Jump to content

Shikra

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For a village in Kutch district, Gujarat, India, seeSikra.

Shikra
Adult female (dussumieri)
Calls
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Tachyspiza
Species:
T. badia
Binomial name
Tachyspiza badia
(Gmelin, JF,1788)
Subspecies
  • cenchroides(Severtzov,1873)
  • dussumieri(Temminck, 1824)
  • badia(Gmelin, 1788)
  • poliopsis(Hume,1874)
  • sphenura(Rüppell, 1836)
  • polyzonoides(A. Smith, 1838)
Range ofA. badius
Breeding
Resident
Non-breeding
Synonyms

Astur badius
Scelospizias badius
Micronisus badius

Theshikra(Tachyspiza badia) is a smallbird of preyin the familyAccipitridaefound widely distributed in Asia and Africa where it is also called thelittle banded goshawk.The African forms may represent a separate species but have usually been considered as subspecies of the shikra. The shikra is very similar in appearance, as well as behavior, at least to some degree, to other species including theChinese sparrowhawk(Accipiter soloensis),Eurasian goshawk(Astur gentilis) andEurasian sparrowhawk(Accipiter nisus). They have a sharp two note call and have the typical flap and glide flight. Their calls are imitated bydrongosand thecommon hawk-cuckooresembles it in plumage. This species was formerly placed in the genusAccipiter.

Taxonomy

[edit]

The shikra wasformally describedin 1788/1789 by the German naturalistJohann Friedrich Gmelinin his revised and expanded edition ofCarl Linnaeus'sSystema Naturae.He placed it with the eagles, hawks and relatives in thegenusFalcoand coined thebinomial nameFalco badius.[2]Gmelin's description was based on the "brown hawk" from Ceylon that had been described and illustrated in 1776 by the English naturalistPeter Brown.[3]The shikra was formerly placed in the large and diverse genusAccipiter.In 2024 a comprehensivemolecular phylogeneticstudy of the Accipitridae confirmed earlier work that had shown that the genus waspolyphyletic.[4][5]To resolve the non-monophyly,Accipiterwas divided into six genera. The genusTachyspizawas resurrected to accommodate the shikra together with 26 other species that had previously been placed inAccipiter.The resurrected genus had been introduced in 1844 by the German naturalistJohann Jakob Kaup.[6]The wordTachyspizacombines theAncient Greekταχυς (takhus) meaning "fast" with σπιζιας (spizias) meaning "hawk".[7]The specific epithetbadiaisLatinmeaning "chestnut-coloured" or "brown".[8]

Six subspecies are recognised:[6]

  • T. b. sphenura(Rüppell,1836) – Senegal and Gambia to southwest Arabia south to north Tanzania and north DR Congo
  • T. b. polyzonoides(Smith, A,1838) – south DR Congo and south Tanzania to South Africa
  • T. b. cenchroides(Severtsov,1873) – Caucasus to central Asia and northwest India
  • T. b. dussumieri(Temminck,1824) – central India and Bangladesh
  • T. b. poliopsis(Hume,1874) – north India to south China, Indochina and north Sumatra
  • T. b. badia(Gmelin, JF,1788) – southwest India and Sri Lanka

Description

[edit]
Female (Hodal,India)

The shikra is a small raptor (26–30 cm long) and like most otherTachyspizahawks, this species has short rounded wings and a narrow and somewhat long tail. Adults are whitish on the underside with fine rufous bars while the upperparts are grey. The lower belly is less barred and the thighs are whitish. Males have a red iris while the females have a less red (yellowish orange) iris and brownish upperparts apart from heavier barring on the underparts. The females are slightly larger. The mesial stripe on the throat is dark but narrow. In flight the male seen from below shows a light wing lining (underwing coverts) and has blackish wing tips. When seen from above the tail bands are faintly marked on the lateral tail feathers and not as strongly marked as in theEurasian sparrowhawk.The central tail feathers are unbanded and only have a dark terminal band.[9]Juveniles have dark streaks and spots on the upper breast and the wing is narrowly barred while the tail has dark but narrow bands. A post juvenile transitional plumage is found with very strong barring on the contour feathers of the underside.[10]The call ispee-wee,the first note being higher and the second being longer. In flight the calls are shorter and sharperkik-ki... kik-ki.TheChinese sparrowhawkis somewhat similar in appearance but has swollen bright orange ceres and yellow legs with the wing tips entirely black.[11][12]

Subspeciescenchroidesis larger and paler and found in Turkestan, Afghanistan and eastern Iran. The Indian populationdussumieriis resident on the plains and lower hills (up to 1400 m in the Himalayas). The nominate form is found in Sri Lanka and has somewhat darker grey upperparts. The Burmese shikraA. b. poliopsismay represent a distinct species. The population on the island ofCar Nicobar,earlier treated as a subspeciesbutleri[13]and that onKatchal Island,obsoletusare now treated as a sub-species within a full species, theNicobar sparrowhawk(Tachyspiza butleri).[11][14]The west African populationT. b. sphenurusis migratory while the southern AfricanT. b. polyzonoidesis more nomadic in its movements. In Asia onlyT. b. cenchroidesis migratory.[10]

Behaviour and ecology

[edit]

The shikra is found in a range of habitats including forests, farmland and urban areas. They are usually seen singly or in pairs. The flight is typical with flaps and glides. During the breeding season pairs will soar on thermals and stoop at each other. Their flight usually draws alarms among smaller birds and squirrels. They feed on rodents (includingMeriones hurrianae[15]), squirrels, small birds, small reptiles (mainly lizards but sometimes small snakes[16]) and insects.[14]Small birds usually dive through foliage to avoid a shikra and a Small Blue Kingfisher has been observed diving into water to escape. Babblers have been observed to rally together to drive away a shikra.[17]They will descend to the ground to feast on emerging winged termites,[18]hunt at dusk for small bats[19](such asCynopterus sphinx[20][21]) and in rare instances they may even resort to feed on carrion.[22]In one instance a male was found feeding on a dead chick at the nest.[23]Their calls are mimicked bydrongosand this behaviour is thought to aid in stealing food by alarming other birds that the drongos associate with.[24][25]

Breeding

[edit]
Eggs -Muséum de Toulouse

The breeding season in India is in summer from March to June. The nest is a platform similar to that of crows lined with grass. Both sexes help build the nest, twigs being carried in their feet.[26]Like crows, they may also make use of metal wires.[27]The usual clutch is 3 to 4 eggs (when eggs are removed they lay replacements and one observer noted that they could lay as many as 7 in a season[28]) which are pale bluish grey stippled on the broad end in black. The incubation period is 18 to 21 days.[14]

In culture

[edit]

The shikra was a favourite amongfalconersin India and Pakistan due to the ease with which it could be trained and was frequently used to procure food for the more prized falcons. They were noted for their pluck and ability to take much larger birds including partridges, crows and even young peafowl.[14][29][30]The wordshikraorshikarameans hunter in the Hindi language (the male was calledchipakorchipkabased on call[31]) The word Shikra is borrowed from the Urdu word (شِـكْـره) which is derived from the word shikari (شِكارى) meaning hunter.[32]

The word is also used in the French nameLe Chicquerawhich was however given to thered-necked falconby Levaillant in 1799.[33][34][35]

Famous Punjabi poetShiv Kumar Batalviwrote a poem called "Main Ik Shikra Yaar Banaya" about a lost love wherein he compares her to a shikra.[36][37]

[edit]
  • Shikra bird, Pune
    Shikra bird, Pune
  • Male at Pune (Maharashtra), India
    Male at Pune (Maharashtra), India
  • Male at Chandigarh, India
    Male atChandigarh,India
  • Juvenile at Chandigarh, India
    Juvenile atChandigarh,India
  • Female with a kill
    Female with a kill
  • In flight
    In flight
  • At Bangalore, India
    At Bangalore, India
  • Bangalore, India
    Bangalore, India
  • Shikra in Gurgaon,India
    Shikra in Gurgaon,India
  • Shikra in Gurgaon,India
    Shikra in Gurgaon,India
  • Immature feeding on Calotes versicolor
    Immature feeding onCalotes versicolor
  • In Chandigarh
    In Chandigarh

References

[edit]
  1. ^BirdLife International (2019)."Accipiter badius".IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.2019:e.T22695490A155445348.doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695490A155445348.en.Retrieved12 November2021.
  2. ^Gmelin, Johann Friedrich(1788).Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 280.
  3. ^Brown, Peter(1776).Nouvelles illustrations de zoologie: contenant cinquante planches enlumineés d'oiseaux curieux, et qui non etés jamais descrits, et quelques de quadrupedes, de reptiles et d'insectes, avec de courtes descriptions systematiques[New illustrations of zoology, containing fifty coloured plates of new, curious, and non-descript birds, with a few quadrupeds, reptiles and insects]. London: Imprimé pour B. White. p. 6; Plate 3.
  4. ^Catanach, T.A.; Halley, M.R.; Pirro, S. (2024). "Enigmas no longer: using ultraconserved elements to place several unusual hawk taxa and address the non-monophyly of the genusAccipiter(Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) ".Biological Journal of the Linnean Society:blae028.doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blae028.
  5. ^Mindell, D.; Fuchs, J.; Johnson, J. (2018). "Phylogeny, taxonomy, and geographic diversity of diurnal raptors: Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, and Cathartiformes". In Sarasola, J.H.; Grange, J.M.; Negro, J.J. (eds.).Birds of Prey: Biology and conservation in the XXI century.Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. 3–32.ISBN978-3-319-73744-7.
  6. ^abGill, Frank;Donsker, David;Rasmussen, Pamela,eds. (August 2024)."Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors".IOC World Bird List Version 14.2.International Ornithologists' Union.Retrieved21 August2024.
  7. ^Jobling, James A."Tachyspiza".The Key to Scientific Names.Cornell Lab of Ornithology.Retrieved21 August2024.
  8. ^Jobling, James A."badius".The Key to Scientific Names.Cornell Lab of Ornithology.Retrieved21 August2024.
  9. ^Mees, GF (1981)."The Sparrow-Hawks (Accipiter) of the Andaman Islands ".J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.77(3): 371–412.
  10. ^abHerremans M & Louette, M (2000)."A partial post-juvenile molt and transitional plumage in the shikra (Accipiter badius) and Grey Frog Hawk (Accipiter soloensis) "(PDF).Journal of Raptor Research.34(4): 249–261.
  11. ^abRasmussen PC & Anderton, JC (2005).Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2.Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. p. 97.ISBN8487334660.
  12. ^Blanford WT (1895).The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 3.London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 398–400.
  13. ^Gurney JH (1859)."Bulletin of the British Ornithologists Club. No 50 (January 30th, 1898)".Ibis.4 (seventh series): 290–291.doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1898.tb05529.x.
  14. ^abcdAli S; Ripley & S D (1978).Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 1(2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 234–239.ISBN0-19-565506-0.
  15. ^Kankane, PL (1996)."Strange death of a shikra".J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.96:140–141.
  16. ^Jha, Samiran (2002)."Attempted feeding by a shikraAccipiter badiusfamily Accipitridae, on buffstriped keelbackAmphiesma stolata,family Colubridae ".J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.99(2): 298.
  17. ^Osmaston, BB (1923)."The ShikraAstur badius".J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.29(2): 560–561.
  18. ^Himmatsinhji MK(1986)."Peculiar feeding behaviour of the ShikraAccipiter badius(Gmelin) and the Honey BuzzardPernis ptilorhyncus(Temminck) ".J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.83(4): 201–202.
  19. ^Mikula, P.; Morelli, F.; Lučan, R. K.; Jones, D. N.; Tryjanowski, P. (2016). "Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective".Mammal Review.46(3): 160–174.doi:10.1111/mam.12060.
  20. ^Muni, Manoj; Hegde, Vithoba (1998)."Indian Shikra preying on Short-nosed Fruit Bats".J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.95(2): 338–339.
  21. ^Zarri, AA (2001)."More information on shikraAccipiter badius(Gmelin) feeding on shortnosed fruit batsCynopterus sphinxVahl ".J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.98(1): 106–107.
  22. ^Naoroji, Rishad (1991)."ShikraAccipiter badiustaking carrion ".J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.88(3): 447–448.
  23. ^Kittur, S & Gopi Sundar, K S (2010). "Cronism by the ShikraAccipiter badius".Forktail.26:140–141.
  24. ^Serrao JS (1975)."Behaviour-pattern mimicry by a Goldfronted Chloropsis, and some thoughts on it".Newsletter for Birdwatchers.15(3): 4–5.
  25. ^Flower, Tom (2010)."Fork-tailed drongos use deceptive mimicked alarm calls to steal food".Proc. R. Soc. B.278(1711): 1548–1555.doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1932.PMC3081750.PMID21047861.
  26. ^Phillips, WWA (1933). "Some observations on the nesting of a pair of Ceylon Shikra Hawks (Astur badius badiusGmelin) ".J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.36(2): 509–511.
  27. ^Lowther, EHN (1944). "Volume 45".Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.45(1): 5–16.
  28. ^Biddulph, CH (1937)."Number of eggs laid by the Indian Shikra [Astur badius dussumieri(Temm. & Lang.)] ".J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.39(2): 406.
  29. ^Whistler, Hugh (1949).Popular Handbook of Indian Birds(4th ed.). Gurney & Jackson. pp. 380–382.
  30. ^Jerdon, TC (1862).The birds of India. Volume 1.Calcutta: Military Orphan Press. pp. 48–50.
  31. ^Blyth, Edward (1849).Catalogue of the Birds in the Museum Asiatic Society.Asiatic Society, Calcutta. p. 23.
  32. ^Al-Haj Ibrahim, Hassan, Birds of prey (Manuscript in Arabic
  33. ^Radcliffe, E Delme (1871).Notes on the falconidae used in India in falconry.Mills and Son, Southsea. pp. 29–30.
  34. ^Balfour, EG (1885).The Cyclopaedia of India.Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). London: Bernard Quaritch. p. 26.
  35. ^Jobling, James (2010).The Helm Dictionary of scientific bird names(PDF).London: Christopher Helm. p. 100.ISBN978-1408125014.
  36. ^"माए नी माए मैं इक शिकरा यार बणाया - शिव कुमार बटालवी".
  37. ^"How to Gender a Hawk (" Shikkra "): A look at a Shiv Kumar Batalvi poem".
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shikra&oldid=1242696847"