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Shi Xie

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Shi Xie / Sĩ Nhiếp
Sĩ tiếp
General of the Guards ( vệ tương quân )
In office
after 220(after 220)– 226(226)
MonarchEmperor Da of Wu
General of the Left ( tả tương quân )
In office
210(210)–220(220)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
General Who Stabilises Distant Lands
( an viễn tương quân )
In office
?(?)–?(?)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
General of the Household Who Pacifies the South ( tuy nam trung lang tương )
In office
?(?)–?(?)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
Administrator of Jiaozhi ( giao chỉ thái thủ )
In office
187(187)–?(?)
MonarchsEmperor Ling of Han/
Emperor Xian of Han
Personal details
Born137
Cangwu County,Guangxi,Eastern Han dynasty
Died226 (aged 89)
Guangzhou,Guangdong,Eastern Wu dynasty
Relationsseehere
Childrenseehere
Parent
  • Shi Ci (father)
OccupationMilitary general, politician, warlord
Courtesy nameWeiyan ( uy ngạn )
PeerageMarquis of Longbian
( long biên hầu )
Posthumous nameThiện Cảm Gia Ứng Linh Vũ Đại Vương ( thiện cảm gia ứng linh võ đại vương )
(awarded by theTrần dynastyof Vietnam)

Shi Xie(pronunciation) (137–226),courtesy nameWeiyan,also rendered asSĩ Nhiếpin Vietnamese, was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord who lived during theEastern Han dynastyand earlyThree Kingdomsperiod of China.[1]He served as the Administrator ofJiaozhiCommanderyin present-day northernVietnam.The third-century historical textRecords of the Three Kingdoms(Sanguozhi) is a major source of Chinese traditions concerning Shi Xie's life.[2]He promotedBuddhismthroughout his life. After his death, the Vietnamese attached many legends to him[3]and honoured him asSĩ Vương(King Sĩ,Sĩ vương ) in some temples.

Family background and early life[edit]

Shi Xie was in the sixth generation from his ancestors who migrated tonorthern Vietnam,[4]born inJiao Province,but hisancestral homewas around present-dayTai'an,Shandong.His ancestors moved to Jiao Province whenWang Mangusurped the throne and established theXin dynasty(9–23) with himself as its emperor. Shi Xie's father, Shi Ci ( sĩ tứ ), served as the Administrator of Rinan Commandery ( nhật nam quận ) during the reign ofEmperor Huan(r. 146–168) of theEastern Han dynasty.The Shi family was one of the elite families ofHan Chineseorigin who later emigrated to present-dayVietnamand played a major role in developing Vietnamese civilisation.[5]

In his youth, Shi Xie studied theZuo Zhuanunder the tutelage of one Liu Tao ( lưu đào ) fromYingchuan Commandery( dĩnh xuyên quận ). Later, he was nominated as axiaolian(civil service candidate) and served in the Han central government as a Gentleman of Writing ( thượng thư lang ) but was later dismissed because of "official reasons". After his father's death, he was nominated as amaocai( mậu tài ) and was appointed as the Prefect of Wu County ( vu huyện; present-dayWushan County, Chongqing). In 187, the Han central government reassigned him to be the Administrator ( thái thủ ) of Jiaozhi Commandery ( giao chỉ quận ) inJiao Province.[5]

As a warlord in Jiao Province[edit]

Around the time, Zhu Fu ( chu phù ) had been appointed by the Han government to serve as the Inspector ofJiao Province.However, the locals in Jiao Province rebelled and killed him after he attempted to extract heavier taxes from them. The Han government then sent Zhang Jin ( trương tân ) to replace him, but Zhang Jin was later murdered by his subordinate Ou Jing ( khu cảnh ). WhenLiu Biao,the Governor ofJing Province,heard about this, he appointed Lai Gong ( lại cung ) as the new Inspector of Jiao Province without authorisation from the Han central government. At the same time, he also sent his subordinate Wu Ju ( ngô cự ) to replace the deceased Shi Huang ( sử hoàng ) as the Administrator of Cangwu Commandery ( thương ngô quận ). To counter Liu Biao's attempts to extend his influence into Jiao Province, the Han central government issued an imperial decree appointing Shi Xie as General of the Household Who Pacifies the South ( tuy nam trung lang tương ) and putting him in charge of the seven commanderies in Jiao Province.

After Shi Xie sent his subordinate Zhang Min ( trương mân ) to thank the Han central government and pay tribute, the Han central government further promoted him to General Who Stabilises Distant Lands ( an viễn tương quân ), in addition to enfeoffing him as the Marquis of Longdu Village ( long độ đình hầu ). Around the time, the Han Empire was in a state of chaos, as various warlords fought for power and territories in northern and central China. Jiao Province, being a remote province in southern China, was not caught up in the chaos. Shi Xie was effectively a warlord in control of Jiao Province even though he was still a nominal subject of the Han Empire. Shi Xie's younger brothers also held important positions in Jiao Province: Shi Yi ( sĩ nhất ), Shi Wei ( sĩ 䵋) and Shi Wu ( sĩ võ ) were respectively the Administrators of Hepu ( hợp phổ ), Jiuzhen ( cửu chân ) and Nanhai ( nam hải ) commanderies in Jiao Province.

In 210, Wu Ju got into conflict with Lai Gong and forced him out of Jiao Province.Sun Quan,the warlord who controlled the territories in theJiangdongregion bordering Jiao Province, appointed his subordinateBu Zhias the Inspector of Jiao Province to replace Lai Gong. Shi Xie led his followers to submit to Bu Zhi's governorship, but Wu Ju refused and secretly plotted to assassinate Bu Zhi. However, Bu Zhi sensed Wu Ju's intentions and managed to outwit and kill him. Sun Quan later appointed Shi Xie as General of the Left ( tả tương quân ) to honour him. At the same time, the warlordCao Cao,who controlled the Han central government, wanted to gain Shi Xie's support as an ally against Sun Quan, so he conferred thenine bestowmentsand other honours on Shi Xie in the name ofEmperor Xian(the figurehead Han emperor under Cao Cao's control).

As a vassal of Eastern Wu[edit]

In the years after the fall of the Eastern Han dynasty in 220,Sun Quandeclared himself king and established the kingdom (later empire) ofEastern Wu.Shi Xie pledged loyalty to Sun Quan and sent one of his sons, Shi Xin ( sĩ 廞), as a hostage to Sun Quan to ensure his allegiance towards Wu. He also regularly sent tribute to Sun Quan.[5]During the conflict between Wu and its ally-turned-rival stateShu Han,Shi Xie sided with Wu and instigated Yong Kai ( ung khải ), a local tribal chief in Shu territory, to rebel against Shu rule and defect to Wu. In recognition of Shi Xie's efforts in inducing Yong Kai to defect, Sun Quan appointed Shi Xie as General of the Guards ( vệ tương quân ) and awarded him the title "Marquis of Longbian" ( long biên hầu ). Shi Xie died of illness in 226 around the age of 89.

Family[edit]

Shi Xie had at least five sons (in decreasing order of seniority): Shi Xin ( sĩ 廞), Shi Zhi ( sĩ chi ),Shi Hui( sĩ huy ), Shi Gan ( sĩ càn ) and Shi Song ( sĩ tụng ).

After Shi Xie died in 226, his third son Shi Hui succeeded him as the Administrator ofJiaozhi Commandery( giao chỉ quận ) under theEastern Wuregime. Around the time, the Wu emperorSun Quanwanted to splitJiao Provinceand create another province, Guang Province ( quảng châu ): Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen ( cửu chân ) and Rinan ( nhật nam ) commanderies would remain part of Jiao Province; Cangwu ( thương ngô ), Nanhai ( nam hải ), Yulin ( úc lâm ) and Hepu ( hợp phổ ) commanderies would form the new Guang Province. Sun Quan then appointed Dai Liang ( đái lương ) andLü Daias the Inspectors of Jiao and Guang provinces respectively. Chen Shi ( trần thời ), a close aide of Sun Quan, was to replace Shi Hui as the Administrator of Jiaozhi Commandery.

In 227, when Shi Hui learnt about the new arrangements, he refused to comply and rebelled against Wu rule by sending his troops to block Dai Liang and Chen Shi from entering Jiao Province. At the time, Huan Lin ( hoàn lân ), one of Shi Hui's subordinates, begged his superior to obey the order and surrender his governorship of Jiaozhi Commandery to Chen Shi. However, Shi Hui refused and had Huan Lin flogged to death. Huan Lin's nephew, Huan Fa ( hoàn phát ), started a mutiny against Shi Hui and engaged him in a battle that lasted a few months. They made peace after that.

In the meantime, after learning of Shi Hui's rebellion, Sun Quan ordered Lü Dai, the Inspector of Guang Province, to lead troops to recapture Jiaozhi Commandery. Lü Dai, who was close to Shi Hui's cousin Shi Kuang ( sĩ khuông; a son of Shi Xie's brother Shi Yi sĩ nhất ), sent Shi Kuang to persuade Shi Hui to surrender by promising that he would be spared if he did so. Shi Hui and his brothers then opened the gates of Jiaozhi Commandery and surrendered to Lü Dai. The following day, Lü Dai lured the Shi brothers into a trap during a banquet, had them arrested and then read out a list of Shi Hui's crimes. He then executed all of them and sent their heads to Sun Quan, who was in Wuchang ( võ xương; present-dayEzhou,Hubei) at the time.

Shi Xie's brothers, Shi Yi ( sĩ nhất ) and Shi Wei ( sĩ 䵋), along with their families, were spared from death but reduced to the status of commoners. Some years later, Shi Yi and Shi Wei were executed for committing crimes.

Earlier in the 220s, Shi Xie had sent his eldest son, Shi Xin ( sĩ 廞), as a hostage to Sun Quan to ensure the Wu emperor of his allegiance towards him. Shi Xin thus avoided ending up like Shi Hui and his other brothers, who were executed by Lü Dai in 227. Like the rest of the Shi family who survived (e.g. his uncles Shi Yi and Shi Wei sĩ 䵋), he was reduced to the status of a commoner after his brothers' deaths. He died of illness some time later and had no son to succeed him.

Worship of "King Sĩ", Sĩ Tiếp in Vietnam[edit]

Shi Xie ruled Vietnam as an autonomous warlord for forty years and was posthumously deified by later Vietnamese monarchs.[6]In the words of Stephen O'Harrow, Shi Xie was essentially "the first Vietnamese."[7]According to Holmgren, Shi Xie's rule "is one of the milestones in the development and fusion of two new social groups in Tongking - a sinicised Vietnamese group and a vietnamised Chinese group. The latter gradually came to identify with the interests of the delta rather than with the Chinese empire".[8]Taylor (1983) also believed his imperial appointments gave formal legitimacy to "the emergence of a regional ruling class with strong ties to the local society". It is apparent from events following his death that he "presided over an aberrant regional power arrangement based on great Han-Viet families that could field private armies". From the Chinese's view, Shi Xie stood as a "frontier guardian"; from the Vietnamese side, he was the head of a regional ruling-class society. It was relatively easy for people to shift back and forth between these two perspectives. Thus, the man of Chinese or mixed ancestry playing a mixed role or, in some cases, an unambiguous Vietnamese role is a common figure in early Vietnamese history. "He was the first of many such people to emerge as strong regional leaders who nurtured the local society in the context of Chinese civilization".[9]The people who emerged as Vietnamese leaders during this time were of mixed ancestry: most of their families had already been in Vietnam for several generations; they undoubtedly spoke Vietnamese; and their political outlook was based on the regional interests of Vietnamese society.[10]

Shi Xie is still honoured in some Vietnamese temples today as "King Si" (Sĩ Vương).[11]The Vietnamese historyViệt Điện U Linh Tập(ViệtĐiệnULinhTập;c.1400) adds significantly to the traditions of the Chinese records with local Vietnamese traditions.[12]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^de Crespigny (2007),p. 739.
  2. ^Werner, Dutton & Whitmore (2012),p. 11.
  3. ^Keown (2003),p. 326.
  4. ^Taylor 1983,p. 85.
  5. ^abcTaylor (1983),p. 70.
  6. ^Walker 2012,p. 132.
  7. ^de Crespigny, Rafe (2004) [1990]."Empire in the South".Generals of the South: The Foundation and Early History of the Three Kingdoms State of Wu.Internet. Canberra, ACT: Faculty of Asian Studies, The Australian National University. p. 739.ISBN0731509013.Archivedfrom the original on 9 July 2012.Retrieved22 September2016.
  8. ^Holmgren 1980,p. 61.
  9. ^Taylor 1983,p. 71.
  10. ^Taylor 1983,p. 86.
  11. ^Schafer (1967),p. 99.
  12. ^Dror (2007),p. 15.
Preceded by
none
Administrator of Jiaozhi
Thái Thú Giao Châu

187–226
Succeeded by