music,orvideo gamethatcontinues the story of,orexpands upon,some earlier work. In the common context of anarrativework offiction,a sequel portrays events set in the samefictional universeas an earlier work, usuallychronologicallyfollowing the events of that work.[1]

In many cases, the sequel continues elements of the original story, often with the same characters and settings. A sequel can lead to aseries,in which key elements appear repeatedly. The difference between more than one sequel and a series is somewhat arbitrary.

Sequels are attractive to creators and publishers because there is less risk involved in returning to a story with known popularity rather than developing new and untested characters and settings. Audiences are sometimes eager for more stories about popular characters or settings, making the production of sequels financially appealing.[2]

In film, sequels are very common. There are many name formats for sequels. Sometimes, they either have unrelated titles or have a letter added to the end. More commonly, they have numbers at the end or have added words at the end.[citation needed]It is also common for a sequel to have a variation of the original title or a subtitle. In the 1930s, many musical sequels had the year included in the title. Sometimes sequels are released with different titles in different countries, because of the perceived brand recognition. There are several ways that subsequent works can be related to thechronologyof the original. Variousneologismshave been coined to describe them.

Classifications

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The most common approach[citation needed]is for the events of the second work to directly follow the events of the first one, either resolving the remaining plot threads or introducing a new conflict to drive the events of the second story. This is often called adirect sequel.Examples includeToy Story 2andThe Empire Strikes Back.[citation needed]

Aprequelis an installment that is made following the original product which portrays events occurring chronologically before those of the original work.[3]Although its name is based on the wordsequel,not all prequels are true prequels that are part of a main series. Prequels that are not part of a main series are calledspin-off prequels,while prequels that are part of a main series are calledtrue prequels.Examples of prequels includeStar Wars: The Phantom Menace(1999),Tremors 4: The Legend Begins(2004) which took place chronologically before the events of the previousTremorsfilms,Better Call Saul(2015-2022), taking place mainly beforeBreaking Badbut also having some scenes after and during it,[citation needed]andThe Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning(2008) occurring chronologically before the events ofThe Little MermaidTV series,the animatedLittle Mermaidfilm(1989), andThe Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea(2000).

Amidquelis a term used to refer to works which take place between events. Types include interquels and intraquels.[4]Aninterquelis a story that takes place in between two previously published or released stories. For example, if 'movie C' is an interquel of 'movies A' and 'B', the events of 'movie C' take place after the events of 'movie A', but before the events of 'movie B'. Examples can includeRogue One(2016) andSolo(2018) ofStar Wars,some films of theFast & Furiousfranchise, andSaw X.Anintraquel,on the other hand, is a work which focuses on events within a previous work. Examples includeBambi 2andBlack Widow.[5][6][7]

Alegacy sequelis a work that follows the continuity of the original work(s), but takes place further along the timeline, often focusing on new characters with the original ones still present in the plot.[8][9][10]Legacy sequels are sometimes also direct sequels that ignore previous installments entirely, effectivelyretconningpreceding events.Superman Returns,Halloween(2018),Candyman(2021),Cobra Kai,Blade Runner 2049,theStar Warssequel trilogy,Ghostbusters: Afterlife,Terminator: Dark Fate,Tron: Legacy,Top Gun: Maverick,Doctor Sleep,Rocky Balboa,Mary Poppins Returns,The Matrix Resurrections,Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull,and theJurassic World Trilogyare examples of legacy sequels. Another term for these types of movies isrequel,meaning reboot sequel. Film journalist Pamela McClintock describes a requel as something that "exploits goodwill toward the past while launching a new generation of actors and stories".[11]The term was popularized by the filmScream(2022).[citation needed]

Astandalone sequelis a work set in the same universe, yet has little or no narrative connection to its predecessor, and can stand on its own without a thorough understanding of the series.A Shot in the Dark(1964),Big Top Pee-wee(1988),Home Alone 3(1997),The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift(2006)Species - The Awakening(2007),Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides,[12]Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales,[13]Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance,The Temple of Doom,Mad Max: Fury Road,The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water(2015),Wonder Woman 1984(2020),Spirit Untamed(2021),Space Jam: A New Legacy(2021) andGlass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery(2022) are examples of standalone sequels.[14][15][better source needed]

Aplot reset,orresetquelis a work set in the same universe of its predecessor that resets the plot in a different premise and/or setting of the work's predecessor with more than one of the same predecessor characters to appease the audience due to extremely negative reception of the predecessor. An example;The Suicide Squad(2021) toSuicide Squad(2016).

Aspiritual sequelis a work inspired by its predecessor. It shares the same styles, genres and elements as its predecessor, but has no direct connection to it at all. Most spiritual sequels are also set in different universes from their predecessors, and some spiritual sequels aren't even a part of their predecessor's franchise, making themnon-franchise sequels.Spiritual sequels can sometimes be repurposed from material originally intended to be direct sequels. An example of this isMute,a spiritual sequel to the filmMoon.

Aparallel,paraquel,orsidequelis a story that runs at the same point in time as the original story.[16][17]For instance, three different novels byJohn Morressy—Starbrat(1972),Stardrift(1973; also known asNail Down the Stars), andUnder a Calculating Star(1975) — involve different lead characters, mostly in different places, but overlap at one dramatic event to which each novel provides a different perspective.[18]Strict legacy parallels areKirill Eskov's novelThe Last Ringbearer(1999) retelling the events ofJ.R.R. Tolkien'sThe Lord of the Rings(1955) from the viewpoint of benevolent Mordorians combatting the malevolent West. Likewise,Alice Randall's novelThe Wind Done Gone(2001), contemporary toMargaret Mitchell'sGone With the Wind(1936), tells the life story of a mulatto woman born enslaved on the O'Hara plantation andThe Lion King 1½(2004), featuring the origins of charactersTimon and Pumbaaoccurring simultaneously withinthe original 1994 film.Major film examples of true parallels areBack to the Future Part II(1989) and more recently,Saw IV(2007), where the events are revealed to be overlapping withinSaw III(2006).[citation needed]

Relatives

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Alongside sequels, there are also other types of continuation or inspiration of a previous work.[citation needed]

Aspin-offis a work that is not a sequel to any previous works, but is set in the same universe. It is a separate work-on-its-own in the same franchise as the series of other works. Spin-offs are often focused on one or more of the minor characters from the other work or new characters in the same universe as the other work.The Scorpion King,Planes,Minions,Hobbs & ShawandLightyearare examples of spin-off movies whileStar Trek: The Next Generation,TorchwoodandCSI: NYare examples of spin-off television series.[citation needed]

Acrossoveris a work where two previous works from different franchises are meeting in the same universe.Alien vs. Predator,Freddy vs. Jason,Boa vs. PythonandLake Placid vs. Anacondaare examples of a crossover film.[citation needed]

Arebootis a start over from a previous work. It could either be a film set in a new universe resembling the old one or it could be a regular spin-off film that starts a new film series. Reboots are usually a part of the same media franchise as the previous work(s), but not always.Batman Begins,Casino Royale,Star Trek,Børning,Man of SteelandTerminator: Genisysare examples of reboot films. Kathleen Loock has written that traditional reboots tended to stray away from depicting direct narrative or stylistic correlations to the previous versions of the franchise. Contemporary reboots lean into the nostalgia factor and create new stories that simultaneously revel in the aspects of the original franchise that made it notable in the first place.[19]

History

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InThe Afterlife of a Character,David Brewer describes a reader's desire to "see more", or to know what happens next in the narrative after it has ended.[20]

Sequels of the novel

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The Marvelous Land of Oz,sequel toThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz,was an official sequel novel written to satisfy popular demand.

The origin of the sequel as it is conceived in the 21st century developed from thenovellaandromancetraditions in a slow process that culminated towards the end of the 17th century.[citation needed]

The substantial shift toward a rapidly growingprint cultureand the rise of the market system by the early 18th-century meant that an author's merit and livelihood became increasingly linked to the number of copies of a work he or she could sell. This shift from a text-based to an author-centered reading culture[21]led to the "professionalization" of the author – that is, the development of a "sense of identity based on a marketable skill and on supplying to a defined public a specialized service it was demanding."[22]In one sense, then, sequels became a means to profit further from previous work that had already obtained some measure of commercial success.[23]As the establishment of a readership became increasingly important to the economic viability of authorship, sequels offered a means to establish a recurring economic outlet.[citation needed]

In addition to serving economic profit, the sequel was also used as a method to strengthen an author's claim to his literary property. With weakcopyrightlaws and unscrupulous booksellers willing to sell whatever they could, in some cases the only way to prove ownership of a text was to produce another like it. Sequels in this sense are rather limited in scope, as the authors are focused on producing "more of the same" to defend their "literary paternity".[22]As is true throughout history, sequels to novels provided an opportunity for authors to interact with a readership. This became especially important in the economy of the 18th century novel, in which authors often maintained readership by drawing readers back with the promise of more of what they liked from the original. With sequels, therefore, came the implicit division of readers by authors into the categories of "desirable" and "undesirable" —that is, those who interpret the text in a way unsanctioned by the author. Only after having achieved a significant reader base would an author feel free to alienate or ignore the "undesirable" readers.[22]

This concept of "undesirable" readers extends to unofficial sequels with the 18th century novel. While in certain historical contexts unofficial sequels were actually the norm (for an example, seeArthurian literature), with the emphasis on the author function that arises in conjunction with the novel many authors began to see these kinds of unauthorized extensions as being in direct conflict with authorial authority. In the matter ofDon Quixote(an early novel, perhaps better classified as a satirical romance), for example,Cervantesdisapproved ofAlonso Fernández de Avellaneda's use of his characters inSecond Volume of the Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha,an unauthorized sequel. In response, Cervantes very firmly kills the protagonist at the end of the Second Part to discourage any more such creative liberties.[24]Another example isSamuel Richardson,an 18th-century author who responded particularly strongly against the appropriation of his material by unauthorized third parties. Richardson was extremely vocal in his disapproval of the way the protagonist of his novelPamelawas repeatedly incorporated into unauthorized sequels featuring particularly lewd plots. The most famous of these isHenry Fielding's parody, entitledShamela.[25]

InTo Renew Their Former Acquaintance: Print, Gender, and Some Eighteenth Century Sequels,Betty Schellenberg theorizes that whereas for male writers in the 18th century sequels often served as "models of paternity and property", for women writers these models were more likely to be seen as transgressive. Instead, the recurring readership created by sequels let female writers function within the model of "familiar acquaintances reunited to enjoy the mutual pleasures of conversation", and made their writing an "activity within a private, non-economic sphere". Through this created perception women writers were able to break into the economic sphere and "enhance their professional status" through authorship.[22]

Dissociated from the motives of profit and therefore unrestrained by the need for continuity felt by male writers, Schellenberg argues that female-authored sequel fiction tended to have a much broader scope.[citation needed]He says that women writers showed an "innovative freedom" that male writers rejected to "protect their patrimony". For example,Sarah Fielding'sAdventures of David Simpleand its sequelsFamiliar Letters between the Principal Characters in David SimpleandDavid Simple, Volume the Lastare extremely innovative and cover almost the entire range of popular narrative styles of the 18th century.[26]

Video games

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As the cost of developing atriple-Avideo game has risen,[27][28][29]sequels have become increasingly common in thevideo game industry.[30]Today, new installments of established brands make up much of the new releases from mainstream publishers and provide a reliable source of revenue, smoothing out market volatility.[31]Sequels are often perceived to be safer than original titles because they can draw from an established customer base, and generally keep to the formula that made the previous game successful.[citation needed]

Media franchises

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Main article:Media franchise

In some cases, the characters or the settings of an original film or video game become so valuable that they develop into a series, lately referred to as amedia franchise.Generally, a whole series of sequels is made, along withmerchandising.Multiple sequels are often planned well in advance, and actors and directors may sign extended contracts to ensure their participation. This can extend into a series/franchise's initial production's plot to provide story material to develop for sequels called sequel hooks.[citation needed]

Box office

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Movie sequels do not always do as well at the box office as the original, but they tend to do better than non-sequels, according to a study in the July 2008 issue of theJournal of Business Research.The shorter the period between releases, the better the sequel does at the box office. Sequels also show a faster drop in weekly revenues relative to non-sequels.[32]A quantitative mega-analysis of box office earnings from all the major movie studios revealed that franchise movies dominate the highest grossing films lists, establishing sequels as reliable kinds of movies to make. All studios have come to rely on releasing sequels as they increase the studios' profitability, yield to the consumer demand for simultaneous novelty and familiarity, and help manage risk and uncertainty within studio production and release.[33]

Sequels in other media

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See also:List of television programs based on filmsandList of films based on television programs

Sequels are most often produced in the same medium as the previous work (e.g. a film sequel is usually a sequel to another film). Producing sequels to a work in another medium has also become common, especially when the new medium is less costly or time-consuming to produce.[citation needed]

A sequel to a popular but discontinued television series may be produced in another medium, thereby bypassing whatever factors led to the series' cancellation.[citation needed]

Some highly popular movies and television series have inspired the production of multiple novel sequels, sometimes rivaling or even dwarfing the volume of works in the original medium.[citation needed]

For example, the 1956 novelThe Hundred and One Dalmatians,its1961 animated adaptationand that film's1996 live-action remakeeach have a sequel unrelated to the other sequels: respectivelyThe Starlight Barking(1967),101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure(2003, direct to video) and102 Dalmatians(2000).[citation needed]

Unofficial sequels

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Further information:Pastiche
New Adventures of Alice,1917, John Rae

Sometimes sequels are produced without the consent of the creator of the original work. These may be dubbed unofficial, informal, unauthorized, or illegitimate sequels. In some cases, the work is in thepublic domain,and there is no legal obstacle to producing sequels. An example would be books and films serving as sequels to the bookThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz,which is in the public domain (as opposed toits 1939 film adaptation). In other cases, the original creator or their heirs may assertcopyrights,and challenge the creators of the sequels.[citation needed]

Literary

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Further information:Continuation novelandParallel novel

See also

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References

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  1. ^Fabrikant, Geraldine (March 12, 1991)."Sequels of Hit Films Now Often Loser".The New York Times.Retrieved2010-08-09.
  2. ^Rosen, David (June 15, 2011)."Creative Bankruptcy".Call It Like I See It.Archived fromthe originalon December 3, 2013.RetrievedJune 23,2011.
  3. ^Silverblatt, Art (2007).Genre Studies in Mass Media: A Handbook.M. E. Sharpe.p.211.ISBN9780765616708.Prequels focus on the action that took placebeforethe original narrative. For instance, inStar Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Siththe audience learns about how Darth Vader originally became a villain. A prequel assumes that the audience is familiar with the original—the audience must rework the narrative so that they can understand how the prequel leads up to the beginning of the original.
  4. ^Wolf, Mark J.P. (2017).The Routledge Companion to Imaginary Worlds.Taylor & Francis. pp. 82–.ISBN978-1-317-26828-4.
  5. ^William D. Crump,How the Movies Saved Christmas: 228 Rescues from Clausnappers, Sleigh Crashes, Lost Presents and Holiday Disasters;19
  6. ^Jack Zipes;The Enchanted Screen: The Unknown History of Fairy-Tale Films
  7. ^Mark J.P. Wolf;The Routledge Companion to Imaginary Worlds
  8. ^"6 Films That Are Waiting for Their Legacy Sequels".4 August 2016.
  9. ^"Do legacy sequels fail if they pander to the fans?".30 December 2016.
  10. ^"Creed 2 Loses Sylvester Stallone as Director".12 December 2017.
  11. ^McClintock, Pamela (2016-03-30)."'Batman v. Superman,' 'Star Wars' and Hollywood's New Obsession With the "Requel"".The Hollywood Reporter.Retrieved2023-03-19.
  12. ^Galloway, Stephen (May 10, 2011)."The Making of 'Pirates of the Caribbean'".The Hollywood Reporter.Archived fromthe originalon August 8, 2011.RetrievedJuly 29,2011.
  13. ^"Exclusive: And The Title Of PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN 5 Will Be…".August 22, 2013. Archived fromthe originalon August 24, 2013.
  14. ^Michael Andre-Driussi (1 August 2008).Lexicon Urthus, Second Edition.Sirius Fiction. p. 21.ISBN978-0-9642795-1-3.Retrieved30 July2013.
  15. ^"Five Films Show How 2008 Redefined the Movies".Cinematic Slant. 14 August 2018.RetrievedSeptember 11,2018.
  16. ^"What is a Paraquel?",The Storyteller's Scroll;Sunday, March 27, 2011
  17. ^Mark J.P. Wolf,Building Imaginary Worlds: The Theory and History of Subcreation;210
  18. ^"Morressy, John".The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction(SFE).September 12, 2022.RetrievedFebruary 13,2023.[T]he Del Whitby trilogy... intriguingly tells the same noisy tale of interstellar intrigue and revolution from three partial points of view; none of the protagonists (orphans or impostors all) knows the whole story.
  19. ^Loock, Kathleen (2020-09-15),"Reboot, Requel, Legacyquel: Jurassic World and the Nostalgia Franchise",Film Reboots,Edinburgh University Press, pp. 173–188,doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9781474451369.003.0012,ISBN9781474451369,S2CID236796220,retrieved2023-03-11
  20. ^Brewer, David A.The Afterlife of Character, 1726–1825.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2005. Print.
  21. ^ Schellenberg, Betty A. (2007). "The Measured Lines of the Copyist: Sequels, Reviews, and the Discourse of Authorship in England, 1749–1800". In Taylor Bourdeau, Debra; Kraft, Elizabeth (eds.).On Second Thought: Updating the Eighteenth-century Text.University of Delaware Press. p. 27.ISBN9780874139754.Retrieved2014-11-14.Of particular interest to me in this essay is the shift from a text-based to an author-based culture, accompanied by a developing elevation of the original author over the imitative one.
  22. ^abcdSchellenberg, Betty A. "'To Renew Their Former Acquaintance': Print, Gender, and Some Eighteenth-Century Sequels."Part Two: Reflections on the Sequel (Theory / Culture).Ed. Paul Budra and Betty A. Schellenberg. New York: University of Toronto, 1998. Print.
  23. ^Budra, Paul, and Betty Schellenberg. "Introduction."Part Two: Reflections on the Sequel (Theory / Culture).New York: University of Toronto, 1998. Print.
  24. ^Riley, E.C. "Three Versions of Don Quixote".The Modern Language Review68.4 (173). JSTOR. Web.
  25. ^Brewer, David A.The Afterlife of Character, 1726–1825.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2005. Print.
  26. ^Michie, Allen. "Far From Simple: Sarah Fielding's Familiar Letters and the Limits of the Eighteenth-Century Sequel" inSecond Thought,Edited by Bourdeau and Kraft. Cranbury, NJ: Rosemont, 2007. Print.
  27. ^Koster, Raph (January 23, 2018)."The cost of games".VentureBeat.RetrievedJune 20,2019.The trajectory line for triple-A games... goes up tenfold every 10 years and has since at least 1995 or so...
  28. ^Takatsuki, Yo (December 27, 2007)."Cost headache for game developers".BBC News.
  29. ^Mattas, Jeff (12 January 2010)."Video Game Development Costs Continue to Rise in Face of Nearly 12K Layoffs Since '08".Shacknews.
  30. ^Taub, Eric (September 20, 2004)."In Video Games, Sequels Are Winners".The New York Times.RetrievedJune 20,2019.
  31. ^Richtel, Matt (August 8, 2005)."Relying on Video Game Sequels".The New York Times.RetrievedJune 20,2019.
  32. ^Newswise: Researchers Investigate Box Office Impact Vs. Original MovieRetrieved on June 19, 2008.
  33. ^Pokorny, Michael; Miskell, Peter; Sedgwick, John (February 2019)."Managing uncertainty in creative industries: Film sequels and Hollywood's profitability, 1988–2015".Competition & Change.23(1): 23–46.doi:10.1177/1024529418797302.ISSN1024-5294.S2CID158819120.
  34. ^"Austen mashups are nothing new to Janeites".The Daily Dot.23 July 2012.
  35. ^Morrison, Ewan (13 August 2012)."In the beginning, there was fan fiction: from the four gospels to Fifty Shades".The Guardian.
  36. ^"Piratical prequels".
  37. ^"Heidi Grows Up"- foreword, by Charles Tritten
  38. ^"Heidi has a secret past: she sneaked in over the border".
  39. ^"War of the Worlds gets a sequel 119 years on – but what about all the unofficial ones?".The Guardian.8 December 2015.
  40. ^"Steampunk".The A.V. Club.16 July 2009.
  41. ^Fuller, John (5 May 1985)."LEWIS CARROLL IS STILL DEAD (Published 1985)".The New York Times.
  42. ^Susannah Clapp (2006-01-29)."Theatre: Nights at the Circus | The Observer".The Guardian.London.Retrieved2010-03-30.
  43. ^Smith, Kevin (23 February 2011)."One ring to rule them all?".Scholarly Communications @ Duke.

Further reading

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Look upsequel,threequel,orinterquelin Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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