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Shandong

Coordinates:36°24′N118°24′E/ 36.4°N 118.4°E/36.4; 118.4
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the province. For the peninsula, seeShandong Peninsula.For other uses, seeShandong (disambiguation).
"Shantung" redirects here. For the fabric, seeShantung (fabric).For other uses, seeShan Tung (disambiguation).

Shandong
Sơn đông
Province
Province of Shandong
Name transcription(s)
•ChineseSơn đông tỉnhShāndōng shěng
•AbbreviationSD /LỗLǔ
Location of Shandong within China
Location of Shandong within China
Coordinates:36°24′N118°24′E/ 36.4°N 118.4°E/36.4; 118.4
CountryChina
Named for
CapitalJinan
Largest cityLinyi
Divisions16prefectures,140counties,1941townships
Government
• TypeProvince
• BodyShandong Provincial People's Congress
•CCP SecretaryLin Wu[1]
• Congress chairmanLin Wu
•GovernorZhou Naixiang
•CPPCCchairmanGe Huijun
•National People's CongressRepresentation174 deputies
Area
[2]
• Total157,100 km2(60,700 sq mi)
• Rank20th
Highest elevation
(Mount Tai)
1,545 m (5,069 ft)
Population
(2020)[3]
• Total101,527,453
• Rank2nd
• Density650/km2(1,700/sq mi)
• Rank5th
DemonymShandongese
Demographics
• Ethnic composition
• Languages and dialectsJiaoliao Mandarin,Jilu Mandarin,Zhongyuan Mandarin
GDP(2023)[4]
• TotalCN¥9.21 trillion (3rd) (US$1.31 trillion)
• Per capitaCN¥90,772 (11th) (US$12,881)
ISO 3166 codeCN-SD
HDI(2022)0.789[5](13th) –high
Websitewww.sd.gov.cn
Shandong
"Shandong" in simplified (top) and traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Simplified ChineseSơn đông
Traditional ChineseSơn đông
Literal meaningEast of theTaihang Mountains
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinShāndōng
Bopomofoㄕㄢㄉㄨㄥ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhShandong
Wade–GilesShan1-tung1
IPA[ʂán.tʊ́ŋ]
Wu
RomanizationSeBìnhtonBình
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationSāan-dūng
JyutpingSaan1-dung1
IPA[san˥.tʊŋ˥]
Southern Min
HokkienPOJSoaⁿ-tang
Tâi-lôSuann-tang

Shandong[a]is a coastalprovinceinEast China.[8]Shandong has played a major role inChinese historysince the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of theYellow River.It has served as a pivotal cultural and religious center forTaoism,Chinese BuddhismandConfucianism.Shandong'sMount Taiis the most revered mountain of Taoism and a site with one of the longest histories of continuous religious worship in the world.[9]TheBuddhisttemples in the mountains south of the provincial capital ofJinanwere once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China.[10]The city ofQufuwas the birthplace ofConfucius,and later became the center of Confucianism.[11]

Shandong's location at the intersection of ancient and modern north–south and east–west trading routes has helped establish it as an economic center. After a period of political instability and economic hardship beginning in the late 19th century, Shandong has experienced rapid growth in recent decades. Home to over 100 million inhabitants, Shandong is theworld's sixth-mostpopuloussubnational entity,and China'ssecond-most populous province.[12]Theeconomy of Shandongis China'sthird-largest provincial economywith aGDPof CN¥8.3 trillion (US$1.3 trillion) in 2021, equivalent to the GDP of Mexico.[13][14]If considered among sovereign states, Shandong would rank as the15th-largest economyand the15th-most populousas of 2021.[15]Its GDP per capita is around the national average.

Shandong is one of China's leading provinces in education and research. It has 153higher education institutions,ranking second in East China afterJiangsuand fourth among all Chinese first-level divisions after Jiangsu,GuangdongandHenan.[16]As of 2023,theNature Indexranked Jinan ranked 32nd andQingdao43rd in the top 50 cities in the world by scientific research output.[17]

Etymology

[edit]

Shandong's name literally means 'east of the mountains', from 'mountain' (Sơn) and 'east' (Đông). The name refers to the province's location to the east of theTaihang Mountains.[18][19]A common nickname for Shandong is Qilu (Tề lỗ;Tề lỗ), from the states ofQiandLuthat existed in the area during theSpring and Autumn period.Whereas Qi was a major political power, Lu played only a minor political role but became renowned as the home ofConfucius,and its cultural influence came to eclipse that of Qi. The cultural legacy of Lu is reflected in the province's official abbreviation ofLǔ(Lỗ;Lỗ).[20]

History

[edit]

Ancient history

[edit]
Remains ofAncient Linzicity sewer passing underneath the former city wall
ASong-eramonument to a legendary native of Shandong, theYellow Emperor,at hissupposed birthplace

With its location on the eastern edge of theNorth China Plain,Shandong was home to a succession ofNeolithiccultures for millennia, including theHouli(c. 6500–5500 BC),Beixin(c. 5300–4100 BC),Dawenkou(c. 4100–2600 BC),Longshan(c. 3000–2000 BC), andYueshi cultures(c. 1900–1500 BC).

TheShangandZhou dynastiesexerted varying degrees of control over western Shandong, while eastern Shandong was inhabited byDongyipeoples, who were considered barbarians by the inhabitants of theCentral Plain.Following theannexation of Lai[zh]by thestate of Qiin 567 BC, the Dongyi gradually becamesinicized.

During theSpring and AutumnandWarring States periods,power was accumulated by regional states; Shandong was home to the state of Qi based inLinzi,and thestate of Lubased inQufu.Lu is famous for being the home ofConfucius;however, it was comparatively small, eventually being annexed by the neighboringstate of Chuto its south. Meanwhile, Qi was a significant power throughout the entire period, and ruled cities includingLinzi,Jimo(near modernQingdao) andJu.

Imperial history

[edit]

TheQin dynastyconquered Qi and founded the first centralized Chinese state in 221 BC. TheHan dynastythat followed created several commanderies supervised by two regions (Thứ sử bộ) in what is now modern Shandong: Qingzhou (Thanh châu) in the north and Yanzhou (Duyện châu) in the south. During theThree Kingdomsperiod, Shandong was part of the northern kingdom ofCao Wei,which ruled over northern China.

After the Three Kingdoms period, a brief period of unity under theWestern Jin dynastygave way to invasions by nomadic peoples from the north. Northern China, including Shandong, was overrun. Over the next century or so, Shandong changed hands several times, falling to theLater Zhao,thenFormer Yan,thenFormer Qin,thenLater Yan,thenSouthern Yan,then theLiu Song dynasty,and finally theNorthern Wei dynasty,the first of the Northern dynasties during theNorthern and Southern dynastiesperiod. Shandong stayed with the Northern dynasties for the rest of this period.

In 412 AD, the ChineseBuddhistmonkFaxianlanded atLaoshan,on the southern edge of the Shandong peninsula, and proceeded toQingzhouto edit and translate the scriptures he had brought back fromIndia.

TheSui dynastyreestablished unity in 589, and theTang dynasty(618–907) presided over the next golden age of China. For the earlier part of this period, Shandong was ruled as part ofHenan Circuit,one of thecircuits(a political division). Later on, China splintered into warlord factions, resulting in theFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdomsperiod. Shandong was part of the Five Dynasties, all based in the north.

TheSong dynastyreunified China in the late tenth century. The classic novelWater Marginwas based on folk tales of outlaw bands active in Shandong during the Song dynasty. In 1996, the discovery of over two hundred buried Buddhist statues at Qingzhou was hailed as a majorarchaeologicalfind. The statues included early examples of painted figures and are thought to have been buried due toEmperor Huizong's repression ofBuddhism(he favoredTaoism).

The Song dynasty was forced to cede northern China to theJurchen Jin dynastyin 1142. Shandong was administered by Jin asShandong East CircuitandShandong West Circuit– the first use of its current name.

Early modern history

[edit]
LinqingCity, with a view of theGrand Canal.Drawing byWilliam Alexander,draughtsman of theMacartney Embassyto China in 1793.

The modern province of Shandong was created by theMing dynasty,where it had a more expansive territory, including the agricultural part ofLiaoning.After theMing–Qing Transitionin 1644, Shandong acquired (more or less) its current borders.

On 25 July 1668, anearthquake with an estimated magnitude of 8.5and anepicenterjust northeast ofLinyidevastated Shandong, and killed between 43,000 and 50,000 people.[21][22]

During the nineteenth century, China became increasingly exposed to Western influence, and Shandong, a coastal province under the dukedom of Xiong, was significantly affected.Qingdaowasleasedto Germany in 1897 andWeihaito Britain in 1898. As a result of foreign pressure from theRussian Empire,which had annexedOuter Manchuriaby 1860, the Qingencouraged settlement of Shandong peopleto what remained ofManchuria.

Shandong was one of the first places where theBoxer Rebellionbroke out, and became one of the centers of the uprising. In 1899, Qing generalYuan Shikaiwas appointed governor of the province to suppress the uprising. He held the post for three years.

Street market in Qingdao during the late 19th century, photographed by the crew of theARA Presidente Sarmiento

Germany took control of the peninsula in 1898, leasingJiaozhou Bayand its port of Qingdao under threat of force. Development was a high priority for the Germans: over 200 million marks were invested in world-classharborfacilities includingberths,heavy machinery, rail yards, and a floating dry dock. Private enterprises worked across the Shandong Province, opening mines, banks, factories, and rail lines.[23] As a consequence of the First World War, Japan seized German holdings inQingdaoand Shandong. The 1919Treaty of Versaillestransferred ownership to Japan instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over the area. Popular dissatisfaction with this outcome, referred to as theShandong Problem,led to the vehement student protests in theMay Fourth Movement.Among the reservations to the Treaty that theUnited States Senate Committee on Foreign Relationsapproved was "to give Shantung to China", the treaty with reservations was not approved. Finally, Shandong reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after the United States' mediation during theWashington Naval Conference.Weihaifollowed in 1930.[24]

The Kiautschou Bay concession was located in the natural harbor at Tsingtao on the southern coast of the Shandong Peninsula
1912 German map of the Shandong Peninsula, showing theKiautschou Bay concession

Shandong's return of control fell into theWarlord Eraof the Republic of China. Shandong was handed over to theZhili cliqueof warlords, but after theSecond Zhili–Fengtian Warof 1924, the northeast China-basedFengtian cliquetook over. In April 1925, the Fengtian clique installed the warlordZhang Zongchang,nicknamed the "Dogmeat General", as military governor of Shandong Province.Timedubbed him China's "basest warlord".[clarification needed][25]He ruled over the province until 1928 when he was ousted in the wake of theNorthern Expedition.He was succeeded byHan Fuju,who was loyal to the warlordFeng Yuxiangbut later switched his allegiance to the Nanjing government headed byChiang Kai-shek.Han Fujualso oustedthe warlordLiu Zhennian,nicknamed the "King of Shandong East", who ruled eastern Shandong Province, hence unifying the province under his rule.

In 1937 Japan began its invasion ofChina properin theSecond Sino-Japanese War,which would eventually become part of the Pacific theater of the Second World War. Han Fuju was made Deputy Commander in Chief of the 5th War Area and put in charge of defending the lower Yellow River valley. However, he abandoned his base in Jinan when Japanese troops crossed the Yellow River. He was executed for not following orders shortly thereafter.

During the Japanese occupation, with resistance continuing in the countryside, Shandong was one of the provinces where the scorched-earthThree Alls policy( "kill all", "burn all", and "loot all" ) was implemented by Japanese generalYasuji Okamura.This lasted until Japan's surrender in 1945, killing millions of people in Shandong and Northern China. By 1945, communistChinese Red Armyforces already held some parts of Shandong. Over the next four years of theChinese Civil War,they expanded their holdings, eventually driving theKuomintang(government of theRepublic of China) out of Shandong to the island of Taiwan by June 1949, including a noble of the Xiong (Hùng) family who held the governorship, previously a dukedom during the imperial era, and an ancient viscountcy originating in Chu. ThePeople's Republic of Chinawas proclaimed in October of that year.

Under the new government, parts of western Shandong were initially given to the short-livedPingyuan Province,but this did not last. Shandong also acquired theXuzhouandLianyungangareas fromJiangsuprovince, but this did not last either. For the most part, Shandong has kept the same borders that it has today.

About six million people starved to death in Shandong during theGreat Chinese Famine.[26]

In recent years, Shandong, especially eastern Shandong, has enjoyed significant economic development, becoming one of the People's Republic of China's richest provinces.

Geography

[edit]
The sacredMount Tai
View ofRongchengfrom a hill

Shandong is on the eastern edge of theNorth China Plainand in the lower reaches of theYellow River,and extends out to sea as theShandong Peninsula.Shandong borders theBohai Seato the north,Hebeito the northwest,Henanto the west,Jiangsuto the south, and theYellow Seato the northeast, east and southeast. It shares a short border withAnhuibetween Henan and Jiangsu.

The northwestern, western, and southwestern parts of the province are all part of the vastNorth China Plain.The province's center is more mountainous, withMount Taibeing the most prominent. The east of the province is the hillyShandong Peninsulaextending into the sea;Miaodao Archipaelagoto the north of Shandong Peninsula is the border ofBohai Sea(west) andYellow Sea(east). The highest peak of Shandong isJade Emperor Peak,with a height of 1,545 metres (5,069 ft), which is also the highest peak in the Mount Tai Ranges.[citation needed]

TheYellow Riverpasses through Shandong's western areas, since 1855, it has always been entering the sea to Shandong's northern coast; in Shandong, it flows on alevee,higher than the surrounding land, and dividing western Shandong into theHai Hewatershed in the north and theHuai Riverwatershed in the south. TheGrand Canal of Chinaenters Shandong from the northwest and leaves on the southwest.Weishan Lakeis the largest lake in the province. Shandong's coastline is 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) long.Shandong Peninsulahas a rocky coastline with cliffs, bays, and islands;Laizhou Bay,the southernmost of the 3 bays of theBohai Sea,is bordering the northern coast betweenDongyingandPenglai;Jiaozhou Bay,which is much smaller, is surrounded byQingdao.TheMiaodao Islandsextends northwards from the northernmost coast of the peninsula, separating theBohai Seaand theYellow Sea.

WithJinanserving as the province's economic and cultural center, the province's economic prowess has led to the development of modern coastal cities located atQingdao,Weihai,andYantai.[citation needed]

Climate

[edit]

Shandong has atemperate climate:humid continental(KöppenDwa); it is borderinghumid subtropical(Cwaunder theKöppen climate classification) in the south. Generally, summers are hot (typical max 35 °C) and rainy (except for eastern parts of Jiaodong Peninsula (typical max 28 °C) and Mount Tai (typical max 20 °C)), while winters are cold and dry. Average temperatures are −9 to 1 °C (16 to 34 °F) in January and 18 to 28 °C (64 to 82 °F) in July. Annual precipitation is 550 to 950 mm (22 to 37 in), the vast majority of which occurs during summer, due tomonsoonalinfluences.

Geology

[edit]

Shandong is part of the Eastern Block of theNorth China craton.Beginning in theMesozoic,Shandong has undergone a crustal thinning that is unusual for acratonand that has reduced the thickness of the crust from 200 km (120 mi) to as little as 80 km (50 mi). Shandong has hence experienced extensive volcanism in theTertiary.

Some geological formations in Shandong are rich in fossils. For example,Zhuchengin southeastern Shandong has been the site of discovering many dinosaur fossils. In 2008, about 7,600 dinosaur bones fromTyrannosaurus,Ankylosaurus,and othergenerawere found, likely the largest collection ever discovered at one location.[27]

Politics

[edit]
Tomb of the 59th generation senior descendant of Confucius, Kong Yanjin. Many generations of the senior-branch direct descendants of Confucius ruled the Qufu area as itsfeudal rulers.
Main articles:Politics of ShandongandList of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China

The Shandong Provincial People's Congress is the highest organ of state power in Shandong province and Shandong's provincial legislature. Its standing committee exercises the majority of the power of The Shandong Provincial People's Congress. The current chairman of the standing committee isLi Ganjie.

The Shandong Provincial People's Government is the State Administration in Shandong province. Its main officials are elected and appointed by The Shandong Provincial People's Congress. The provincial government reports to Shandong Provincial People's Congress andState Council of the People's Republic of China.

The currentGovernor of ShandongisZhou Naixiang.

Economy

[edit]

As of 1832, Shandong was exporting fruits, vegetables, wine, drugs, and deerskin, often heading toGuangzhouto exchange clothing and fabrics.[20]Theeconomy of Shandongis China'sthird largest provincial economywith aGDPofCNY¥8.3 trillion in 2021 orUSD$1.3 trillion in (nominal), which is equivalent to the GDP of Mexico.[13][14]Its GDP per capita is aroundthe national average.Compared to a country, it would be the15th-largest economyand the15th most populousas of 2021.[15]

Shandong ranks first among the provinces in the production of a variety of products, includingcotton,wheat,andgarlic[28]as well as precious metals such asgoldanddiamonds.It also has one of the biggestsapphiredeposits in the world.[29]Other important crops includesorghumandmaize.Shandong has extensivepetroleumdeposits as well, especially theShengli Oil Field[30]: 39 (lit. Victory Oilfield) in theDongyingarea in theYellow Riverdelta. Shandong also producesbrominefrom underground wells andsaltfrom seawater. It is the largest agricultural exporter in China.

Shandong is one of China's richest provinces, and its economic development focuses on large enterprises with well-known brand names. Shandong is the biggest industrial producer and one of the top manufacturing provinces in China. Shandong has also benefited fromSouth KoreanandJapaneseinvestment and tourism, due to its geographical proximity to those countries.[31]The richest part of the province is theShandong Peninsula,where the city ofQingdaois home to three of the most well-known brand names of China:TsingtaoBeer,HaierandHisense.Besides,Dongying's oil fields and petroleum industries form an important component of Shandong's economy. Despite the primacy of Shandong's energy sector, the province has also been plagued with problems of inefficiency and ranks as the largest consumer of fossil fuels in all of China.[31]

Historical GDP of Shandong Province, 1952–present(SNA2008)[32]
(purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, asInt'l.dollarbased on IMF WEO October 2017[note 1]
year GDP GDP per capita (GDPpc)
based on mid-year population 		Reference index
GDPin millions real
growth
(%) 		GDPpc exchange rate
1 foreign currency
to CNY
CNY USD PPP
(Int'l$.) 		CNY USD PPP
(Int'l$.) 		USD 1 Int'l$. 1
(PPP)
2016 6,802,449 1,024,110 1,943,057 7.6 68,733 10,348 19,633 6.6423 3.5009
2015 6,393,074 1,026,439 1,801,120 8.0 65,114 10,454 18,345 6.2284 3.5495
2014 6,030,036 981,643 1,698,410 8.7 61,774 10,056 17,399 6.1428 3.5504
2013 5,602,372 904,601 1,566,265 9.6 57,702 9,317 16,132 6.1932 3.5769
2012 5,071,045 803,334 1,428,142 9.9 52,490 8,315 14,783 6.3125 3.5508
2011 4,543,951 703,529 1,296,235 10.9 47,416 7,341 13,526 6.4588 3.5055
2010 3,962,074 585,283 1,196,784 12.3 41,579 6,142 12,559 6.7695 3.3106
2009 3,425,154 501,413 1,084,768 12.2 36,270 5,310 11,487 6.8310 3.1575
2008 3,123,138 449,689 983,108 12.1 33,253 4,788 10,467 6.9451 3.1768
2007 2,599,074 341,804 862,076 14.3 27,833 3,660 9,232 7.6040 3.0149
2006 2,205,967 276,721 766,573 14.7 23,775 2,982 8,262 7.9718 2.8777
2005 1,849,700 225,802 646,974 15.1 20,075 2,451 7,022 8.1917 2.8590
2000 833,747 100,714 306,604 10.3 9,326 1,127 3,430 8.2784 2.7193
1990 151,119 31,594 88,758 5.3 1,815 379 1,066 4.7832 1.7026
1980 29,213 19,496 19,534 12.2 402 268 269 1.4984 1.4955
1978 22,545 14,498 10.1 316 203 1.5550
1970 12,631 5,131 15.7 199 81 2.4618
1965 8,625 3,504 22.0 152 62 2.4618
1957 6,139 2,358 -3.5 116 45 2.6040
1952 4,381 1,971 91 41 2.2227

Wine industry

[edit]
See also:Wine in China
Shandong coastal vineyards

The production of wine is the second largest[citation needed]industry in the Shandong Province, second only to agriculture.

Geographically, thecoastalareas remain relatively flat. Most of the soil is loose, well-ventilated, and rich in minerals andorganic matterthat enable full development of therootsystems.

Presently, there are more than 140 wineries in the region, mainly distributed in the Nanwang Grape Valley and the Yan-Peng Sightseeing Highway(both are inYantai). The region produced more than 40% of China's grape wine production.[35]Main varieties such asCabernet Sauvignon,Cabernet Gernischt,Merlot,RieslingandChardonnayare all at 20 years of age, considered to be the golden stage for these grapes. Most of them maintain an average saccharinity of above 20%.

Major producers

Economic and technological development zones

[edit]
  • JinanHigh-tech Industrial Development Zone

Founded in 1991, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development zone was one of the first of its kind approved by theState Council.The zone is located to the east of the city and covers a total planning area of 83 km2(32 sq mi) that is divided into a central area covering 33 km2(13 sq mi), an export processing district of 10 km2(3.9 sq mi), and an eastern extension area of 40 km2(15 sq mi). Since its foundation, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone has attracted enterprises as LG, Panasonic, Volvo, and Sanyo. In 2000, it joined the world science and technology association and set up a China-Ukraine High-tech Cooperation Park. The Qilu Software Park became the sister park of Bangalore park of India.[citation needed]

  • JinanExport Processing Zone

The export processing zone is located in the eastern suburbs of Jinan, east of the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone, and to the north of the Jiwang highway. The distances to the Jiqing Highway and theJinan Airportare 9 and 18 km (5.6 and 11.2 mi) respectively.[36]

  • QingdaoEconomic & Technological Development Area

Approved by the State Council in October 1984, Qingdao Economic and Technical Development Zone has a plan of 12.5 km2(4.8 sq mi). In 2004 the local GDP was ¥27.51 billion, which increased by 28.9%; the total industrial output value is ¥60.6 billion, which increased by 31%. There have been 48 projects invested by companies listed among the GlobalFortune 500in the zone. With the fast development of reform and opening-up,Haier,Hisense,Aucma,Sinopec,CSIC,CNOOC,CIMCetc. are all located in the zone.[37]

The State Council established Qingdao Free Trade Zone in 1992. The zone is 60 km (37 mi) away from Qingdao Liuting Airport. It is also close toQingdao Qianwan Container Terminal.At present, more than 40 foreign-invested enterprises have moved in, and 2000 projects have been approved. It is one of the special economic areas which enjoys the most favorable investment policies on customs, foreign exchange, foreign trade, and taxation in China.[citation needed]

The State Council approved Qingdao High-Tech Industrial Development Zone in 1992. The zone is located close toQingdao Liuting Airportand Qingdao Harbor. Encouraged industries include electronic information, biotechnology, medicine, new materials, new energy, advanced equipment manufacturing, marine science & technology, national defense technology.[38]

  • WeifangBinhai Economic & Technological Development Area (BEDA)

Established in August 1995, Weifang Binhai Economic & Technological Development Area (BEDA) is a national economic and technological development area approved by the State Council. Covering an area of 677 km2(261 sq mi), BEDA has a population of 100,000. BEDA possesses a large state-owned industrial land for use with an area of 400 km2(150 sq mi). The land can be transacted conveniently, guaranteeing the demand of any project construction and providing broad development space for the enterprises in the area. Continuously, BEDA has been accredited as National Demonstration Zone invigorating the Sea by Science and Technology, National Innovation Base for Rejuvenating Trade through Science and Technology and National Demonstration Eco-Industry Park.

  • WeihaiEconomic & Technological Development Zone

Weihai Economic and Technological Development Zone is a state-level development zone approved by the State Council on Oct 21, 1992. The administrative area has an area of 194 km2(75 sq mi), including the programmed area of 36 km2(14 sq mi) and an initial area of 11.88 km2(4.59 sq mi). Its nearest port is Weihai Port, and the airport closest to the zone is Wuhai Airport.[citation needed]

Weihai Export & Processing Zone (EPZ) was set up by the approval of the State Council on April 27, 2000. Weihai EPZ is located in Weihai Economic & Technological Development Zone with programmed area of 2.6 km2(1.0 sq mi). Weihai EPZ belongs to comprehensive export & processing zone. The EPZ is located 30 km (19 mi) to Weihai Airport, 3 km (1.9 mi) toWeihai railway stationand 4 km (2.5 mi) to Weihai Harbor.[citation needed]

  • WeihaiTorch Hi-Tech Science Park

Weihai Torch Hi-Tech Science Park is a state-level development zone approved by the State Council in March 1991. Located in Weihai's northwest zone of culture, education and science, the Park has the total area of 111.9 square kilometers (43.2 sq mi), the coastal line of 30.5 kilometers (19.0 mi) and 150,000 residents. It is 3 km (1.9 mi) away from the city center, 4 km (2.5 mi) away from Weihai Port, 10 km (6.2 mi) away from Weihai railway station, 30 km (19 mi) away from Weihai Airport and 80 km (50 mi) away from Yantai Airport.[39]

  • YantaiEconomic and Technological Development Area

Yantai Economic and Technological Development Area is one of the earliest approved state level economic development zones in China. It now has planned area of 10 km2(3.9 sq mi) and a population of 115,000. It lies on the tip of the Shandong Peninsula facing theYellow Sea.It adjoins to downtown Yantai, merely 6 km (3.7 mi) away fromYantai Port,6 km (3.7 mi) away fromYantai railway station,and a 30-minute drive toYantai International Airport.[40]

Yantai Export Processing Zone (YTEPZ) is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council. The total construction area of YTEPZ is 4.17 m2(44.9 sq ft), in which the initial zone covers 3 km2(1.2 sq mi). After developing for several years, YTEPZ is completely constructed. At present, the infrastructure has been completed, standard workshops of 120,000 m2(140,000 sq yd) and bonded warehouses of 40,000 m2(430,000 sq ft) have been built up. Up to now, owning perfect investment environment and conditions, YTEPZ has attracted investors both from foreign countries and regions such as Japan, Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Sweden, the United States, Canada, etc., and from the domestic to invest and operate in the zone.[41]

  • ZiboNational New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912[42]30,989,000—
1928[43]28,672,000−7.5%
1936-37[44]38,100,000+32.9%
1947[45]38,865,000+2.0%
1954[46]48,876,548+25.8%
1964[47]55,519,038+13.6%
1982[48]74,419,054+34.0%
1990[49]84,392,827+13.4%
2000[50]89,971,789+6.6%
2010[51]95,793,065+6.5%
2020[3]101,527,453+6.0%
Qingdao was part of Shandong Province until 1929; dissolved in 1949 and incorporated into Shandong Province.
Weihai, also known as Weihaiwei. Established in 1930, dissolved in 1945, and incorporated into Shandong Province.

Shandong is the second most populous province of China, afterGuangdong,just slightly ahead ofHenan,with a population of more than 101,527,453 at the2020 Chinese census.Over 99% of Shandong's population isHan Chinese.Minority groups include theHuiand theManchus.Shandong citizens are also known to have the tallest average height of any Chinese province. As of 2010, 16-18-year-old male students in Yantai measured 176.4 centimetres (5 ft 9.4 in) while female students measured 164 cm (5 ft 5 in).[52]

Religion

[edit]

Religion in Shandong[53][note 2]

Chinese ancestral religion(25.28%)
Christianity(1.21%)
Islam(0.55%)
Other religions or not religious people[note 3](80.05%)

The predominant religions in Shandong areChinese folk religions,Taoist traditionsandChinese Buddhism.According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 25,28% of the population believes inancestor veneration,while 1.21% of the population identifies as Christian, decreasing from 1.30% in 2004.[53]The Christians were 1.89% of the province's population in 1949, the largest proportion in China at that time.[53]According to a survey of the year 2010, Muslims constitute 0.55% of Shandong's population up from 0.14% in 1949.[54][55]

The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 80.05% of the population may be either irreligious or involved inworship of nature deities,Buddhism,Confucianism,Taoism, andfolk religious sects.Shandong is the province whereConfuciuswas born in the year 551 B.C.

Confucianism:The most well-known religion and/or philosophy of Shandong is Confucianism. Each year thousands of people come to Shandong to visit and learn about Confucius' culture. According to Chinese tradition, Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought. His teachings, preserved in the Lunyu or Analects, form the foundation of much of subsequent Chinese speculation on the ideal man's education and comportment, how such an individual should live his life and interact with others, and the forms of society and government in which he should participate. Additionally, there are many famous books about Confucius; the most famous one is the Analects written by his students. Confucius also helped editThe Five Classics ( ngũ kinh ).The Five Classics include The Book of Songs, History, Changes and Rites.[56][57]

Famous view and arts

[edit]

Administrative divisions

[edit]
Main articles:List of administrative divisions of ShandongandList of township-level divisions of Shandong

Shandong is divided into sixteenprefecture-level divisions:allprefecture-level cities(including twosub-provincial cities). On January 1, 2019,Laiwuwas wholly annexed to Jinan:

Administrative divisions of Shandong
Division code[60] Division Area in km2[61] Population (2020)[62] Seat Divisions[63]
Districts Counties CL cities
370000 Shandong Province 157,100.00 101,527,453 Jinancity 58 52 26
370100 Jinancity 10,247.01 9,202,432 Lixia District 10 2
370200 Qingdaocity 11,175.30 10,071,722 Shinan District 7 3
370300 Zibocity 5,965.17 4,704,138 Zhangdian District 5 3
370400 Zaozhuangcity 4,563.22 3,855,601 Xuecheng District 5 1
370500 Dongyingcity 7,923.26 2,193,518 Dongying District 3 2
370600 Yantaicity 13,746.47 7,102,116 Laishan District 5 6
370700 Weifangcity 16,143.14 9,386,705 Kuiwen District 4 2 6
370800 Jiningcity 11,186.98 8,357,897 Rencheng District 2 7 2
370900 Tai'ancity 7,761.83 5,472,217 Taishan District 2 2 2
371000 Weihaicity 5,796.98 2,906,548 Huancui District 2 2
371100 Rizhaocity 5,347.99 2,968,365 Donggang District 2 2
371300 Linyicity 17,191.21 11,018,365 Lanshan District 3 9
371400 Dezhoucity 10,356.32 5,611,194 Decheng District 2 7 2
371500 Liaochengcity 8,714.57 5,952,128 Dongchangfu District 2 5 1
371600 Binzhoucity 9,444.65 3,928,568 Bincheng District 2 4 1
371700 Hezecity 12,193.85 8,795,939 Mudan District 2 7
Sub-provincial cities

The 16 prefecture-level cities of Shandong are subdivided into 137county-level divisions(55districts,26county-level cities,and 56counties). Those are in turn divided into 1941township-level divisions(1223towns,293townships,twoethnic townships,and 423subdistricts).

Urban areas

[edit]
Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# City Urban area[64] District area[64] City proper[64] Census date
1 Jinan[b] 3,527,566 4,335,989 8,396,142 2010-11-01
(1) Jinan(new districts)[b] 1,261,040 2,880,687 see Jinan 2010-11-01
2 Qingdao[c] 3,519,919 3,718,835 8,715,087 2010-11-01
(2) Qingdao(new district)[c] 1,036,158 2,045,549 see Qingdao 2010-11-01
3 Zibo 2,261,717 3,129,228 4,530,597 2010-11-01
4 Yantai 1,797,861 2,227,733 6,968,202 2010-11-01
5 Linyi 1,522,488 2,303,648 10,039,440 2010-11-01
6 Weifang 1,261,582 2,044,028 9,086,241 2010-11-01
7 Tai'an 1,123,541 1,735,425 5,494,207 2010-11-01
8 Zaozhuang 980,893 2,125,481 3,729,140 2010-11-01
9 Jining[d] 939,034 1,241,012 8,081,905 2010-11-01
(9) Jining(new district)[d] 388,449 618,394 see Jining 2010-11-01
10 Rizhao 902,272 1,320,578 2,801,013 2010-11-01
11 Dongying[e] 848,958 1,004,271 2,035,338 2010-11-01
(11) Dongying(new district)[e] 114,073 242,292 see Dongying 2010-11-01
12 Tengzhou 783,473 1,603,659 see Zaozhuang 2010-11-01
13 Weihai[f] 698,863 844,310 2,804,771 2010-11-01
(13) Weihai(new district)[f] 310,628 673,625 see Weihai 2010-11-01
14 Xintai 672,207 1,315,942 see Tai'an 2010-11-01
15 Liaocheng 606,366 1,229,768 5,789,863 2010-11-01
16 Zhucheng 586,652 1,086,222 see Weifang 2010-11-01
17 Heze[g] 559,636 1,346,717 8,287,693 2010-11-01
(17) Heze(new district)[g] 166,037 565,793 see Heze 2010-11-01
18 Dezhou[h] 526,232 679,535 5,568,235 2010-11-01
(18) Dezhou(new district)[h] 170,317 569,007 see Dezhou 2010-11-01
19 Zoucheng 513,418 1,116,692 see Jining 2010-11-01
20 Shouguang 476,274 1,139,454 see Weifang 2010-11-01
21 Feicheng 472,775 946,627 see Tai'an 2010-11-01
22 Gaomi 466,786 895,582 see Weifang 2010-11-01
23 Pingdu 427,694 868,348 see Qingdao 2010-11-01
24 Binzhou[i] 407,820 682,717 3,748,474 2010-11-01
(24) Binzhou(new district)[i] 146,577 351,672 see Binzhou 2010-11-01
25 Jiaozhou 404,216 1357,424 see Qingdao 2010-11-01
(26) Zouping[j] 389,003 778,777 see Binzhou 2010-11-01
27 Longkou 388,770 688,255 see Yantai 2010-11-01
28 Qingzhou 384,358 940,355 see Weifang 2010-11-01
29 Laizhou 379,789 883,896 see Yantai 2010-11-01
30 Linqing 376,337 719,611 see Liaocheng 2010-11-01
31 Rongcheng 363,420 714,355 see Weihai 2010-11-01
32 Laiyang 358,092 878,591 see Yantai 2010-11-01
33 Laixi 347,452 750,225 see Qingdao 2010-11-01
34 Qufu 302,805 640,498 see Jining 2010-11-01
35 Anqiu 300,160 926,894 see Weifang 2010-11-01
36 Changyi 287,720 603,482 see Weifang 2010-11-01
37 Zhaoyuan 281,780 566,244 see Yantai 2010-11-01
38 Rushan 259,876 572,481 see Weihai 2010-11-01
39 Haiyang 244,600 638,729 see Yantai 2010-11-01
40 Leling 214,238 652,415 see Dezhou 2010-11-01
41 Qixia 204,633 589,620 see Yantai 2010-11-01
42 Yucheng 203,724 490,031 see Dezhou 2010-11-01
43 Penglai 185,894 451,109 see Yantai 2010-11-01
  1. ^UK:/ʃænˈdʊŋ/shan-DUUNG,[6]US:/ʃɑːnˈdɔːŋ/shahn-DAWNG;[7]simplified Chinese:Sơn đông;traditional Chinese:Sơn đông;alternately romanizedasShantung
  2. ^abLaiwuPLC is currently no longer exist after census it merged with Jinan in 2019. Laiwu PLC's districts merged after census:Laiwu (Laicheng),Gangcheng;and new districts established after census:Zhangqiu (Zhangqiu CLC),Jiyang (Jiyang County).Laiwu PLC's districts and the new districts not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  3. ^abNew district established after census:Jimo (Jimo CLC);Jiaonan CLCmerged intoXihai'an (Huangdao)after census. The new district and annexed area not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  4. ^abNew district established after census:Yanzhou (Yanzhou CLC).The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  5. ^abNew district established after census:Kenli (Kenli County).The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  6. ^abNew district established after census:Wendeng (Wendeng CLC).The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  7. ^abNew district established after census:Dingtao (Dingtao County).The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  8. ^abNew district established after census:Lingcheng (Lingxian County).The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  9. ^abNew district established after census:Zhanhua (Zhanhua County).The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  10. ^Zouping County is currently known as Zouping CLC after census.
Most populous cities in Shandong
Source:China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[65]
Rank Pop. Rank Pop.
Qingdao
Qingdao
Jinan
Jinan 		1 Qingdao 5,127,000 11 Weihai 968,500 Linyi
Linyi
Yantai
Yantai
2 Jinan 4,154,900 12 Heze 917,900
3 Linyi 2,188,300 13 Dongying 911,900
4 Yantai 2,186,100 14 Liaocheng 910,600
5 Zibo 1,824,600 15 Rizhao 900,000
6 Jining 1,577,400 16 Binzhou 887,600
7 Weifang 1,497,600 17 Laiwu 720,000
8 Dezhou 1,074,200 18 Shouguang 574,900
9 Tai'an 1,027,100 19 Xintai 555,000
10 Zaozhuang 1,025,800 20 Zhucheng 496,900

Culture

[edit]
Map of Shandong Dialects

Mandarin dialectsare spoken in Shandong. Linguists classify these dialects into three broad categories:Ji Lu Mandarinspoken in the northwest (as well as in neighboringHebei), such as theJinan dialect;Zhongyuan Mandarinspoken in the southwest (as well as in neighboringHenan); andJiao Liao Mandarinspoken in theShandong Peninsula(as well as theLiaodong Peninsula(e.g.,Dalian,Dandong) and the southeastern Jilin(e.g.,Baishan,Tonghua)), such as theWeihai Dialect.When people speak of the "Shandong dialect" (Sơn đông thoại), it is generally the first or the second that is meant; the Jiao Liao dialects of Shandong are commonly called the "Jiaodong dialect" (Giao đông thoại).

Shandong cuisine(Lỗ thái) is one of the eight great traditions ofChinese cuisine.It is known for its bread(corn-based) and fish dishes.[66]It can be more finely divided into inland Shandong cuisine (e.g.Jinan cuisine); theseafood-centeredJiaodong cuisinein the peninsula; andConfucius's Mansion cuisine,an elaborate tradition originally intended for imperial and other important feasts.

Shandong BangziandLüjuare popular types ofChinese operain Shandong; both originated from southwestern Shandong.

Transport

[edit]

TheJingjiu railway(Beijing-Kowloon) andJinghu railway(Beijing-Shanghai) are both major arterial railways that pass through the western part of Shandong. The Jingjiu passes throughLiaochengandHeze;the Jinghu passes throughDezhou,Jinan,Tai'an,Yanzhou(the Jinghu high-speed railway will throughQufu) andZaozhuang.TheJiaoji railwayis an important railway of Shandong, linking its two largest cities ofQingdaoandJinan,with the longest history of all.

Shandong has one of the densest and highest qualityexpresswaynetworks among all Chinese provinces. TheseNational Trunk Highway System (NTHS)expressways pass through or begin in Shandong. Expressways that begin in Shandong are inbold:

There are also many shorter regional expressways within Shandong.

TheShandong Peninsula,with its bays and harbours, has many important ports, includingQingdao,Yantai,Weihai,Rizhao,Dongying andLongkou.Many of these ports have historical significance and the sites of former foreign naval bases or historical battles. Ferries link the cities on the north coast of the peninsula with theLiaodong Peninsula,further north across the sea.

Important airports includeJinan Yaoqiang AirportandQingdao Jiaodong International Airport.Other airports areDongying Shengli Airport,Jining Qufu Airport,Linyi Shubuling Airport,Weifang Airport,Weihai Dashuibo AirportandYantai Laishan International Airport.

As of the end of 2018,Qingdaois the only city in Shandong with a metro system, with four lines in operation.Jinanwas opened in early 2019.

Tourism

[edit]

Tourist attractions in Shandong include:

Education

[edit]

Colleges and universities

[edit]
See also:List of universities and colleges in Shandong

Shandong is considered one of China's leading provinces in education and research. Shandong hosts 153higher education institutions,ranking second in the East China region afterJiangsuand fourth among all Chinese provinces/municipalities afterJiangsu,GuangdongandHenan.[16]

As of 2023, two major cities in the province ranked in the top 50 cities in the world (Jinan32nd andQingdao43rd) by scientific research output, as tracked by theNature Index.[17]

Sports

[edit]
Jinan Olympic Sports Center Stadium.

Events held in Shandong

[edit]

Professional sports teams based in Shandong

[edit]

Former professional sports teams based in Shandong

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, asInt'l.dollarbased on IMF WEO October 2017. Purchasing power parity (PPP) for Chinese yuan is estimate according toIMFWEO[33]data; Exchange rate of CN¥ to US$ is according to State Administration of Foreign Exchange, published in theChina Statistical Yearbook.[34]
  2. ^The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[53]in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised intolineage "churches"andancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang. The number of Muslims is taken from a survey reported in the year 2010.[54]
  3. ^This may include:

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Sources

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