Manuchihr III of Shirvan
| Manuchihr III | |
|---|---|
| Shirvanshah Khaqan-e Kabir | |
 Coin of Manuchihr III, minted atShamakhiin 1160 | |
| Shirvanshah | |
| Reign | November 1120 –c. 1160 |
| Predecessor | Afridun I |
| Successor | Akhsitan I |
| Vizier | Jamalu’d-Din Abi’l-Nasr Malik Mis‘ar b. ‘Abdu’llah |
| Born | 1091–1097 |
| Died | c. 1160 (aged 68–69) |
| Spouse | Tamar |
| Issue | Akhsitan I Farrukhzad I Shahanshah Afridun II Two unnamed daughters |
| Dynasty | Kasranids |
| Father | Afridun I |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
Manuchihr III(also spelledMinuchihr;Persian:منوچهر,romanized:Manuchehr) was the 19thShirvanshahfrom 1120 to sometime after 1160. He was the son and successor ofAfridun I(r. 1106–1120).
Name[edit]
Although he was described asManuchihr IIby researchers like Hadi Hasan,Vladimir MinorskyandDickran Kouymjian,he was third person carrying this name, following his uncleManuchihr II(1096-1106) and great-great-uncleManuchihr I(1027-1034). During this period in Shirvanshah historiography, the names and family ties of the Shirvanshahs become exceedingly convoluted and uncertain, with the 17th-centuryOttomanhistorianMunejjim-bashi(died 1702) only providing an incomplete of them, starting with Manuchihr, whom he calls "Shah Manuchihr ibn Kasran", Kasran being a version ofKisra.Sources now start referring to the rulingYazidi familyas the "Kasranids" or "Khaqanids". Besides using the title of Shirvanshah, Manuchihr III also used the title ofKhaqan-e Kabir( "GreatKhan"), which was the inspiration behind thetakhallus(pen name) of hiseulogist,Khaqani.[1]He described shah's full title asAbul-Hayja Fakhrud-Din Malik Manuchihr b. Afridun.[2]Among other titles, Khaqani also described him as "NaibofTengri".[3]
Life[edit]
Under Afridun I[edit]
He was born betweenc. 1091-1097.He was married to the Georgian princessTamarc. 1111.[4]His father Afridun I died in November 1120, paving way for him to be Shirvanshah.[5]
Reign[edit]
Manuchihr broke away from Seljuk suzerainty afterBattle of Didgoriin 1121, which caused an invasion byMahmud IIin 1123.[6]Seljuk contingent led byAqsunqur Ahmadili,atabegof Maraghawas defeated byDavid IV,Manuchihr's father-in-law. Later Mahmud left Shirvan for Hamadan in August, 1123. David even wanted to annex Shirvan but his death 1125 left those plans unfinished.[7]Manuchihr later put down a rebellion byKipchaksand conqueredArran,using the weakening state of Georgia.
He was remembered byKhaqaniandFalaki Shirvanito have restored Band-i Baqilan, a dam build onKura Riverin 1137/8.
Court[edit]
Manuchihr was famous for being a patron of arts. Falaki mentions his vizier Jamaluddin Abil-Nasr Malik Misar b. Abdullah being an important person of the court, as well as his minister Aminuddin Muhammad b. Abduljalil-i Ahrasi being a patron of philosophers. His court poets includedAbul Ala Ganjavi,Khaqaniand Falaki himself.
Family[edit]
He was married to the Georgian princessTamarc. 1111.Together they had at least four sons (Akhsitan I,Afridun II,ShahanshahandFarrukhzad I) and two unnamed daughters.[8]Following Manuchihr III's death, Tamar went back to Georgia, where she became a nun.[9]According to the genealogistCyril Toumanoff,one of her sons, established in Georgia, was enfeoffed ofAbkhaziaand became forefather of theShervashidzefamily.[10]
It has been proposed that Manuchihr III may have divided his kingdom amongst his sons upon his death,[11]due to coin mints demonstrating the coinciding reign of Akhsitan I, Shahanshah, Afridun II and his sonFariburz II.[12]Afridun II and Fariburz II may have ruled in the western part of the kingdom,[13]while coin mints of Shahanshah demonstrate that he was based inShamakhi.However, the latter has also been suggested to have been the successor of Akhsitan I.[11]
References[edit]
- ^Bosworth 2011.
- ^Hasan 1929,p. 9.
- ^Qasideh 214.Persian original: "نایب تنگری توئی کرده به تیغ هندوی"
- ^Hasan 1929,p. 13.
- ^Kouymjian 1969,pp. 157.
- ^Hasan 1929,p. 17.
- ^Hasan 1929,p. 20.
- ^Gould 2022,pp. 165–166.
- ^Minorsky 1958,p. 136.
- ^Toumanoff 1976,p. 123.
- ^abKouymjian 1969,p. 188.
- ^Kouymjian 1969,pp. 184–194.
- ^Kouymjian 1969,p. 193.
Sources[edit]
- Beelaert, Anna Livia (2010)."Ḵāqāni Šervāni".InYarshater, Ehsan(ed.).Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XV/5: Ḵamsa of Jamāli–Karim Devona.London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 522–523.ISBN978-1-934283-28-8.
- Bosworth, C. E. (2011)."Šervānšāhs".Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- de Blois, Francois (2004).Persian Literature - A Bio-Bibliographical Survey: Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period (Volume V).Routledge.ISBN978-0947593476.
- Gould, Rebecca Ruth(2016). "Wearing the Belt of Oppression: Khāqāni's Christian Qasida and the Prison Poetry of Medieval Shirvān".Journal of Persianate Studies.9(1): 19–44.doi:10.1163/18747167-12341296.
- Gould, Rebecca Ruth (2022).The Persian Prison Poem.Edinburgh University Press.ISBN978-1474484015.
- Hasan, Hadi (1929).Falaki-i-Shirwani: His Times, Life, and Works.University of London.
- Hasan, Hadi (1965)."Falakī S̲h̲irwānī".InLewis, B.;Pellat, Ch.&Schacht, J.(eds.).The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.Volume II: C–G.Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 764.OCLC495469475.
- Kouymjian, Dickran(1969).A Numismatic History of Southeastern Caucasia and Adharbayjan based on the Islamic Coinage of the 5th/11th to the 7th/13th Centuries.Columbia University.
- Minorsky, V.(1945). "Khāqānī and Andronicus Comnenus".Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies.11(3): 550–578.doi:10.1017/S0041977X0007227X.JSTOR609336.
- Minorsky, Vladimir (1958).A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries.Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.
- Sajjadi, Z. (1984)."Aḵestān".InYarshater, Ehsan(ed.).Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/7: Ahriman–Alafrank.London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 718–719.ISBN978-0-71009-096-6.
- Toumanoff, Cyrille(1976).Manuel de Généalogie et de Chronologie pour l'histoire de la Caucasie chrétienne (Arménie, Géorgie, Albanie)[Manual of Genealogy and Chronology of Christian Caucasian History (Armenia, Georgia, Albania)] (in French). Rome: Edizioni Aquila.