Jump to content

Sexting

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused withsexing.

Sex and the law
Social issues
Specific offences
(varies by jurisdiction)
Sex offender registration
Portals

Sextingis sending, receiving, or forwarding sexually explicit messages, photographs, or videos, primarily between mobile phones. It may also include the use of a computer or any digital device.[1]The term was first popularized early in the 21st century and is aportmanteauofsexandtexting,where the latter is meant in the wide sense of sending a text possibly with images.[2]Sexting is not an isolated phenomenon but one of many different types of sexual interaction in digital contexts that is related to sexual arousal.[3]

Background

The first published use of the termsextingwas in a 2005 article in the AustralianSunday Telegraph Magazine.[4]In August 2012, the wordsextingwas listed for the first time inMerriam-Webster'sCollegiate Dictionary.[5]

ThePew Research Centercommissioned a study on sexting, which divides the practice into three types:[6]

  1. Exchange of images solely between two romantic partners.
  2. Exchanges between partners that are shared with others outside the relationship.
  3. Exchanges between people who are not yet in a relationship, but where at least one person hopes to be.

Sexting has become more common with the rise incamera phonesandsmartphoneswith Internet access, that can be used to send explicit photographs as well as messages.[6]While sexting is done by people of all ages,[7]most media coverage fixates on negative aspects of adolescent usage. Young adults use the medium of the text message much more than any other new media to transmit messages of a sexual nature,[8]and teenagers who have unlimited text messaging plans are more likely to receive sexually explicit texts.[6][9]

As a result of sexting being a relatively recent practice,ethicsare still being established by both those who engage in it and those who create legislation based on this concept. Whether sexting is seen as a positive or negative experience typically rests on the basis of whether or not consent was given to share the images. Nevertheless, Australian laws currently view under-18s as being unable to give consent to sexting, even if they meet the legal age for sexual consent.[10]

Contrary tocommon misconception,when it comes to preventing abuse among adolescents, consent is more important than trying to stop sexting altogether.[11]

Social media applications

Sexting has been promoted further by several direct messaging applications that are available on smartphones. The difference between using these applications and traditional texting is that content is transmitted over the Internet or a data plan, allowing anyone with Internet access to participate.Snapchatappeals to teens because it allows users to send photos for a maximum of ten seconds before they disappear. Many sending photos over Snapchat believe these photos will disappear without consequences, so they feel more secure about sending them. There have been several cases where teens have sent photos over these applications, expecting them to disappear or be seen by the recipient only, yet are saved and distributed, carrying social and legal implications. Even though users believe their photos on Snapchat for example will go away in seconds, it is easy to save them through other photo capturing technology, third party applications, or simple screenshots. These applications claim no responsibility for explicit messages or photos that are saved. Snapchat's privacy policy on sexting has evolved to include sending content over new smartphone applications because of their appealing features such as the anonymity or temporary elements. These applications carry the same risks and consequences that have always existed.

Snapchat

A 2009 study found that 4 percent of teenagers aged 14 to 17 claim to have sent sexually explicit photos of themselves. Fifteen percent of these teens also claimed to have received sexually explicit photos. This suggests a consent issue of people receiving photos without asking for them. This is enhanced withSnapchat,as the person receiving snapchats will not be aware of the contents until they open it,[12]and messages are automatically deleted after some time. Although sexting through Snapchat is popular, "joke sexting" is more prevalent among users. Sending sexual images as a joke makes up approximately a quarter of the participants.[13]

Relationships

Sexting is a prevalent and normalized practice among youth in many western, liberal democracies.[14]Many couples engage in sexting. In a 2011 study, 54% of the sample had sent explicit pictures or videos to their partners at least once, and one third of their sample had engaged in such activities occasionally.[15]

In areas wheregender rolestraditionally expect men to initiate sexual encounters, sexting is used by women to offer nude images to male partners, allowing women greater latitude to instigate sex.[16][17] Mass media does not encourage teen or underage sexting, because of the child pornography laws they could violate.[16][according to whom?]However, a recent study found young women are significantly more likely than young men to be pressured into sending a nude photo, by their partner.[18]

In 2013, it was found that sexting is often used to enhance the relationship and sexual satisfaction in a romantic partnership. Sexting thus can be considered a "behaviour that ties into sexuality and the subsequent level of relationship satisfaction experienced by both partners". Based on the interviews conducted by Albury and Crawford, they discovered that sexting is commonly used in positive aspects. According to Albury and Crawford, sexting was not only an activity occurring in the context of flirtation or sexual relationships, but also between friends, as a joke or during a moment of bonding. "[19]Reportedly,hedonismplayed a role in motivating sexting, and the length of relationship was negatively correlated with sexting behaviors. The study had a small sample size, so more research needs to be done surrounding sexting and motivation, but it is clear that sexting is a phenomenon that is not constrained to simply unattached individuals looking for fun; it is used by those in intimate relationships to increase feelings of intimacy and closeness to one's partner.[19]For teens, sexting can also act as a prelude (or in lieu of) sexual activity, as an experimental phase for those who are yet to be sexually active, and for those who are hoping to start a relationship with someone.[6]In a 2013 study conducted byDrouinet al., it was found that sexting is also associated with attachment styles, as those withattachment avoidanceare more likely to engage in sexting behaviours (just as these individuals are also more likely to engage in casual sex). Thus, instead of increasing intimacy in these types of relationships, sexting may act as a buffer for physical intimacy.[15]

Studies

While some studies have evaluated sexting by married couples or youngmen who have sex with men,[20]the majority of attention is directed at heterosexual adolescents.

A 2015 online survey of a population representative quota sample of N=1,500 adults in Germany (ages 18 to 85; 48% women, 52% men) showed that 41% of the respondents had sent a sext at least once in their lives.[21]Sending erotic texts was most common, followed by erotic photos and videos of oneself. A statistically significant increase in participation in sexting was shown by persons of male gender, younger age, marital status unmarried and non-heterosexual identity. The respondents reported significantly more positive than negative effects of their sexting activities.

Some studies of adolescents find that sexting is correlated with risky sex behaviors,[22][23][24][25][26]while other studies have found no link.[14][27][28]Although the focus has been primarily on heterosexual teenagers, a recent study demonstrates that the number of people that send sexual images of themselves vary.[29]

In a 2008 survey of 1,280 teenagers and young adults of both sexes sponsored byThe National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy,20% of teens (13–20) and 33% of young adults (20–26) had sent nude or semi-nude photographs of themselves electronically. Additionally, 39% of teens and 59% of young adults had sent sexually explicit text messages.[30]

Sexting became popular among teens around 2009, especially among high school students in the United States, where 20 percent of high school students said they had engaged in sexting or receiving.[31]

A widely cited 2011 study indicated the previously reported prevalence was exaggerated. Researchers at theUniversity of New Hampshiresurveyed 1,560 children and caregivers, reporting that only 2.5 percent of respondents had sent, received or created sexual pictures distributed via cell phone in the previous year.[32]Perhaps shedding light on the over-reporting of earlier studies, the researchers found that the figure rose to 9.6% when the definition was broadened from images prosecutable as child pornography to any suggestive image, not necessarily nude ones.[33]

Despite this, a 2012 study conducted by theUniversity of UtahDepartment of Psychology[34][35]has received wide international media attention for calling into question the findings reported by the University of New Hampshire researchers. In the University of Utah's study, researchers Donald S. Strassberg, Ryan Kelly McKinnon, Michael A. Sustaíta, and Jordan Rullo surveyed 606 teenagers ages 14 to 18 and found that nearly 20 percent of the students said they had sent a sexually explicit image of themselves via cell phone, and nearly twice as many said that they had received a sexually explicit picture. Of those receiving such a picture, over 25 percent indicated that they had forwarded it to others. In addition, of those who had sent a sexually explicit picture, over a third had done so despite believing that there could be serious legal and other consequences if they got caught. Students who had sent a picture by cell phone were more likely than others to find the activity acceptable. Strassberg, McKinnon,et al.note: "The news-worthiness of [theUniversity of New Hampshirestudy] derives from [their] figure [2.5%] being far below (by a factor of 5 or more) the prevalence rates reported in the previous surveys. However, while technically accurate, the 2.5% figure is actually rather misleading. As seen in Table 1 of their publication, Mitchell et al. found that among the quarter of their sample that were ages 10 to 12, [less than] 0.6% 'appeared in, created, or received a nude or nearly nude image' while among those age 15 to 17, 15% of participants reported having done so. Despite it being widely reported in the media, the overall prevalence figure of 2.5% masks a dramatic age effect that indicates that more than 1 in 8 mid-teen minors admit to having sexted. "Strassberg, McKinnon, et al. conclude:" These results argue for educational efforts such as cell phone safety assemblies, awareness days, integration into class curriculum and teacher training, designed to raise awareness about the potential consequences of sexting among young people. "[34][36][37]

According to a writing by professor Diane Kholos Wysocki, although both men and women participate in "sexting", "women are more likely to sext than men".[38]Even though the article claims that women are more likely to sext than men, the article does not claim that women are the only ones receiving the images. In a study, close to half of the adults' interviewed had sexual photos or texts on their mobile device(s). Many of these intimate images and words are actually sent to complete strangers. In an article inScientific American,however, the article says that men are actually more likely to initiate some form of intimate communication, like sending nude photographs or suggestive text messages. The reasoning behind this is that men seem to be more open about their sexual drive, which promotes the instigation of sexual contact. Also in this article, it says, "The age group that is most keen on sexting is 18- to 24-year-olds".[39]This is when young adults are at their prime of sexuality, and are looking to find their partners while also exploring their bodies and sexuality. Amy Adele Hasinoff published an article trying to get rid of the stigma that sexting is simply exploitation of sexual matters. Women are sexualized whenever they post or share any form of intimate media. Men are not. When it comes to sexting, there is a big difference between sexual exploitation and a consensual decision to express one's sexuality and share an image of their own body with someone who wants to see it. Hasinoff points out that "Many digital media scholars stress that the Internet can enable young people to explore their identities and develop social and communication skills" (Boyd, 2008; Tynes, 2007),[40]and suggests that consensual sexting might serve a similar function for some people.

The body of academic literature on sexting has been growing rapidly since the early 2000s. Several research reviews are available that summarize the current state of research. Such research reviews often focus on the prevalence of sexting in different populations, on the age and gender of sexters, on motivations for sexting, and on positive and negative sexting outcomes.[41][42][43][44]Importantly, more and more primary studies and research reviews clearly differentiate betweenconsensual sextingon the one side andnon-consensual sextingincluding different types of technology-mediated violence such as sextortion and so-called "revenge porn".[45]There are also research reviews available that summarize and evaluate extant measures to prevent negative sexting outcomes and nonconsensual sexting.[46][47]

Risks

Sign at the2018 Women's MarchinOslo,reading, "No More Dickpics"

If a person sends an explicit image of themselves to a partner, then it can be against the law to re-transmit a copy of that image to another person without the consent of the originator.[48][49]Some countries haverevenge pornlaws that prevent the publication of sexual images without the consent of all parties in the image. While there are many possible legal avenues for prosecution of people who knowinglybreach the confidenceof those sending sexual messages, in practice, nude images can be widely propagated without the consent of the originator.[50]

Some young peopleblackmailtheir sexual partners and former partners by threatening to release private images of them.[51][52][53]In a study conducted by Drouin et al. analyzing sexting behaviours among young adults, it was found that men would show the sexually explicit photos of their girlfriends to their friends.[8][54]This is a new risk associated with new media, as prior to cell phones and email, it would be difficult to quickly distribute photos to acquaintances; with sexting, one can forward a photo in a matter of seconds.

Studies have shown that sex crimes using digital media against minors reflect the same kind of victimization that happens offline.[16]Family members, acquaintances and intimate partners make up the mass majority of perpetrators for digital media sex crimes.[16]Research by theInternet Watch Foundationin 2012, estimated that 88% of self-made explicit images are "stolen" from their original upload location (typicallysocial networks) and made available on other websites, in particularporn sitescollecting sexual images of children and young people. The report highlighted the risk of severedepressionfor "sexters" who lose control of their images and videos.[55][56] Sexting is seen as irresponsible and promiscuous for adolescents, but "fun and flirty" for adults.[16]These risks tend to be exaggerated by news media, especially in regards to adolescent girls.[57][58]

TheUniversity of Utahstudy (with a population sample of 606 teens aged 14 to 18) stated that about one third of respondents did not consider legal or other consequences when receiving or sending sexts.[59]Teenagers may not be thinking about the risks and repercussions when they participate in sexting; however, a study by Kath Albury titledSelfies, Sexts, and Sneaky Hats: Young People's Understandings of Gendered Practices of Self-Presentation[60]shows that teenagers engaging in sexting were concerned that their parents may see or find out about their involvement with sexting. Some teenagers shared that their "main risks of parental discovery were embarrassment (for both parents and young people) and 'overreaction' from adults who feared the photo had been shared."[61]While teenagers felt less compelled to worry about the legal risks with sexting, they worried that their parents would find out about their involvement with sexting. Albury and Crawford (2012) argue that adolescents are well aware of the differences between consensual sexting and distribution of private images with negative intent. Further, they argue young people are developing norms and ethics of sexting based on consent.

Creation and distribution of explicit photos of teenagers violateschild pornographylaws in many jurisdictions (depending on the age of the people depicted), but this legal restriction does not align with the social norms of the population engaging in the practice, which distinguish between consensual activity and harassment or revenge.[16]Senders in some jurisdictions may also be charged with distribution of indecent material to a minor, and could be required to register as asex offenderfor life. Child pornography cases involving teen-to-teen sexting have been prosecuted inOregon,[62][63]Virginia,[64]Nova Scotia[65]andMaryland.[66]

While mainstream media outlets, parents, and educators are rightfully worried about the negative legal, social, and emotional ramifications of teen sexting, much less is said about the issue ofsexual consent.According to a 2012 study conducted by professors at the University of New South Wales,[67]due to child pornography laws that prohibit any minor from consenting to sexual activity, issues of consent among adolescent teens is seldom discussed. Much like the discourse surrounding"abstinence-only" education,the prevailing attitude towards sexting is how to prevent it from occurring rather than accepting its inevitability and channeling it in healthier ways. According to the study, instead of criminalizing teens who participate in sexting, the law should account for whether the images are shared consensually. This would mean adopting an "ethics" approach, one that teaches and guides teens on how to respectbodily autonomyand privacy. A 2019Journal of Adolescent Healtharticle authored by scholars Justin Patchin andSameer Hindujaentitled "It's Time to Teach Safe Sexting" offers specific, actionable strategies towards this end within aharm reductionframework.[68]

According to a study done by the health journalPediatrics,more than one in five middle school minors with behavioral or emotional problems has recently engaged in sexting. Those individuals who have reported sexting in the past six months were four to seven times more likely to engage in other sexual activities such as intimate kissing,touching genitals,and having vaginal ororal sex,compared to minors who stated they did not partake in sexting. The study included 420 participants who were between the ages of 12 and 14 years old. The children were pulled from five urban public middle schools inRhode Islandbetween 2009 and 2012. Seventeen percent of the children tested claimed they had sent a sexually explicit text message in the past six months. Another five percent admitted to sending sexually explicit text messages and nude or semi-nude photos.[69][70]

Legal issues

Sexting is generally legal if all parties are over theage of majorityand images are sent with their consent and knowledge; however, any type of sexual message that both parties have not consented to can constitutesexual harassment.

Sexting that involvesminorsunder theage of consentsending an explicit photograph of themselves to a romantic partner of the same age can be illegal in countries where anti–child pornographylaws require all participants in pornographic media to be over the age of majority. Some teenagers who have texted photographs of themselves, or of their friends or partners, have been charged with distribution of child pornography, while those who have received the images have been charged with possession of child pornography; in some cases, the possession charge has been applied to school administrators who have investigated sexting incidents as well. The images involved in sexting are usually different in both nature and motivation from the type of content that anti-child pornography laws were created to address.[71][72]

A 2009 UK survey of 2,094 teens aged 11 to 18 found that 38% had received an "offensive or distressing" sexual image by text or email.[73]

In the United States, anyone who is involved in the electronic distribution of sexual photos of minors can face state and federal charges of child pornography. The laws disregard the consent of parties involved: "...regardless of one's age or consent to sexting, it is unlawful to produce, possess, or distribute explicit sexual images of anyone under 18."[16]The University of New Hampshire's Crimes Against Children Research Center estimates that 7 percent of people arrested on suspicion of child pornography production in 2009 were teenagers who shared images with peers consensually.[74]

Kath Albury discusses in an article titled "Sexting, Consent, and Young People's Ethics: Beyond Megan's Story" that if teens are convicted of a sexting charge, they have to register as a sex offender, and this takes away the impact of the title of sex offender. A girl who agreed to send her girlfriend a naked picture is not as dangerous to the community as a child molester but the charge of sex offender would be applied equally to both of these cases.[75]

In a 2013 interview, assistant professor of communications at theUniversity of Colorado Denver,Amy Adele Hasinoff, who studies the repercussions of sexting has stated that the "very harsh" child pornography laws are "designed to address adults exploiting children" and should not replace better sex education and consent training for teens. She went on to say, "Sexting is a sex act, and if it's consensual, that's fine..." "Anyone who distributes these pictures without consent is doing something malicious and abusive, but child pornography laws are too harsh to address it."[76]

According to Amy Hasinoff, if sexting was viewed as media production and a consensual activity, this would change the legal assumption that sexting is always non-consensual and reduce the culpability of victimized youth. This turns sexting into a situation that would lead to different legal consequences when distribution of the material was not consented to by the creator.[16]Alvin J. Primack, who draws from Amy Hasinoff's work, argued a media production model may be useful for distinguishing between child pornography and sexting from a First Amendment perspective.[77]According to Alvin J. Primack, the motivation for creating and distributing sexts (e.g., pleasure, relationship building) differs from the motivation for creating and distributing child pornography (e.g., abuse, exploitation), and the market of circulation is generally different between the two as well. For these reasons, there may be arguments – grounded in reasoning provided by First Amendment doctrine – for finding some youth sexts exchanged between persons who are of the age of consent to be legally-protected speech.

Legal professionals and academics have expressed that the use of "child porn laws" with regard to sexting is "extreme" or "too harsh". Florida cyber crimes defense attorney David S. Seltzer wrote of this that "I do not believe that our child pornography laws were designed for these situations... A conviction for possession of child pornography in Florida draws up to five years in prison for each picture or video, plus a lifelong requirement toregister as a sex offender."[78]

Academics have argued thatsextingis a broad term for images being sent over Internet and cell phones, between minors, adults, or minors and adults, and in an abusive manner or in an innocent manner. In order to develop policy better suited for adolescent sexting cases, it is necessary to have better terms and categories of sexting. University of New Hampshiretypologyhas suggested the termyouth-produced sexual imageto classify adolescent sexting. Furthermore, they branch into two sub-categories:aggravatedandexperimental youth-produced sexual image.Aggravated cases include cases of sexual assault, coercion, cyber-bullying, forwarding images without consent, and abusive behavior. Experimental cases are cases in which an adolescent willingly takes a picture and sends it to someone with no criminal intent and is attention-seeking.[79]This terminology could lead to more appropriate action towards adolescents who engage in sexting.

Legal cases

  • In 2007, 32 Australian teenagers from the state ofVictoriawere prosecuted as a result of sexting activity.[80]
  • In 2008, an assistant principal in the U.S. state ofVirginiawas charged with possession ofchild pornographyand related crimes after he had been asked to investigate a rumored sexting incident at the high school where he worked. Upon finding a student in possession of a photo on his phone that depicted the torso of a girl wearing only underpants, her arms mostly covering her breasts, the assistant principal showed the image to the principal, who instructed him to preserve it on his computer as evidence, which he did. The court later ruled that the photo did not constitute child pornography because under Virginia law, nudity alone is not enough to qualify an image as child pornography; the image must be "sexually explicit".Loudoun Countyprosecutor James Plowman stood by his initial assessment of the photo and says he would not have pursued the case if the assistant principal had agreed to resign. Instead, the assistant principal took out a second mortgage on his house and spent $150,000 in attorneys' fees to clear his name.[81][82]
  • In January 2009, child pornography charges were brought against six teenagers inGreensburg, Pennsylvania,after three girls sent sexually explicit photographs to three male classmates.[83]
  • In 2009, a Fort Wayne, Indiana, teenage boy faced felony obscenity charges for allegedly sending a photo of his genitals to several female classmates. Another boy was charged with child pornography in a similar case.[84]
  • In 2009, police investigated an incident atMargaretta High SchoolinCastalia, Ohio,in which a 17-year-old girl allegedly sent nude pictures of herself to her former boyfriend, and the pictures started circulating after they had a quarrel.[85]The girl was charged with being an "unruly child" based on her juvenile status.[86]
  • In 2009, two southwest Ohio teenagers were charged with contributing to the delinquency of a minor, a first-degree misdemeanor, for sending or possessing nude photos on their cell phones of two 15-year-old classmates.[87]
  • On 25 March 2009, theAmerican Civil Liberties Unionfiled a lawsuit againstWyoming County, Pennsylvaniadistrict attorney George Skumanick Jr. for threatening teenage girls who were the subject of allegedly risque photos with prosecution on child pornography charges if they did not submit to a counseling program.[88]The case isMiller, et al. v. Skumanick.[89]Skumanick stated in an interview withJulie ChenonCBS News'sThe Early Showthat his office decided to make an offer of limiting penalties to probation if the girls agreed to attend a sexual harassment program.[90][91]The girls and their parents won a ruling that blocked the district attorney, who appealed. It is the first appeals court case concerning sexting.[92]
  • In July 2010,Londonderry High Schoolteacher Melinda Dennehy pleaded guilty and received a one-yearsuspended sentencefor sending racy photos of herself to a 15-year-old student.[93]
  • In August 2014, a teen fromManassas City, Virginia,was placed on one year's probation after being charged with two counts of child pornography for allegedly sexting an explicit video to his 15-year-old girlfriend. The case become controversial after attempts by the Manassas city police and prosecutors to take pictures of the teen's erect penis as evidence to compare with the video he sent to his girlfriend in January.[94]
  • In November 2015, officials discovered widespread sexting atCañon City High Schoolin Colorado.[95]Photos of at least 100 different students were involved, in what appeared to be a contest. District Attorney Thom LeDoux said consenting adults can send and receive sext messages, but minors can face felony charges for doing the same. Before deciding to prosecute, he said he would consider if coercion was involved, if adults were involved, and if actual physical contact was made.[96]WhenThe New York Timesreported on this incident, the reporter referred to a book titledSexting Panic,written by Adele Hasinoff, an assistant professor at theUniversity of Colorado.Hasinoff said schools should talk to students about sexting, instead of simply demanding that they stop doing it.[96]
  • In September 2017, theWashington Supreme Court,by a vote of 5–3, upheld the child pornography trafficking conviction of a seventeen-year-old boy for texting a picture of his erect penis to an adult woman.[97]The boy, who hasAsperger syndrome,was sentenced to 50 hours of community service, 30 days' confinement, and registration as asex offender.[98]
  • In March 2019, the school board ofBellportmiddle school (New York) fired a 25-year-old teacher after a photo surfaced, that she had taken at home sitting on the floor before a mirror, a towel draped across her legs and her breasts exposed. She had only shared the image with a colleague she was dating, who was not disciplined for the dissemination of the photograph among the students of the school. She has sued the school district and its administrators for gender discrimination, commenting "It's always the boys hurting the girls and the girls taking the brunt of it".[99]

Legislative responses

In Connecticut, Rep.Rosa Rebimbasintroduced a bill that would lessen the penalty for "sexting" between two consenting minors in 2009. The bill would make it a Class A misdemeanor for children under 18 to send or receive text messages with other minors that include nude or sexual images. It is currently a felony for children to send such messages, and violators could end up on the state's sex offender registry.[100]

Vermont lawmakers introduced a bill in April 2009 to legalize the consensual exchange of graphic images between two people 13 to 18 years old. Passing along such images to others would remain a crime.[101]

In Ohio, a county prosecutor and two lawmakers proposed a law that would reduce sexting from afelonyto a first-degreemisdemeanor,and eliminate the possibility of a teenage offender being labeled a sex offender for years. The proposal was supported by the parents of Jesse Logan, a Cincinnati 18-year-old who committed suicide after the naked picture of herself which she sexted was forwarded to people in her high school.[102]

Utah lawmakers lessened the penalty for sexting for someone younger than 18 to a misdemeanor from a felony.[103]

In New York, Assemblyman Ken Zebrowski (D-Rockland) has introduced a bill that will create anaffirmative defensewhere a minor is charged under child pornography laws if they possesses or disseminate a picture of themselves or possess or disseminates the image of another minor (within 4 years of their age) with their consent. The affirmative defense will not be available if the conduct was done without consent. It also creates an educational outreach program for teens that promotes awareness about the dangers of sexting.[104]

In the Australian state ofVictoria,the law was reformed in 2014 to create a defence for young people who engage in consensual sexting and the introduction of the new offences of distribution of an intimate image, and threat to distribute an intimate image.[105]

See also

References

  1. ^Salter, Michael (2013). "Beyond Criminalisation and Responsibilitisim Sexting, Gender and Young People".Sydney Law School.24:310–315.
  2. ^Redmond, Teresa (22 February 2010)."Ringwood community addresses sexting".NorthJersey.com.North Jersey Media Group. Archived fromthe originalon 28 August 2011.Retrieved30 May2010.
  3. ^Döring, Nicola; Krämer, Nicole; Mikhailova, Veronika; Brand, Matthias; Krüger, Tillmann H. C.; Vowe, Gerhard (2021)."Sexual interaction in digital contexts and its implications for sexual health: A conceptual analysis".Frontiers in Psychology.12:769732.doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.769732.ISSN1664-1078.PMC8669394.PMID34916999.
  4. ^Roberts, Yvonne (31 July 2005). "The one and only".Sunday Telegraph Magazine.Sydney, Australia:News Corp Australia.p. 22.Following a string of extramarital affairs and several lurid "sexting" episodes, Warne has found himself home alone, with Simone Warne taking their three children and flying the conjugal coop.
  5. ^Italie, Leanne."F-bomb makes it into mainstream dictionary".The Washington Times.Archived fromthe originalon 23 January 2023.Retrieved15 August2012.
  6. ^abcdLenhart, Amanda (15 December 2009).Teens and sexting(Report).Pew Internet & American Life Project.Archived fromthe originalon 4 October 2023.
  7. ^McDaniel, Brandon T.;Drouin, Michelle(November 2015)."Sexting among married couples: who is doing it, and are they more satisfied?".Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking.18(11): 628–634.doi:10.1089/cyber.2015.0334.PMC4642829.PMID26484980.
  8. ^abDrouin, Michelle;Vogel, Kimberly N.; Surbey, Alisen; Stills, Julie R. (September 2013). "Let's talk about sexting, baby: computer-mediated sexual behaviors among young adults".Computers in Human Behavior.29(5): A25–A30.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.030.
  9. ^Teens and Sexting.Amanda Lenhart. December 15, 2009ArchivedSeptember 14, 2023, at theWayback Machine
  10. ^Albury, Kath; Crawford, Kate (June 2012). "Sexting, consent and young people's ethics: beyondMegan's Story".Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies.26(3): 463–473.doi:10.1080/10304312.2012.665840.S2CID145401204.
  11. ^The Economist, March 28th 2020, page 26.
  12. ^Lenhard, Amanda."Teens and Sexting How and why minor teens are sending sexually suggestive nude or nearly nude images via text messaging"(PDF).pewinternet.org.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 19 October 2016.Retrieved4 May2016.
  13. ^Utz, S.; Muscanell, N.; Khalid, C. (2015). "Snapchat Elicits More Jealousy than Facebook: A Comparison of Snapchat and Facebook Use".Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking.18(3): 141–146.doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0479.PMID25667961.S2CID206158389.
  14. ^abYeung, Timothy H.; Horyniak, Danielle R.; Vella, Alyce M.; Hellard, Margaret E.; Lim, Megan S.C. (September 2014). "Prevalence, correlates and attitudes towards sexting among young people in Melbourne, Australia".Sexual Health.11(4): 332–339.doi:10.1071/SH14032.PMID25087581.
  15. ^abDrouin, Michelle;Landgraff, Carly (March 2012). "Texting, sexting, and attachment in college students' romantic relationships".Computers in Human Behavior.28(2): 444–449.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.10.015.
  16. ^abcdefghHasinoff, Amy Adele (June 2013). "Sexting as media production: rethinking social media and sexuality".New Media & Society.15(4): 449–465.doi:10.1177/1461444812459171.S2CID5361448.
  17. ^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 22 July 2015.Retrieved14 December2014.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. ^"Brook | Press releases | Digital Romance".www.brook.org.uk.Archived fromthe originalon 29 July 2019.Retrieved9 October2018.
  19. ^abParker, Trent; Blackburn, Kristyn M.; Perry, Martha S.; Hawks, Jillian M. (January 2013). "Sexting as an intervention: relationship satisfaction and motivation considerations".The American Journal of Family Therapy.41(1): 1–12.doi:10.1080/01926187.2011.635134.S2CID145445441.
  20. ^Bauermeister, Jose A.; Yeagley, Emily; Meanley, Steven; Pingel, Emily S. (May 2014)."Sexting among young men who have sex with men: results from a national survey".Journal of Adolescent Health.54(5): 606–611.doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.10.013.PMC3999214.PMID24361235.
  21. ^Döring, Nicola; Mohseni, Rohangis (2018)."Are Online Sexual Activities and Sexting Good for Adults' Sexual Well-Being? Results from a National Online Survey".International Journal of Sexual Health.30(3): 250–263.doi:10.1080/19317611.2018.1491921.S2CID149940163.
  22. ^Temple, Jeff R.; Paul, Jonathan A.; van den Berg, Patricia; Le, Vi Donna; McElhany, Amy; Temple, Brian W. (September 2012)."Teen sexting and its association with sexual behaviors".Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine.166(9): 828–833.doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.835.PMC3626288.PMID22751805.
  23. ^Houck, Christopher D.; Barker, David; Rizzo, Christie; Hancock, Evan; Norton, Alicia; Brown, Larry K. (February 2014)."Sexting and sexual behavior in at-risk adolescents".Pediatrics.133(2): e276–e282.doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1157.PMC3904272.PMID24394678.
  24. ^Temple, Jeff R.; Le, Vi Donna; van den Berg, Patricia; Ling, Yan; Paul, Jonathan A.; Temple, Brian W. (January 2014)."Brief report: teen sexting and psychosocial health".Journal of Adolescence.37(1): 33–36.doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.10.008.PMC3896072.PMID24331302.
  25. ^Benotsch, Eric G.; Snipes, Daniel J.; Martin, Aaron M.; Bull, Sheana S. (March 2013)."Sexting, substance use, and sexual risk behavior in young adults".Journal of Adolescent Health.52(3): 307–313.doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.06.011.PMC3580005.PMID23299017.
  26. ^Rice, Eric; Rhoades, Harmony; Winetrobe, Hailey; Sanchez, Monica; Montoya, Jorge; Plant, Aaron; Kordic, Timothy (October 2012)."Sexually explicit cell phone messaging associated with sexual risk among adolescents".Pediatrics.130(4): 667–673.doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0021.PMC3457617.PMID22987882.
  27. ^Gordon-Messer, Deborah; Bauermeister, Jose Arturo; Grodzinski, Alison; Zimmerman, Marc (March 2013)."Sexting among young adults".Journal of Adolescent Health.52(3): 301–306.doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.05.013.PMC3580013.PMID23299018.
  28. ^Temple, Jeff R.; Choi, HyeJeong (November 2014)."Longitudinal association between teen sexting and sexual behavior".Pediatrics.134(5): e1287–e1292.doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1974.PMC4210802.PMID25287459.
  29. ^Lee, M., Crofts, T., McGovern, A., & Milivojevic, S. (2015). Sexting among young people: Perceptions and practices. Trends & Issues In Crime & Criminal Justice, (508), 1-9.
  30. ^"Sex and tech"(PDF).The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. 10 December 2008. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 21 June 2010.Retrieved20 October2009.
  31. ^""Sexting" Shockingly Common Among Teens ".www.cbsnews.com.15 January 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 19 August 2014.
  32. ^Namuo, Clynton."UNH study finds 'sexting' not so prevalent".Union Leader.New Hampshire: Joseph W. McQuaid. Archived fromthe originalon 5 January 2012.Retrieved10 July2012.
  33. ^D'Arcy, Janice (5 December 2011)."Kids sexting less common than thought, study says".The Washington Post.Nash HoldingsLLC.Retrieved21 December2011.
  34. ^abStrassberg, Donald; McKinnon, Ryan K. (January 2013). "Sexting by high school students: an exploratory and descriptive study".Archives of Sexual Behavior.42(1): 15–21.doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9969-8.PMID22674035.S2CID7998778.
  35. ^Abridged text.ArchivedDecember 16, 2023, at theWayback Machine
  36. ^Maffly, Brian."'Sexting' prevalent among high-schoolers, study finds ".Salt Lake Tribune.MediaNews Group.Archived fromthe originalon 17 July 2022.Retrieved5 July2012.
  37. ^Collins, Lois (16 June 2012)."As many as 20% of teens have 'sexted', according to new study".Deseret News.Deseret News Publishing Company.Archived fromthe originalon 5 February 2023.Retrieved23 September2020.
  38. ^Paul, Pamela (15 July 2011)."Women Are More Likely to 'Sext' Than Men, Study Says: Studied".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archived fromthe originalon 23 July 2023.Retrieved7 October2016.
  39. ^"Sext much? If so, you're not alone".Scientific American.Archived fromthe originalon 10 May 2023.Retrieved7 October2016.
  40. ^Hasinoff, Amy Adele (1 June 2013). "Sexting as media production: Rethinking social media and sexuality".New Media & Society.15(4): 449–465.doi:10.1177/1461444812459171.ISSN1461-4448.S2CID5361448.
  41. ^Doyle, Caoimhe; Douglas, Ellen; O'Reilly, Gary (2021)."The outcomes of sexting for children and adolescents: A systematic review of the literature".Journal of Adolescence.92:86–113.doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.08.009.ISSN0140-1971.PMID34454257.
  42. ^Madigan, Sheri; Ly, Anh; Rash, Christina L.; Van Ouytsel, Joris; Temple, Jeff R. (2018)."Prevalence of multiple forms of sexting behavior among youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis".JAMA Pediatrics.172(4): 327–335.doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.5314.ISSN2168-6203.PMC5875316.PMID29482215.
  43. ^Mori, Camille; Temple, Jeff R.; Browne, Dillon; Madigan, Sheri (2019)."Association of sexting with sexual behaviors and mental health among adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis".JAMA Pediatrics.173(8): 770–779.doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1658.ISSN2168-6203.PMC6580450.PMID31206151.
  44. ^Mori, Camille; Park, Julianna; Temple, Jeff R.; Madigan, Sheri (2022)."Are youth sexting rates still on the rise? A meta-analytic update".Journal of Adolescent Health.70(4): 531–539.doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.10.026.ISSN1054-139X.PMID34916123.S2CID245191847.
  45. ^Gámez-Guadix, Manuel; Mateos-Pérez, Estibaliz; Wachs, Sebastian; Wright, Michelle; Martínez, Jone; Íncera, Daniel (2022)."Assessing image-based sexual abuse: Measurement, prevalence, and temporal stability of sextortion and nonconsensual sexting (" revenge porn ") among adolescents".Journal of Adolescence.94(5): 789–799.doi:10.1002/jad.12064.hdl:10486/703383.ISSN0140-1971.PMID35719041.S2CID249868743.
  46. ^Döring, Nicola (2014)."Consensual sexting among adolescents: Risk prevention through abstinence education or safer sexting?".Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace.8(1).doi:10.5817/CP2014-1-9.ISSN1802-7962.
  47. ^Ojeda, Mónica; Del Rey, Rosario (2022)."Lines of action for sexting prevention and intervention: A systematic review".Archives of Sexual Behavior.51(3): 1659–1687.doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02089-3.ISSN1573-2800.PMC8916998.PMID34791584.
  48. ^Offenses can include issues likebreach of confidenceorcopyright infringement,as well as laws around surveillance devices, or laws relating to stalking and blackmail. See:
  49. ^'Sexting' and The Law - How Australia Regulates Electronic Communication of Non-Professional Sexual ContentBond Law Review. Vol. 22, No. 2. Dan SvantessonArchived2023-04-04 at theWayback Machine
  50. ^Davies, Shaun (17 January 2009)."Kids face porn charges over 'sexting'".NationalNine News.Nine Network.Archived fromthe originalon 24 September 2011.Retrieved20 January2009.
  51. ^Goodchild van Hilten, Lucy (5 June 2015)."Sexting coercion is on the rise – and can be as traumatic as partner violence".elsevier.com/connect.Elsevier Connect. Archived fromthe originalon 5 February 2023.
  52. ^Keene, Casey (3 June 2013)."What is the connection between sexting and sexual violence?".Violence Against Women News Blog.Violence Against Women. Archived fromthe originalon 3 November 2015.
  53. ^Woodlock, Delanie (2015)."The abuse of technology in domestic violence and stalking"(PDF).Violence Against Women.23(5): 584–602.doi:10.1177/1077801216646277.PMID27178564.S2CID26463963.
  54. ^Gordon-Smith, Eleanor (2 September 2014)."It's not just strangers on the internet who steal and abuse personal images of women".junkee.com.Junkee. Archived fromthe originalon 5 February 2023.
  55. ^Topping, Alexandra (22 October 2012)."'Parasite' porn websites stealing images and videos posted by young people ".The Guardian.London. Archived fromthe originalon 10 December 2023.Retrieved23 October2012.
  56. ^Topping, Alexandra (23 October 2012)."'Parasite' porn sites stealing images and videos posted by teens ".The Sydney Morning Herald.Fairfax Media. Archived fromthe originalon 5 February 2023.Retrieved23 October2012.
  57. ^Cassell, Justine; Cramer, Meg (2008),"High tech or high risk: moral panics about girls online"(PDF),in McPherson, Tara (ed.),Digital youth, innovation, and the unexpected(PDF),The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Media and Learning, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 53–76,ISBN978-0-262-63359-8.
  58. ^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 8 January 2016.Retrieved5 February2016.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  59. ^Lohmann, Raychelle Cassada (20 July 2012)."The dangers of teen sexting (blog)".Psychology Today.Sussex Publishers. Archived fromthe originalon 5 January 2023.Retrieved15 April2013.
  60. ^Albury, Kath (15 May 2015)."Selfies- Selfies, Sexts and Sneaky Hats: Young People's Understandings of Gendered Practices of Self-Representation".International Journal of Communication.9:12 – via ijoc.org.
  61. ^Albury, Kath (2005). "Selfies, Sexts, and Sneaky Hats: Young People's Understandings of Gendered Practices of Self-Representation".International Journal of Communication.9.
  62. ^Tobias, Lori (28 March 2009)."'Sexting' in Newport: dumb prank or child porn? ".The Oregonian.Advance Publications.Retrieved6 February2016.
  63. ^Moore, Wanda (28 February 2014)."Teen sexting: One photo sent, life changed forever".KTVZ.com.Oregon:NBC.Archived fromthe originalon 1 February 2016.Retrieved6 February2016.
  64. ^Van Camp, Jeffrey (12 July 2014)."Underage sexting isn't ruining lives, draconian laws are (and we need to change them)".digitaltrends.com.Archived fromthe originalon 5 February 2023.Retrieved6 February2016.
  65. ^Schwartz, Daniel (13 August 2013)."The fine line between 'sexting' and child pornography".CBC News.Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.Archived fromthe originalon 10 August 2023.Retrieved6 February2016.
  66. ^Victoria Bekiempis (31 August 2019)."Maryland court: teen girl who sexted friends violated child pornography laws".The Guardian.UK. Archived fromthe originalon 18 May 2023.
  67. ^Albury, Kath; Crawford, Kate (1 June 2012). "Sexting, consent and young people's ethics: Beyond Megan's Story".Continuum.26(3): 463–473.doi:10.1080/10304312.2012.665840.S2CID145401204.
  68. ^Patchin, Justin W.; Hinduja, Sameer (2020)."It is Time to Teach Safe Sexting".Journal of Adolescent Health.66(2). Elsevier BV: 140–143.doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.10.010.ISSN1054-139X.PMID31831321.S2CID209342093.
  69. ^Seaman, Andrew (6 January 2014)."Sexting common, linked to sex among high-risk youth".ca.news.yahoo.com.Reuters. Archived fromthe originalon 5 February 2023.Retrieved6 January2014.
  70. ^Rice, Eric; Rhoades, Harmony; Winetrobe, Hailey; Sanchez, Monica; Montoya, Jorge; Plant, Aaron; Kordic, Timothy (October 2012)."Sexually explicit cell phone messaging associated with sexual risk among adolescents".Pediatrics.130(4): 667–673.doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0021.PMC3457617.PMID22987882.
  71. ^Clark-Flory, Tracy (20 February 2009)."The new pornographers".Salon.com.Salon Media Group.Archived fromthe originalon 2 September 2011.Retrieved6 February2016.
  72. ^Schmitz, Sandra; Siry, Lawrence (May 2011). "Teenage folly or child abuse? State responses to" sexting "by minors in the U.S. and Germany".Policy & Internet.3(2): 25–50.doi:10.2202/1944-2866.1127.
  73. ^Staff writer (4 August 2009)."Truth of sexting amongst UK teens".Beatbullying.org.Archived fromthe originalon 8 August 2009.Retrieved20 October2009.
  74. ^Wolak, Janis; Finkelhor, David; Mitchel, Kimberly J."Trends in Arrests for Child Pornography Production: The Third National Juvenile Online Victimization Study (NJOV-3)".Archived fromthe originalon 15 November 2023.Retrieved31 August2016.
  75. ^[Kath Albury & Kate Crawford (2012): Sexting, consent and young people's ethics: Beyond Megan's Story, Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 26:3, 463-473], more text.
  76. ^Seidman, Karen (16 November 2013)."Child pornography laws 'too harsh' to deal with minors sexting photos without consent, experts say".National Post News.Canada.Retrieved27 March2014.
  77. ^Primack, Alvin J. (2017). "Youth sexting and the First Amendment: Rhetoric and child pornography doctrine in the age of translation".New Media & Society.20(8): 2917–2933.doi:10.1177/1461444817737297.S2CID52014399.
  78. ^Seltzer, David S. (19 December 2008)."Miami criminal defense lawyer".cybercrimelawyerblog.com.Seltzer Law, Pennsylvania. Archived fromthe originalon 1 February 2017.Retrieved6 February2016.
  79. ^Judge, Abigail (2012).""Sexting" Among U.S. Adolescents: Psychological and Legal Perspectives "(PDF).Harvard Review of Psychiatry.20(2): 86–96.doi:10.3109/10673229.2012.677360.PMID22512742.S2CID20530733.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 5 February 2023.
  80. ^Porter, Liz (10 August 2008)."Malice in wonderland".The Age.Melbourne:Fairfax Media.Retrieved23 September2020.
  81. ^Zetter, Kim (3 April 2009)."'Sexting' hysteria falsely brands educator as child pornographer ".Wired.Condé Nast.Retrieved6 February2016.
  82. ^Oei, Ting-Yi (19 April 2009)."My students. My cellphone. My ordeal".The Washington Post.Retrieved4 March2009.
  83. ^Pilkington, Ed (14 January 2009)."Sexting craze leads to child pornography charges".The Guardian.Retrieved14 January2009.
  84. ^Irvine, Martha;Associated Press(4 February 2009)."Porn charges for 'sexting' stir debate".NBC News.Retrieved6 February2016.
  85. ^Staff writer (20 March 2009)."Castalia police look into complaint of nude photos sent by cell phone".Sandusky Register.Ohio. Archived fromthe originalon 4 March 2016.Retrieved6 February2016.
  86. ^Bixler, Leslie (3 April 2009)."Girl, 17, charged for sending naked photographs".The News-Messenger.Fremont, Ohio:USA Today.Retrieved6 February2016.
  87. ^Staff writer (4 March 2009)."Two mason teenagers charged in 'sexting' case".WLWT.Cincinnati, Ohio:Hearst Television.Archived fromthe originalon 16 January 2019.
  88. ^Staff writer (25 March 2009)."ACLU sues Wyoming County D.A. for threatening teenage girls with child pornography charges over photos of themselves".aclupa.org(Press release). American Civil Liberties Union. Archived fromthe originalon 30 March 2009.Retrieved6 February2016.
  89. ^Staff writer."Miller, et al v. Skumanick".aclupa.org.American Civil Liberties Union. Archived fromthe originalon 22 February 2010.Retrieved29 March2009.
  90. ^Staff writer (27 March 2009)."Sexting girls facing porn charge sue D.A."CBS News.Retrieved29 March2009.
  91. ^Heflick, Nathan (29 March 2009)."My 1st bra, my 1st sexual offense (blog)".Psychology Today.Sussex Publishers.Retrieved2 April2009.[dead link]
  92. ^Gorenstein, Nathan (16 January 2010)."Appeals court considers: Is 'sexting' pornography?".The Philadelphia Inquirer.H.F. Gerry Lenfest. Archived fromthe originalon 9 February 2010.Retrieved28 August2010.
  93. ^Pike, Julie (27 July 2010)."Ex-teacher guilty plea, nude photo of Melinda Dennehy sent to student".National Ledger.Archived fromthe originalon 11 February 2011.Retrieved29 July2010.
  94. ^Jackman, Tom (1 August 2014)."Manassas City teen placed on probation in 'sexting' case where police sought photos".The Washington Post.Nash HoldingsLLC.Retrieved4 March2015.
  95. ^"Students could face charges in Colorado High School sexting scandal".NBC News.Associated Press.7 November 2015.Retrieved7 November2015.
  96. ^abCloos, Kassondra; Turkewitz, Julie (7 November 2015)."Hundreds of nude photos jolt Colorado school".The New York Times.Retrieved6 February2016.
  97. ^State v. Gray,402 P.3d 254(Wash. 2017).
  98. ^Note (2018)."Recent Case: Washington Supreme Court Affirms Child Pornography Conviction of Teenager"(PDF).Harv. L. Rev.131:1505. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 9 March 2021.
  99. ^Lucia Graves (19 April 2019)Graves, Lucia (19 April 2019)."A topless photo ruined this teacher's career. Now she's speaking out".The Guardian.,The Guardian.
  100. ^Falcone, Amanda (5 April 2010)."Rookie legislator in national eye with bill To lessen 'sexting' penalty for consenting minors".Hartford Courant.Tribune Publishing.Retrieved6 February2016.
  101. ^Associated Press(13 April 2009)."Vermont considers legalizing teen 'sexting'".Fox News Channel.Archived fromthe originalon 16 April 2009.Retrieved6 February2016.
  102. ^Russ, Dick (13 April 2009)."Ohio to address 'sexting' laws".WKYC-TV.Cleveland, Ohio:Tegna, Inc.Retrieved6 February2016.
  103. ^Associated Press(11 March 2009)."Utah lawmakers OK bill on 'sexting'".Standard-Examiner.Ogden, Utah: Ogden Publishing Corporation. Archived fromthe originalon 10 June 2017.Retrieved6 February2016.
  104. ^Galef, Sandy(16 December 2015)."Bill no: A08622 summary".assembly.state.ny.us.New York State Assembly.Retrieved6 February2016.
  105. ^"Victoria passes 'sexting' laws..."16 October 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 29 September 2023.

Further reading

Books

  • Hasinoff, Amy Adele (2015).Sexting panic: rethinking criminalization, privacy, and consent.Urbana: University of Illinois Press.ISBN9780252080623.
  • Hiestand, Todd C.; Weins, W. Jesse (2014).Sexting and youth: a multidisciplinary examination of research, theory, and law.Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.ISBN9781611633863.
  • Lane, Frederick S. (2011).Cybertraps for the young.Chicago: NTI Upstream.ISBN9780984053162.
Journal articles

Reports

Media

External links

Look upsextingornelfiein Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related toSexting.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sexting&oldid=1227478738"