Shatuo
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| Shatuo Turks | |||||||||||||||
| Chinese | Sa đà đột quyết | ||||||||||||||
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| History of the Turkic peoplespre–14th century |
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TheShatuo,or theShatuo Turks[1](Chinese:Sa đà đột quyết;pinyin:Shātuó Tūjué;also transcribed asSha-t'o,SanskritSart[2]) were aTurkictribe that heavily influenced northern Chinese politics from the late ninth century through the tenth century. They are noted for founding three,Later Tang,Later Jin,andLater Han,of the five dynasties and one,Northern Han,of the ten kingdoms during theFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.The Northern Han would later be conquered by theSong dynasty.Sometime before the 12th century, the Shatuo disappeared as a distinct ethnic group, many of them having become acculturated and assimilating into the general population around them.[3]
Origins
[edit]Chuyue
[edit]The Shatuo tribe were descended mainly from theWestern TurkicChuyuetribe,[4][5][6]who in turn belonged to a group of fourChuytribes, collectively known asYueban.[2]The Yueban state survived to the end of the 480s when its independence was destroyed by theTiele people.After the fall of the state, the people of Yueban formed four tribes - Chuyue, Chumi, Chumuhun and Chuban. These tribes became major players in the laterFirst Turkic Khaganateand thereafter.[7]The Chuyue and Chumi did not belong to the dominant Onoq (Ten Arrows) Union, while Chumukun andChubandid.[8]
Tiele
[edit]Other sources claim the Shatuo originated from the Tiele. The epitaph of ShatuoLi Keyong,a late-Tang military commissioner (jiedushi), states that his clan's progenitor was "Yidu, Lord of the Xueyantuo state, an unrivaled general" ( ích độ, tiết diên đà quốc quân, vô địch tương quân ),[9]Xueyantuowas a Tiele tribe.[10]Other Chinese chroniclers traced the Shatuo's origins to a Tiele chief named *Bayar( bạt dãBaye)[11]~ *Bayïrku( bạt dã cổBayegu)[12][5][13]The Song historianOuyang Xiurejected the Bayïrku origin of Shatuo; he pointed out that the Bayïrku were contemporaries, not primordial ancestors, of the Shatuo's reigning clan Zhuxie, and that this Western Turkic kin-group adopted Shatuo as their tribal name and Zhuxie as surname after their chief Jinzhong ( tẫn trung; lit. "Loyal to the Utmost" ) had moved intoBeiting Protectorate,inTang Dezong's time (r. 780 - 804).[5]
Shatuo
[edit]The Chuyue tribe members who remained in theWestern Turkic Kaganate,under Onoq leadership, occupied territory east of the lakeBarkul,and were called, in Chinese,Shatuo(literally "sandy slope" or "gravel sands", i.e. desert). Shatuoji is also the name of a desert in northernXinjiang.[14]
The Shatuo consisted of three sub-tribes:Chuyue( xử nguyệt ),Suoge( sa cát ),[15]andAnqing( an khánh ), the last of whom were ofSogdianorigins.[5]The Shatuo participated in wars on behalf of the Tang dynasty, including against other Turkic people like the Uyghur khaganate, which granted their leaders various titles and rewards. After a defeat of the Chuy by Tibetans in 808, the Chuy Shatuo branch asked China for protection, and moved into Inner China. After aiding in the suppression of theHuang Chaouprising in 875–883, and establishing three out of five short-lived dynasties during theFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period(907-960), their number in China fell down to between 50 and 100 thousand.
A detailed analysis of the termShatuo(SanskritSart) is given by Chjan Si-man.[16]Their social and economic life was studied by W. Eberhard.[17]In "Tanghuyao" the Shatotamgais depicted as
[18]
Shatuo nobles established theLater Tangdynasty of China (923-956).[19]During theMongolperiod the Shatuo fell under theChagatai Khanate,and after its demise remained in its remnant inZhetysuand northernTian Shan.
The Shatuo received tribute from theTatarpeople from north of the Ordos in 966, while they were vassals of theKhitanEmperor.[20]
History
[edit]
Early Shatuo (7-8th century)
[edit]The early Shatuo were originally called the Turks of Shatuo circuit (lit. Shatuo Turks/ShatuoTujue). Occasional references were made to the three tribes of the Shatuo: Shatuo, Anqing, and Yinge. The Shatuo population was never large but their warriors had a reputation for being brave and aggressive as well as proficient in siege warfare and archery. They participated inEmperor Taizong of Tang'scampaignsagainstGoryeoin the 640s and performed with distinction despite their ultimate failure. At the same time the Shatuo also came into conflict with neighboring tribes, leading them to further depend on the Tang dynasty for support. In 702, Shatuo Jinshan, ancestor of the future late Tang warlordLi Keyong,started sending tribute to the Tang court.[21]In 714, Jinshan was invited toChang'anwhereEmperor Xuanzong of Tanghosted a banquet for him.[22]During theAn Lushan rebellionin the 750s, the Shatuo provided significant military aid to the Tang alongside theUyghur Khaganate.Yao Runeng ( diêu như năng ) mentioned in the 9th-centuryDeeds ofAn Lushan,two separate tribesShatuoSa đà andZhuye( chu gia ) ~ZhuxieChu tà, among the non-Chinese tribes in the He and Long regions underTurko-Khotaneseloyalist superintendentGeshu Han( ca thư hàn, d. 757).[23]
Tang subjects (9th century)
[edit]In 808, 30,000 Shatuo under Zhuye Jinzhong defected from the Tibetans to Tang China and the Tibetans punished them by killing Zhuye Jinzhong as they were chasing them.[24]The Uyghurs also fought against an alliance of Shatuo and Tibetans at Beshbalik.[25]
In 809, the Tang resettled several Shatuo tribes in Hedong (modern northernShanxi), also called Jin based on the region's ancient name. The Shatuo there were semi-pastoralists who traded in horse, sheep, and cattle. However their way of life gradually changed over the 9th century as they became more settled and intermarried with border people and the Han Chinese. Their population also increased. In the early 9th century, reports of 6,000-7,000 Shatuo tents point toward a population of just 30,000 people, including women and children. By the end of the 9th century, the Shatuo had 50,000-60,000 male warriors.[26]
In 821, Zhuye Zhiyi, the great-grandfather ofLi Keyong,led a failed attack on the rebelliousjiedushicircuit ofChengde.[26]
The Shatuo Turks under Zhuye Chixin (Li Guochang) served the Tang dynasty in fighting against their fellow Turkic people in theUyghur Khaganate.In 839, when the Uyghur khaganate (Huigu) general Jueluowu ( quật la vật ) rose against the rule of then-reigningZhangxin Khan,he elicited the help from Zhuye Chixin by giving Zhuye 300 horses, and together, they defeated Zhangxin Khan, who then committed suicide, precipitating the subsequent collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate. In the next few years, when Uyghur Khaganate remnants tried to raid Tang borders, the Shatuo participated extensively in counterattacking the Uyghur Khaganate with other tribes loyal to Tang.[27]In 843, Zhuye Chixin, under the command of the Han Chinese officerShi Xiongwith Tuyuhun, Tangut and Han Chinese troops, participated in a raid against the Uyghur khaganate that led to the slaughter of Uyghur forces at Shahu mountain.[28][29][30]
The Shatuo ruling family started using Zhuye as their surname. Zhuye Chixin (d. 888) abandoned it after he was bestowed the nameLi Guochangby the Tang emperor for his role in the suppression ofPang Xun's rebel general, Wang Hongli, in 869.[22]Guochang later upset the Tang court by slaying the governor ofDatong,Duan Wenchu, in 872. In 880, tensions came to a head when Guochang's forces suffered a defeat to Tang mercenaries, costing him a loss of 17,000 men. This led the Shatuo to turn north to their "Tartar" friends for support.[31]
Li Keyong
[edit]The son ofLi Guochang,Li Keyong,was a very capable warrior. He was said to be capable of "hitting twin flying ducks from a reclining position" and was called the "Dragon with a Single Eye" because he had an eye that was noticeably larger than the other.[32]He led Shatuo forces to defeatHuang Chao,who hadrebelled against the Tangand takenChang'anin 881. The Shatuo victory in 883 forced Huang Chao to retreat from Chang'an. The then 28-year old Keyong, in charge of the Shatuo after his father's retirement, celebrated in Chang'an the following year. According toSima Guang,"Keyong’s contribution to the suppression of Huang Chao was arguably second to none."[31]Despite arguably saving the Tang dynasty, the Shatuo sacked Chang'an in 885. Keyong was appointed prefect ofDaizhouand governor ofYanmen.From there, he expanded his territory toJinyang,Zezhou,and Liaozhou. In 890, the Shatuo tookZhaoyi.[33]
Jinyang became the Shatuo capital. It was strategically located between two hills more akin to mountains, rising as high as a thousand meters. Combined with craters and dry riverbeds, the location made attacks from the southeast and northwest hazardous. In the west, theYellow Rivermade any maneuver costly in time and materiel. Jinyang itself was a fortress city with a wall spanning 20 km with sufficient provisions to last a year. It was seen as "the northern door to the empire" at the time.[34]
Five Dynasties
[edit] | This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(February 2022) |
The Tang dynasty fell in 907 and was replaced by theLater Liang.The Shatuo had their own principalityJin (Later Tang precursor)under the Tang dynasty, in the area now known asShanxi,which was granted to them as a fief in 883 by the Tang emperors, and survived the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907. The Tang dynasty emperor's had granted the Shatuo Zhuye chieftain Li Keyong the imperial surname of Li and title Prince of Jin, adopting him into the imperial family. They had tense relations with the Later Liang, and cultivated good relations with the emergingKhitanpower to the north.
Later Tang
[edit]The son of Li Keyong,Li Cunxu,succeeded in destroying the Later Liang in 923, declaring himself the emperor of the “Restored Tang”, officially known as theLater Tang,using the fact that his family was granted the imperial Li surname of the Tang dynasty and a princely title to declare themselves legitimate Tang dynasty emperors. In line with claims of restoring the Tang, Li moved the capital fromKaifengback toLuoyang,where it had been during the Tang dynasty. The Later Tang controlled more territory than the Later Liang, including theBeijingarea, the surroundingSixteen Prefectures,Shanxi andShaanxi Province.
This was the first of three short-lived Shatuo dynasties. The last Later Tang Emperor was a Han Chinese,Li Congke,originally surnamed Wang, who was adopted by the Shatuo Later Tang EmperorLi Siyuan,granted the imperial surname Li and made the Prince of Lu.
Later Jin
[edit]The Later Tang was brought to an end in 936 when Shi Jingtang (posthumously known asGaozu of Later Jin), also a Shatuo, successfully rebelled against theHan ChineseLater TangemperorLi Congkeand established theLater Jindynasty. Shi moved the capital back toKaifeng,then called Bian. The Later Jin controlled essentially the same territory as the Later Tang except the strategicSixteen Prefecturesarea, which had been ceded to the expandingLiao Empireestablished by the Khitans.
Later historians would denigrate the Later Jin as apuppet regimeof the powerful Liao to the north. When Shi's successor did defy the Liao, a Khitan invasion resulted in the end of the dynasty in 946.
Later Han and Northern Han
[edit]The death of the Khitan emperor on his return from the raid on the Later Jin left a power vacuum that was filled byLiu Zhiyuan,another Shatuo who founded theLater Hanin 947. The capital was at Bian (Kaifeng) and the state held the same territories as its predecessor. Liu died after a single year of reign and was succeeded by his teenage son, in turn unable to reign for more than two years, when this very short-lived dynasty was ended by theLater Zhou.The remnants of the Later Han returned to the traditional Shatuo Turk stronghold of Shanxi and established theNorthern HanKingdom. The Last Northern Han Emperor,Liu Jiyuanwas originally surnamed He but was adopted by his maternal grandfather, the Northern Han EmperorLiu Chongand granted the imperial surname Liu. Liu Jiyuan granted the imperial surname to the Han Chinese generalYang Yeand adopted him as a brother. Under the protection of the KhitanLiao dynasty,the tiny kingdom survived until 979 when it was finally incorporated into theSong dynasty.
Song dynasty
[edit]Shatuo Turks that remained on thesteppeswere eventually absorbed into variousMongolicorTurkictribes. From the 10th to 13th centuries, Shatuo remnants possibly joinedTatar confederationin the territory of the modernMongolia,and became known asOngudor White Tatars branch of theTatars.[35][36]
Physical appearance
[edit]Contemporary records of the Shatuo describes some Shatuo men as having deep set eyes and whiskers as well as lithe bodies and a light complexion. Centuries later, theMongolsreferred to the descendants of the Shatuo as "White Tartars."[14]
Religion
[edit]The early Shatuo seem to have practiced some aspects ofManichaeismalongside their reverence for spirits and divination. They also believed in a "Heavenly God" or "Sky God" like other nomadic peoples. The Shatuo were also influenced byBuddhismin their sculptural artworks.[37]
Surnames of Shatuo
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Peter Golden (July 2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks".The Medieval History Journal:294.
- ^abZuev Yu.A.,"Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms (Translation of Chinese composition" Tanghuyao "of 8-10th centuries)",Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, I960, p. 127 (In Russian)
- ^Davis 2014,p. xiii.
- ^Ouyang Xiu.Xin Wudaishi.Vol. 4
- ^abcdAtwood, Christopher P. (2010)."The Notion of Tribe in Medieval China: Ouyang Xiu and the Shatup Dynastic Myth".Miscellanea Asiatica(16): 693–621.
- ^Barenghi, Maddalena (2019)."Representations of Descent: Origin and Migration Stories of the Ninth- and Tenth-century Turkic Shatuo"(PDF).Asia Major.3d.32(1): 62–63.
- ^Gumilev L.N.,"Hunnu in China",Moscow, 'Science', 1974, Ch. 9,http://gumilevica.kulichki.com/HIC/hic09.htm(In Russian)
- ^Gumilev L.N., "Ancient Turks", Moscow, 1967, Ch. 16
- ^Barenghi, Maddalena (2019)."Representations of Descent: Origin and Migration Stories of the Ninth- and Tenth-century Turkic Shatuo"(PDF).Asia Major.3d.32(1): 62–63.
- ^Suishuvol. 84Tiele
- ^Xue Juzheng.Jiu Wudaishi,vol. 25
- ^Cited by Ouyang Xiu inXin Wudaishi,vol. 4
- ^Barenghi, Maddalena (2019)."Representations of Descent: Origin and Migration Stories of the Ninth- and Tenth-century Turkic Shatuo"(PDF).Asia Major.3d.32(1): 62–63.
- ^abDavis 2016,p. 3.
- ^Golden, Peter Benjamin (1992). "An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis Ans State Formation in the Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East".Turcologica.9. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.ISBN978-3-447-03274-2.p. 165
- ^prof. Chjan Si-man: "New research about historical tribes of the Western Territory"
- ^W. Eberhard: "Some Cultural Traits of the Shato-Türks." Oriental Art ", vol. 1 (1948), No 2, p. 50-55
- ^Zuev Yu.A.,"Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms (Translation of Chinese composition" Tanghuyao "of 8-10th centuries)",Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, I960, p. 127, 132 (In Russian)
- ^Yu. Zuev, "Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology", Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 8,ISBN9985-4-4152-9
- ^Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. China Branch (1897).Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the year..., Volumes 30-31.SHANGHAI: The Branch. p. 23.Retrieved2011-06-28.
- ^Davis 2016,p. 5.
- ^abDavis 2016,p. 6.
- ^Barenghi, Maddalena (2019)."Representations of Descent: Origin and Migration Stories of the Ninth- and Tenth-century Turkic Shatuo"(PDF).Asia Major.3d.32(1): 53–54.
- ^Yuan, Hong (14 November 2022).From the Khitans to the Jurchens & Mongols: A History of Barbarians in Triangle Wars & Quartet Conflicts.iUniverse.ISBN9781663242587.
- ^Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).History of Central Asia, the: 4-volume set.Bloomsbury.ISBN9781838608682.
- ^abDavis 2016,p. 5-6.
- ^Zizhi Tongjian,vol. 246.
- ^Zizhi Tongjian,vol. 247.
- ^Dardess, John W. (10 September 2010).Governing China: 150-1850.Hackett.ISBN9781603844475.
- ^Ven, Hans van de (26 July 2021).Warfare in Chinese History.BRILL.ISBN9789004482944.
- ^abDavis 2016,p. 8.
- ^Davis 2016,p. 9.
- ^Davis 2016,p. 8-9.
- ^Davis 2016,p. 11.
- ^Ozkan Izgi, "The ancient cultures of Central Asia and the relations with the Chinese civilization"The Turks,Ankara, 2002, p. 98,ISBN975-6782-56-0
- ^Paulillo, Mauricio. "White Tatars: The Problem of the Öngũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection" inFrom the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (orientalia - patristica - oecumenica)Ed. Tang, Winkler. (2013) pp. 237-252
- ^Davis 2016,p. 4.
Sources
[edit]- Chavannes, Édouard (1900),Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux.Paris, Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient. Reprint: Taipei. Cheng Wen Publishing Co. 1969.
- Davis, Richard L. (2014),From Warhorses to Ploughshares: The Later Tang Reign of Emperor Mingzong,Hong Kong University Press
- Findley, Carter Vaughn,The Turks in World History.Oxford University Press, (2005).ISBN0-19-516770-8;0-19-517726-6 (pbk.)
- Mote, F.W.: Imperial China: 900–1800, Harvard University Press, 1999
- Zuev Yu.A.,"Se-Yanto Kaganate And Kimeks (Türkic ethnogeography of the Central Asia in the middle of 7th century)",Shygys, 2004, No 1, pp. 11–21, No 2, pp. 3–26, Oriental Studies Institute, Almaty (In Russian)
- Chinaknowledge:5 DYNASTIES & 10 STATES
- Shatuo
This article incorporates text fromJournal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the year..., Volumes 30-31,by Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. China Branch, a publication from 1897, now in thepublic domainin the United States.- Davis, Richard L. (2016),Fire and Ice: Li Cunxu and the Founding of the Later Tang
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