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Sexual attraction

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This article is about sexual attraction among humans. For sexual attraction among other animals, seeAnimal sexual behaviour.
"Sex appeal" redirects here. For other uses, seeSex Appeal.

The Flirtation(1904), byEugene de Blaas

Sexual attractionisattractionon the basis ofsexual desireor the quality of arousing such interest.[1]Sexual attractivenessorsex appealis an individual's ability to attract other people sexually, and is a factor insexual selectionormate choice.The attraction can be to thephysicalor other qualities or traits of a person, or to such qualities in the context where they appear. The attraction may be to a person'saesthetics,movements, voice, or smell, among other things. The attraction may be enhanced by a person's adornments, clothing, perfume orhair style.It can be influenced by individualgenetic,psychological,or cultural factors, or to other, more amorphous qualities. Sexual attraction is also a response to another person that depends on a combination of the person possessing the traits and on the criteria of the person who is attracted.

Though attempts have been made to devise objective criteria of sexual attractiveness and measure it asone of several bodily formsofcapital asset(seeerotic capital), a person's sexual attractiveness is to a large extent a subjective measure dependent on another person's interest, perception, andsexual orientation.For example, agay or lesbian personwould typically find a person of the same sex to be more attractive than one of the other sex. Abisexual personwould find either sex to be attractive.Asexualityrefers to those who do not experience sexual attraction for either sex, though they may haveromantic attractionor a non-directed libido.[2]Interpersonal attractionincludes factors such asphysical or psychological similarity,familiarityor possessing a preponderance ofcommon or familiar features,similarity,complementarity,reciprocal liking,andreinforcement.[3]

The ability of a person's physical and other qualities to create a sexual interest in others is the basis of their use inadvertising,film,and other visual media, as well as inmodelingand other occupations.

In evolutionary terms, theovulatory shift hypothesisposits that female humans exhibit different sexual behaviours and desires at points in theirmenstrual cycle,as a means to ensure that they attract a high quality mate to copulate with during their mostfertiletime. Hormone levels throughout the menstrual cycle affect a woman's overt behaviours, influencing the way a woman presents herself to others during stages of her menstrual cycle, in an attempt to attract high quality mates the closer the woman is toovulation.[4]

Social and biological factors

Human sexualityhas many aspects. Inbiology,sexuality describes the reproductive mechanism and the basic biological drive that exists in all sexually reproducing species and can encompasssexual intercourseand sexual contact in all its forms. There are also emotional and physical aspects of sexuality. These relate to the bond between individuals, which may be expressed through profound feelings or emotions.Sociologically,it can cover thecultural,political,andlegalaspects;philosophically,it can span themoral,ethical,theological,spiritual,andreligiousaspects.

Which aspects of a person's sexuality attract another is influenced by cultural factors; it has varied over time, as well as personal factors. Influencing factors may be determined more locally among sub-cultures, acrosssexual fields,or simply by the preferences of theindividual.These preferences come about as a result of a complex variety ofgenetic,psychological,and cultural factors.

A person'sphysical appearancehas a critical impact on their sexual attractiveness. This involves the impact one's appearance has on thesenses,especially in the beginning of a relationship, among them:

As with other animals,pheromonesmay have an impact, though less significantly in the case of humans. Theoretically, the "wrong" pheromone may cause someone to be disliked, even when they would otherwise appear attractive. Frequently, a pleasant-smellingperfumeis used to encourage the other person to more deeply inhale theairsurrounding its wearer,[citation needed]increasing theprobabilitythat the individual's pheromones will be inhaled. The importance of pheromones in human relationships is probably limited and is widely disputed,[unreliable source?][5]although it appears to have some scientific basis.[6]

Some people exhibit high levels ofsexual fetishismand aresexually stimulatedby other stimuli not normally associated withsexual arousal.The degree to which such fetishism exists or has existed in different cultures is controversial.

Pheromones have been determined to playa role in sexual attractionbetween people. They influence gonadal hormone secretion, for example, follicle maturation in the ovaries in females and testosterone and sperm production in males.[7]

High anxiety

Research conducted by Donald G. Dutton and Arthur P. Aron in the 1970s aimed to find the relation between sexual attraction and high anxiety conditions. In doing so, 85 male participants were contacted by an attractive female interviewer at either afear-arousing suspension bridgeor a normal bridge. Conclusively, it was shown that the male participants who were asked by the female interviewer to perform thethematic apperception test(TAT) on the fear-arousing bridge, wrote more sexual content in the stories and attempted, with greater effort, to contact the interviewer after the experiment than those participants who performed the TAT on the normal bridge. In another test, a male participant, chosen from a group of 80, was given anticipated shocks. With him was an attractive female confederate, who was also being shocked. The experiment showed that the male's sexual imagery in the TAT was much higher when self shock was anticipated and not when the female confederate shock was anticipated.[8]

Enhancement

People consciously or subconsciously enhance their sexual attractiveness or sex appeal for a number of reasons. It may be to attract someone with whom they can form a deeper relationship, forcompanionship,procreation,or anintimate relationship,besides other possible purposes. It can be part of acourtshipprocess. This can involve physical aspects or interactive processes whereby people find and attract potential partners, and maintain a relationship. These processes, which involve attracting a partner and maintaining sexual interest, can includeflirting,which can be used to attract the sexual attention of another to encourage romance or sexual relations, and can involvebody language,conversation, joking, or brief physical contact.[9]

Sex and sexuality differences

Part of a series on
Sex differences in humans
Biology
Medicineandhealth
Neuroscienceandpsychology
Sociology

Men have been found to have a greater interest inuncommitted sexcompared to women.[10]Some research shows this interest to be more sociological than biological.[11]Men have a greater interest in visual sexual stimuli than women. However,[12]additional trends have been found with a greater sensitivity topartner statusin women choosing asexual partnerand men placing a greater emphasis onphysical attractivenessin a potential mate, as well as a significantly greater tendency toward sexualjealousyin men and emotional jealousy in women.[13]

Bailey, Gaulin, Agyei, and Gladue (1994) analyzed whether these results varied according tosexual orientation.In general, they found biological sex played a bigger role in the psychology of sexual attraction than orientation. However, there were some differences between homosexual and heterosexual women and men on these factors. While gay and straight men showed similar psychological interest in casual sex on markers ofsociosexuality,gay men showed a larger number of partners in behaviour expressing this interest (proposed to be due to a difference in opportunity). Self-identified lesbian women showed a significantly greater interest in visual sexual stimuli than heterosexual women and judged partner status to be less important inromantic partnerships.Heterosexual men had a significantly greater preference for younger partners than homosexual men.[14]People who identify asasexualmay not be sexually attracted to anyone.Gray asexualityincludes those who only experience sexual attraction under certain circumstances; for example, exclusively after an emotional bond has been formed. This tends to vary from person to person.

Sexual preferences and hormones

Theovulatory shift hypothesisis the theory that female humans tend to exhibit different sexual behaviours and desires at points in their cycle. Twometa-analysespublished in 2014 reached opposing conclusions on whether the existing evidence was robust enough to support the prediction that women's mate preferences change across the cycle.[15][16]A newer 2018 review does not show women changing the type of men they desire at different times in their fertility cycle.[17]

In males, a masculine face has been positively correlated with fewer respiratory diseases and, as a consequence, masculine features offer a marker ofhealthandreproductive success.[18]

Ovulation and ornamentation

Hormone levels throughout the menstrual cycle affect a woman's behaviour in preferences and in their overt behaviours. Theornamentationeffect is a phenomenon influenced by a stage of the menstrual cycle which refers to the way a woman presents herself to others, in a way to attract potential sexual partners. Studies have found that the closer women were toovulation,the more provocatively they dress and the more attractive they are rated.[19]

It is possible that women are sensitive to the changes in their physical attractiveness throughout their cycles, such that at their most fertile stages their levels of attractiveness are increased. Consequently, they choose to display their increased levels of attractiveness through this method of ornamentation.[20]

During periods of hormonal imbalance, women exhibit a peak in sexual activity.[21]As these findings have been recorded for female-initiated sexual activity and not for male-initiated activity, the causation appears to be hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle.[21]

Research has also found that menstrual cycles affect sexual behaviour frequency in pre-menopausalwomen. For example, women who had weekly sexual intercourse with men had menstrual cycles with the average duration of 29 days, while women with less frequent sexual interactions tended to have more extreme cycle lengths.[22]

Male response to ovulation

Changes in hormones during a female's cycles affect the way she behaves and the way males behave towards her. Research has found that men are a lot more attentive and loving towards their partners when they are in the mostfertilephase of their cycles, in comparison to when they are in thelutealphases.[23]Men become increasinglyjealous and possessiveover their partners during this stage.[24]

See also

References

  1. ^"Sexual attraction".TheFreeDictionary.com.Archivedfrom the original on March 31, 2012.RetrievedDecember 16,2011.
  2. ^"Things That Are Not Asexuality".Asexuality Archive.2012-05-27.Archivedfrom the original on 2019-04-21.Retrieved2015-12-16.
  3. ^Miller, R., Perlman, D., and Brehm, S.S. Intimate Relationships, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill Companies.[page needed]
  4. ^Pillsworth, Elizabeth G.; Haselton, Martie G.; Buss, David M. (February 2004)."Ovulatory Shifts in Female Sexual Desire"(PDF).Journal of Sex Research.41(1): 55–65.doi:10.1080/00224490409552213.PMID15216424.S2CID26680290.[dead link]
  5. ^Adams, Cecil (1987-01-30)."Will pheromones make you irresistible to the opposite sex?".The Straight Dope.Archived fromthe originalon 2008-08-21.RetrievedNovember 30,2006.
  6. ^Graham, Sarah (August 29, 2001)."First Evidence of a Human Response to Pheromones".ScientificAmerican.Archivedfrom the original on Mar 9, 2014.RetrievedNovember 30,2006.
  7. ^Grammer, Karl; Fink, Bernhard; Neave, Nick (2005)."Human pheromones and sexual attraction"(PDF).European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology.118(2): 135–142.doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.08.010.PMID15653193.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2019-07-26.Retrieved2018-09-19.
  8. ^Dutton, Donald G; Arthur P. Aron (1974). "Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety".Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.30(4): 510–517.CiteSeerX10.1.1.335.100.doi:10.1037/h0037031.PMID4455773.S2CID31921849.
  9. ^SIRC Guide to Flirting. What Social Science can tell you about flirting and how to do it.Archived2020-12-17 at theWayback MachineRetrieved October 13, 2009.
  10. ^Buss, D. M., & Shmitt, D. P. (1993). "Sexual strategies theory: A contextual evolutionary analysis of human mating".Psychological Review:100, 204–232.
  11. ^Conley, T. D. (2011). "Perceived proposer personality characteristics and gender differences in acceptance of casual sex offers".Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.100(2): 309–329.doi:10.1037/a0022152.PMID21171789.
  12. ^Ellis, B.J.; Symons, D. (1990). "Sex differences in sexual fantasy: An evolutionary psychological approach".Journal of Sex Research.27(4): 527–555.doi:10.1080/00224499009551579.
  13. ^Wiederman, M. W.; Allgeier, E. R. (1992). "Gender differences in mate selection criteria: Sociobiological or socioeconomic explanation?".Ethology and Sociobiology.13(2): 115–124.doi:10.1016/0162-3095(92)90021-u.
  14. ^Bailey, J.M.; Gaulin, S.; Agyei, Y.; Gladue, B. (1994). "Effects of gender and sexual orientation on evolutionarily relevant aspects of human mating psychology".Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.66(6): 1081–1093.doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.6.1081.PMID8046578.
  15. ^Gildersleeve, Kelly; Haselton, Martie G.; Fales, Melissa R. (2014). "Do women's mate preferences change across the ovulatory cycle? A meta-analytic review".Psychological Bulletin(Meta-analysis).140(5): 1205–1259.doi:10.1037/a0035438.PMID24564172.
  16. ^Wood, Wendy; Kressel, Laura; Joshi, Priyanka D.; Louie, Brian (2014). "Meta-analysis of menstrual cycle effects on women's mate preferences".Emotion Review.6(3): 229–249.doi:10.1177/1754073914523073.S2CID4641508.
  17. ^Jones, Benedict C.; Hahn, Amanda C.; Debruine, Lisa M. (2019)."Ovulation, Sex Hormones, and Women's Mating Psychology"(PDF).Trends in Cognitive Sciences(Review).23(1): 51–62.doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.10.008.PMID30477896.S2CID53715304.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2022-11-28.Retrieved2021-12-19.
  18. ^Thornhill, Randy; Gangestad, Steven W. (March 2006)."Facial sexual dimorphism, developmental stability, and susceptibility to disease in men and women"(PDF).Evolution and Human Behavior.27(2): 131–144.doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.06.001.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2016-12-03.Retrieved2016-12-02.
  19. ^Haselton, Martie G.; Mortezaie, Mina; Pillsworth, Elizabeth G.; Bleske-Rechek, April; Frederick, David A. (2007-01-01). "Ovulatory shifts in human female ornamentation: Near ovulation, women dress to impress".Hormones and Behavior.51(1): 40–45.doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.07.007.PMID17045994.S2CID9268718.
  20. ^Haselton, Martie G.; Gangestad, Steven W. (2006-04-01). "Conditional expression of women's desires and men's mate guarding across the ovulatory cycle".Hormones and Behavior.49(4): 509–518.doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.10.006.ISSN0018-506X.PMID16403409.S2CID7065777.
  21. ^abAdams, D. B.; Gold, A. R.; Burt, B. A. (1978)."Rise in female-initiated sexual activity at ovulation and its suppression by oral contraceptives".The New England Journal of Medicine.299(21): 1145–1150.doi:10.1056/nejm197811232992101.PMID703805.
  22. ^Cutler, Winnifred B.; Garcia, Celso R.; Freiger, Abba (December 1978). "Sexual Behaviour Frequency and menstrual cycle length in mature premenopausal women".Psychoneuroendocrinology.4(4): 297–309.doi:10.1016/0306-4530(79)90014-3.PMID523588.S2CID1553727.
  23. ^Pillsworth, Elizabeth G.; Haselton, Martie G. (2006-07-01). "Male sexual attractiveness predicts differential ovulatory shifts in female extra-pair attraction and male mate retention".Evolution and Human Behavior.27(4): 247–258.doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.10.002.ISSN1090-5138.
  24. ^Gangestad, Steven W; Thornhill, Randy; Garver, Christine E (2002-05-07)."Changes in women's sexual interests and their partners' mate-retention tactics across the menstrual cycle: evidence for shifting conflicts of interest".Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.269(1494): 975–982.doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1952.ISSN0962-8452.PMC1690982.PMID12028782.

Notes

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